In 1921 Communist party of China was formed Mao Zedong rose to the leadership of communist party. Chiang kai-shek who became the head of the Kuomintang party following the death of Sun- Yat-Sen asertained military autocracy in China. He gave opportunity for foreign powers including America to freely interfere in China and did not co-operate with the communists. Coal and iron industries, banking and foreign trade were all controlled by foreign countries. The communists protested against the policy of Chiang kai-shek but they were brutally suppressed.

In 1934, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, a journey started from Kiangsi in South China. The adventurous trip ended at Yanan in North-Western China. Throught the journey they siezed out agricultural land and villages from lords and distributed the among the farmers. The journey covered around 12000 kms. So it is known as the Long March. Hence Mao Ze dong and the communist party became the symbol of struggle of the Chinese ag ainst foreign power Chiang Kaishek had to seek political asylum in Taiwan when the red army of Mao zedong captured the centre of kuomintang rule. China became the people’s Republic of China on 1^st October 1949 under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

“No taxation without representation” is the slogan that thundered in North America during 18<sup>th<sup>century. This slogan was raised by the people of America as a part of a powerful agitation. Various circumstances that led to the agitation are as follows :

• 16^th century onwards the Europeans began to migrate to North America mainly to exploit the natural resources. 
• By the 18^th – century England had established 13 colonies in the Eastern coast of North America. 
• The British treated these colonies as centers for collecting raw materials for their industry and as market for selling their products. 

• Land was distributed to the farmers 
• Public ownership 
• Withdrew from the First World War 
• Became a super power Soviet Union 

• Exploitation and discrimination in language, religion, customs, architecture, education, agriculture. 
• Looting of wealth, control of trade, slavery.

• Francisco Miranda 
• Simon Bolivar 
• Jose De San Martin

The French who revolted for noble aims had to survive under the autocratic rule of Napoleon Bonaparte for a short period. Napoleon played a crucial role in defeating the European alliance which was formed under the leadership of Britain against France in the post revolution period. He seized the power in France in 1799. Though an autocrat, he instituted several reforms in France. Those reforms were stimulated by the ideas and aims of the French Revolution. They are given below.

• Farmers were made the owners of land. 
• Formed sinking fund with the aim to avoid public debt. 
• Constructed several roads for transportation. 
• Exercised states control over the clergy. Established Bank of France to centralize finance.
• Prepared a new code of law by codifying the existing laws.

Through the strong revolution, the dreams of the French people were satisfied by the rise of the middle class and end of fuedalism.

i) First Continental Congress (1774)

ii) Declaration of American Independence (1776) 

iii) Tennis Court Oath (1789) 

iv) Formation of Chinese Republic (1911) 

v) October Revolution (1917)

a. 1934, 

b. Kuomintang Party, 

c. Against the foreign power, 

d. Republican Government.

A part of soviets in Russia was against the provisional government under the relationship of Alexander Kerensky, the Mensherivik leader. Vladimer Lenin who was in Switzerland also critizized the provisional government of Russia. If the revolt has to the fruitful the authority must be completely transferred to the soviets was his dicussion. The Bolshevicks and the soviets welcomed the discussion. Bolshevik propagated the inequalities and the miseries could be eradicated only be the socialist. They put forward a few needs.

1. Russia must stay away from the First World War. 

2. To distribute the land captured by the kings to the farmers.

3. Factories must be kept as the public prosperity.

Became the National Assembly and prepared the constitution

The members of the Third Estate assembled in a tennis court. They declared themselves as the National Assembly of France. They also swore not to leave until they had framed a constitution for France. This event is known as the ‘Tennis Court Oath’. 

The Third Estate became the National Assembly and prepared the constitution.

a. Contributed to the concept of federal system 

b. Gave direction and motivation to the later freedom struggles and revolutions all over the world 

c. Prepared the first written constitution 

d. Put forward the concept of republican form of government.

• The Commons had no role in the administration. 
• They had to pay tax to government, nobles and clergy. 
• The status of one vote for each estate was against the interests of the Commons. 
• The Commons wanted one vote for each person instead of one vote for each estate.
• The other two estates opposed this demand. 
• Under this circumstance, the Commons declared themselves as the National Assembly of France and assembled in the nearby tennis court.

• Farmers were made the owners of land. 
• Prepared a new code of law by codifying the existing laws. 
• Established Bank of France to centralise finance. 
• Formed ‘sinking fund’ with the aim to avoid public debt. 
• Exercised state’s control over the clergy.
• Constructed several roads for transportation.

