Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

(b) Jordan does not open out to the Mediterranean Sea.

1. 1-A; 2-B; 3-A; 4-D 

2. 1-C; 2-B; 3-C; 4-C 

3. 1-C; 2-B; 3-C; 4-B 

4. 1-C; 2-B; 3-B; 4-A 

5. 1-A; 2-C; 3-B; 4-D

A good control system helps an organization in the following ways: 

a. Accomplishing organizational goals: The controlling function measures progress towards the organizational goals and brings to light the deviations, if any, and indicates corrective action. Thus, it guides the organization and keeps it on the right track so that organizational goals might be achieved. 

b. Judging accuracy of standards: A good control system enables management to verify whether the standards set are accurate and objective. An efficient control system keeps a careful check on the changes taking place in the organization and in the environment and helps to review and revise the standards in light of such changes. 

c. Making efficient use of resources: By exercising control, a manager seeks to reduce wastage and spoilage of resources. Each activity is performed in accordance with predetermined standards and norms. This ensures that resources are used in the most effective and efficient manner. 

d. Improving employee motivation: A good control system ensures that employees know well in advance what they are expected to do and what are the standards of performance on the basis of which they will be appraised. It, thus, motivates them and helps them to give better performance. 

e. Ensuring order and discipline: Controlling creates an atmosphere of order discipline in the organization. It helps to minimize dishonest behaviour on the part of the employees by keeping a close check on their activities. 

f. Facilitating coordination in action: Controlling provides direction to all activities and efforts for achieving organizational goals.

Stock Exchange means any body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, constituted for the purpose of assisting, regulating or controlling the business of buying and selling or dealing in securities. 

The following are the important functions of the stock exchange: 

1. Providing liquidity and marketability to existing securities: The basic function of a stock exchange is the creation of a continuous market where securities are bought and sold. It gives investors the chance to disinvest and reinvest. This provides both liquidity and easy marketability to already existing securities in the market. 

2. Pricing of Securities: share prices on a stock exchange are determined by the forces of demand and supply. A stock exchange is a mechanism of constant valuation through which the prices of securities are determined. Such a valuation provides important instant information to both buyers and sellers in the market. 

3. Safety of Transaction: The membership of a stock exchange is well regulated and its dealings are well defined according to the existing legal framework. This ensures that the investing public gets a safe and fair deal on the market. 

4. Contributes to Economic Growth: A stock exchange is a market in which existing securities are resold or traded. Through this process of disinvestment and reinvestment, savings get channelized into their most productive investment avenues. This leads to capital formation and economic growth.

A long-term investment decision is also called as capital budgeting decision. It involves committing the finance on a longterm basis. 

The following are certain factors which affect capital budgeting decisions:

1. Cash flows of the project: When a company takes an investment decision involving huge amount, it expects to generate some cash flows over a period. These cash flows are in the form of a series of cash receipts and payments over the life of an investment. The amount of these cash flows should be carefully analysed before considering a capital budgeting decision. 

2. The rate of return: These calculations are based on the expected returns from each proposal and the assessment of the risk involved. 

3. Investment criteria: The decision to invest in a particular project involves a number of calculations regarding the amount of investment, interest rate, cash flows and rate of return. There are different techniques to evaluate investment’proposals which are known as capital budgeting techniques. These techniques are applied to each proposal before selecting a particular project.

A. Cash Flows 

D. Inventory Level

D. Rate of Cash Discount

The major problems which need fresh initiatives for development in rural India are as follows:

1. Development of human resources: The development of human resources include promotion of literacy particularly female literacy, education and skill development, providing health care by addressing both sanitation and public health. 

2. Land reforms: The land reforms include ceiling on land holdings, prevention of fragmentation and subdivision of land and making the tiller as the owner of the land.

3. Infrastructure development: The development of infrastructure like provision of electricity, irrigation, banking, marketing, transportation (village roads, feeder roads to nearby highways), agricultural research centres, information, etc.

4. Poverty alleviation measures: Special measures for poverty alleviation and bringing progress among weaker sections of the population and giving importance to productive employment opportunities are also part of the major issues of rural economy. 