• Farmers- Third Estate 
• Nobles – Second Estate

• Maxim Gorky 
• Leo Tolstoy 
• Ivan Turgenev 
• Anton Chekov

• Voltaire 
• Rousseau 
• Montesquieu

In October 1917, the Bolsheviks organized an armed rebellion against the provisional government. Kerensky fled from the country and Russia came under the control of the Bolsheviks. This event, through which the Bolsheviks attained power in Russia, is known as October Revolution.

Significance

• Russia withdrew from first world war. 
• Land was distributed to farmers. 
• Factories and banks under public ownership. 
• Emergence of Soviet Union.

Lining underlying fabric will u prefer to provide luxurious finish to the lehenga.

1. Running shorts - somewhat loose fitting. Made of flexible, lightweight materials allow the wearer to run effortlessly 

2. Cargo shorts- also known as Safari shorts, are khaki shorts that have more than four pockets, often with flapped pockets on the sides of the leg. They are practical for camping and wilderness activities where tools such as a compass, pocket knife are required.

How to drape a Lehenga Dupatta:

Tie on wrist: 

Make pleats on the dupatta and place the pleats on the right shoulder such that the outmost end of the Dupatta falls off the shoulder and reaches a little below the knees. While placing the dupatta on the shoulder ensure that the open end of the uppermost pleat is facing out and the folded part in facing the neck.

Secure the pleats at the shoulder with a safety pin that is fixed from inside the shirt, so that it is not visible.

Take the upper corner of the opposite end of the dupatta and fold it around the left wrist in a loop such that only the border is visible.

Secure the loop around the wrist with a safety pin. 

Allow the lower corner to fall grace fully from the wrist.

(a) Narsimhavarman II

Ahmednagar was defended by Chand Bibi against the Mughals.

The European countries feared that the reforms of Napoleon would spread all over Europe. It was the ideals of French Revolution and not Napoleon that they were afraid of.

Correct option is A) seized

Shivaji crowned himself as King in the year 1674.

In 1542 Akbar was born at Amarkot.

Maharaja Jaswant Singh died at Jamrud.

Jai Singh of Amber died at Shayista Khan.

Correct option (B) Napoleon 

Domestic trade in Colonies : According to the Navigation Act in 1651 the goods to and from the colonies must be carried only in British ship or ships built in the British Colonies. According to another act in 1660 products of the colonies like sugar, wool, cotton, tobacco, etc. could be exported to England.

Inflation : England decided to levy tax for importing sugar in 1764. This led to inflation which resulted in protest among the people.

Exploitation : The wealth of the colonies were used for the upliftment of the motherland. For eg. The Navigation Acts passed by the England Government(1650, 1660, 1699). Products of colonies like sugar, wool, cotton, tobacco, etc. could only be exported to England.

Denial of Rights : In 1765 the Stamp Act was passed the British which stated that British stamp must be affixed on all the legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, licence, etc. The slogan ‘No taxation without representation.’ Thundered along the people in the colonies.

Autocracy : The colonial rule was undertaken by the Governors sent from England. The Governors were not responsible to obey the decisions of the assembly. The people in the colonies were not given much importance in the rule.

Correct option (A) James Madison

The French Revolution of 1789 was the movement against centuries old despotic kingship and feudal order in France. The aim of the Revolution was to rebuild France on the basis of the ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. The following are the causes for the Revolution.

i) Despotic rule of kings: 

It was the despotic misrule of the Bourbon kings who ruled France in the 17^th and 18^th centuries that led mainly, to the revolution. These kings believed in the divine right of kingship. Louis XIV who ruled France in the 17^th centuiy said: ‘I am the state’.

He also said ‘God has given power to the king over his subjects and only God has the authority to question him’. Louis XV of France had the attitude ‘After me, the deluge’. The kings who concentrated all powers led a life of squander and extravagance. The majority of the people of France led a life of misery. A minority including the rulers led a life of luxury and extravagance.

ii) Influence of thinkers : 

Various thinkers in France played an important role in making the people aware of the inequalities and exploitation.

Rousseau 

• Spelled out the importance of freedom with the statement ‘Man is bom free but everywhere he is in chains’. 
• Declared that the people are sovereign.

Voltaire

• Ridiculed the exploitation of clergy. 
• Promoted rational thinking, ideals of equality and humanism.

Montesquieu

• Encouraged democracy and the republic. 
• Suggested division of powers of the government into legislature, executive and judiciary.

iii) Social inequality: 

The social inequality that prevailed in France was another reason for the Revolution. In French society, the people did not have equal rights. The French society was divided into three strata known as Estates.

The clergy formed the First Estate. They held vast land. They collected the tax called ‘Tithe’ from farmers. The clergy were exempted from all taxes. They also controlled higher positions in administration. The nobility formed the Second Estate. They engaged in military service. Collected various taxes from farmers. Made farmers work without wages. Exempted from taxes. Led luxurious life and held vast lands.