Outsourcing is a process in which a company hires regular service from external sources, usually from other countries, which was previously provided internally. It includes legal advice, computer service, advertisement, security, etc.

As a form of economic activity, outsourcing has intensified in recent years due to fast mode of communication network. Many services like voice based business processes, record keeping, accountancy, banking services, music recording, film editing, book transcription, clinical advice or even teaching are being outsourced by companies in developed countries to India.

The modem telecommunication links like internet, the text, voice and visual data in respect of these senders is digitized and transmitted throughout the world. Most of the multinational corporations and small companies are outsourcing their services to India where they can be availed at a cheaper cost. The low wage rates and availability of skilled labour in India have made it a favorite destination for global outsourcing.

Correct answer is (b) Physical activity 

(a) Ghaggar's water is utilized in the Indira Gandhi Canal

(d) 670 million years

(1) Charu has used Insider Trading. It is an illegal practice of trading on the stock exchange to one's own advantage through having access to confidential information.

1  A) to their health

2  A) not very practical to the modem family

3  A) low cost, fresh foods

The propounder of Law of diminishing marginal utility is Gossen.

(D) All of these

To which factor, economic problem is basically related to Choice.

The Correct option is (A) Choice.

(b) Income tax

(c) Both (a) and (b) 

It called Supply. 

• Nationalism : to expel the Manchu dynasty and the imperial powers 
• Democracy : to establish democratic rule
• Socialism: to control capital and distribute land equally

• Lenin 
• Trotsky

The colonial powers exported raw materials from other colonies and imported products to the colonies. China gained profit through import to European countries. China dominated over colonies through wars. The people were financially exploited. As a remedy, the British traders imported Opium, an intoxicant to China which effected the Chinese trade and made them mentally imbalanced.

The foreign supremacy in China made people to protest and they formed revolutionary movements. Youth were tibined for musti yuddham. As the foreigners in the China were tried to conquer through boxing the westerners redicated and named it Boxer Rebellion. The foreigners conquered with modem tricks and weapons.

i. A : Thomas Paine : American War of Independence 

B : Rousseau : French Revolution 

ii. A : Jose De Sanmartin : Latin American Revolution 

B : Mao Zedong : Chinese Revolution

iii. A : October Revolution : Russian Revolution 

B : Long March : Chinese Revolution 

iv. A : French Revolution : 1789 

B : Russian Revolution : 1917

• Autocratic rule of the kings. 
• Luxury and extravagance of kings, nobles and clergy. 
• Social inequality – the division of the French society into three estates. 
• Financial crisis due to luxurious life and squander of kings, nobles and clergy, frequent wars by kings, frequent spells of drought and crop failure. 
• Emergence of middle class due to inequality, denial of rights and freedom and exorbitant taxes. 
• Influence of thinkers

To put an end to autocracy was the main aim of French Revolution. Also to ensure liberty, equality, and fraternity and to protect the human rights was an aim with the powerful struggle of French Revolution. All these aims were fulfilled.

In 1789, Louis XVI summoned the French parliament. Instead of one vote for an estate, the concept of individual vote was overruled by 2 estates. Third estate declared themselves as National Assembly of France which assembled in a Tennis Court nearby on 20^th June 1789 and swore not to leave until they had framed a constitution of France. This event is known as Tennis Court Oath, probably, the begining of French Revolution.

France turned into blood shed and captured the food products and sources. On 14^th July 1789, the Bastile prison of Paris wars demolished.

a. French Revolution, 

b. French Revolution, 

c. Latin American Revolution, 

d. American War of Independence, 

e. Latin American Revolution,

f. Chinese Revolution, 

g. French Revolution, 

h. Chinese Revolution, 

i. American War of Independence, 

j. Russian Revolution

French Revolution is considered as the mother of all revolutions. The ideals of French Revolution namely liberty, equality and fraternity influenced and gave strength to democratic believers of not only Europe, but the whole world. Following the French Revolution, Napoleon became the ruler of France and he introduced many reforms stimulated by the ideals and aims of French Revolution.

The European countries under the leadership of England tried to restore the old political structure and social order. The triumph of the slogans of liberty, equality and fraternity frightened them. Besides England, European countries like Russia, Prussia’ and Austria had to ensure that similar revolutions as that of France should not take place in their countries.

France became the centre of attraction to Europe following the revolution. New ideas and ideologies always came from France and it used to influence the rest of Europe.

Enlightenment was an advancement in the intellectual activities of man which tried to explain the natural world and the role of man in it in the light of rationalism. The enlightenment thinkers tried to understand and explain things in the light of reason based on facts and evidences.

a. Products of the colonies like sugar, wool, cotton, tobacco etc could only be exported to England. 

b. British stamp must be affixed on all the legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, license, etc. 

c. Colonies must provide food and quarters for the British troops which were maintained in the colonies.

• The rulers of France who occupied all powers were extravagant and pleasure seeking. 
• Louis XVI summoned the French parliament Estate General in 1789 to overcome the economic crisis. 

Napoleon played a crucial role in defeating the European alliance which was formed under the leadership of Britain against France in the post-revolution period. He siezed the power in France in 1 799. Though an autocrat he instituted several reforms in France. He established the Bank of France to centralize finance. In France, nationalism strengthened during the reign of Napolean. Napolean prepared a simple and uniform code of law for France.

Stimulated the later revolutions of the world, Paved the way for the end of feudal system in Europe, People’s sovereignty, Emergence of Nationalism, Growth of the middle class, Threatened autocracy

The rulers of France were Autocratic and squanders. The majority in France lived in misery and the minority, including the rulers, led a life of luxuary and extravagance. This situation gave a clean picture of the social-economic inequality existed in France. This led to French Revolution.

• Uniform system of administration in France.
• Church was brought under the control of the state.
• Equal taxation over all sections of people.
• Abolished the special privileges enjoyed by the nobility 
• End of Feudalism. 

• The status of one vote for each estate was against the interests of the ‘Commons’. 
• The commons wanted one vote for each person instead of one vote for each estate 
• It was opposed by other two estates. 
• The commons declared themselves as the National Assembly of France and assembled in the nearby tennis court. 

From the 16^th century onwards the Europeans began to migrate to North America. The major aim of the migration was to exploit the resources.

By the 18^th century, England had established 13 colonies in the eastern coast of North America. The British treated these colonies as centers for collecting raw materials for their industry and as market for selling their products. People of the colonies protested against the policies and rules of the British, submitted petition to the King of England. They demanded the revocation of the regulation enforced on industry and commerce.

This led to the war between England and the colonies. The second Continental Congress held at Philadelphia in 1775 elected George Washington as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. During this time, through the pamphlet titled “common sense”, Thomas Paine declared that it was wise for the Americans to break the ties with Britain. The American Continental Congress issued the famous Declaration of Independence on 4^th July 1776.

The war between En-gland and the colonies in North America that began with the declaration of freedom, ended in 1781. According to the Treaty of Paris in 1783, England ratified the freedom of 13 colonies. The constitution convention held at Philadelphia under the leadership of James Madison, framed the American constitution. Geor-ge Washington became the first president of the United States of America, formed in accordance with the new constitution. Since American War of Independence transformed the system existed there, it is known as American Revolution. It greatly influenced the later history of the world in different ways.

• Representation in government 
• Membership in British Parliament 
• Self rule 
• Withdrawal of high taxes

• Humanism 
• Scientific temper 
• Spirit of criticism 
• Rational thinking

• Provided practical form to social change
• Involvement of reform leaders for the creation of modern Kerala.
• Influence on the later social reformers 
• Initiatives against superstition and caste system resulted in social changes.

American Revolution.

• Humanism 
• Scientific temper 
• Growth of Literature 
• Rational thinking 
• Spirit of Criticism 
• Spirit of Inquiry 

The message of liberty, equality and fraternity of French Revolution during the 19^th and 20^th Century greatly influenced other revolutions. French Revolution stimulated all the later revolutions in the world. French Revolution proclaimed that nation is not merely a region but the people. The Austrian Chancellor Mettemich had made a remark on the impact of French Revolution ‘when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold.’ The other impacts of French Revolutions are

• Contributed the concept of people’s sovereignty. 
• Led to the emergence of nationalism. 
• Threatened the autocratic rulers in Europe. 
• Helped the growth of middle class.