The Third Estate consisted of the middle class including traders, writers, lawyers, officials, teachers, bankers, farmers and craftsmen. They had no role in the administration. Paid land tax namely ‘Taille’ to the government. Paid taxes to clergy and nobles and had low social status.

iv) Financial crisis: 

The following brought France to the brink of bankruptcy:

• The luxurious life and squander of Bourbon kings, nobles and clergy. 
• Frequent wars 
• Frequent spells of drought and crop failure. 
• Financial and military assistance given to American colonies in theAmerican War of Independence.

Summoning of States General: To overcome the financial crisis, Louis XVI, the king decided to propose new taxes. So to levy new taxes upon the commoners, Louis XVI summoned the French Parliament called States General.

Similar to the French society, the States General also had three estates. The first two Estates argued for Estate wise single voting system. The Third Estate demanded individual vote for each member of all the three estates.

Tennis Court Oath:

While the arguments went on, the members of the Third Estate declared themselves as the National Assembly of France. They assembled in the tennis court nearby and swore not to leave until they had framed a new constitution for France. This event is known as the ‘Tennis Court Oath’. This was the beginning of the French Revolution.

(d) Shiva...

• Olive Branch Petition. 
• George Washington was made the Commander – in – Chief of the colonial army 
• Treaty of Paris 
• Formation of the United States of America. 

• Tennis court Oath- 1789 June. 
• Destruction of Bastille Prison – 1789 July 
• Declaration of the Right of man and the citizen was passed in France – 1789 August 
• France became a republic – 1792 
• Battle of Waterloo – 1815

• 1900 – Boxer Rebellion
• 1905 – Petrograd March, Formed Duma 
• 1911- Revolution under leadership of Dr. Sun Yad – Sen 
• 1917 March 15 – The February Revolution 
• 1917 November 17 – The October Revolution 
• 1924 Formation of USSR 
• 1934 – Long March 
• 1949 – Formation of the people’s Republic of China.

• Attingal Revolt – 1721 
• Battle of Colachel – 1741 
• Kundara Proclamation – 1809 
• Pandarappatta Vilambaram – 1865

• Nagpure congress committee in 1920.
• First Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee in 1921. 
• Payyannur Congress Committee.
• United Kerala Convention
• Merger of Travancore and Cochin. 
• Formation of Kerala State in 1956.

Correct answer is (iii) Pattom Thanu Pillai

Correct answer is (i) GP.Pillai 

Correct answer is (iii) K.Kelappan

American Constitution

The correct answer is Tsunamis are rare in the Indian Ocean as compared to the Pacific Ocean.

• Tsunamis are rare in the Indian Ocean as the seismic activity is less as compared to the Pacific.
  • The tsunami that ravaged the south and southeast Asian coasts in December 2004, is the most devastating tsunami in the last several hundred years.
• The warm ocean currents originate near the equator and move towards the poles.
  • The cold current carries water from polar or higher latitudes to tropical or lower latitudes.
  • For example, the Labrador Ocean current is a cold current while the Gulf Stream is a warm current.
• On December 26, 2004, a large portion of the boundary between the Burma Plate and the Indian Plate slipped, causing the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.
  • This megathrust earthquake had an estimated moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 M_w.
• The phases of the moon also affect tides.
  • When the moon is at its full or new moon phase, high tides are at their highest, while low tides are lower than usual.

The correct answer is Vijay Mallya.

• Vijay Vittal Mallya (born 18 December 1955) is an Indian businessman and former Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha).
• He is the subject of an extradition effort by the Indian Government to return him from the UK to face charges of financial crimes in India. 
• Mallya is a former owner of the Royal Challengers Bangalore cricket team.
  • The son of a businessman, he is the ex-chairman of United Spirits, the largest spirits company in India, and continues to serve as chairman of United Breweries Group, an Indian conglomerate with interests including beverage alcohol, aviation infrastructure, real estate, and fertilizer.
  • He has been the chairman of Sanofi India (previously known as Hoechst AG and Aventis) and the chairman of Bayer CropScience in India for over 20 years, and the chairman of several other companies. 

• Mallya was also the founder and former owner of defunct Kingfisher Airlines and former co-owner of the Force India Formula One team before it went into administration.

• Azim Premji
  • Azim Hashim Premji is an Indian business tycoon, investor, engineer, and philanthropist, who was the chairman of Wipro Limited.
  • Premji remains a non-executive member of the board and founder chairman.
  • He is informally known as the Czar of the Indian IT Industry.
• Gopichand Hinduja
  • Gopichand Parmanand Hinduja is an Indian-born British billionaire businessman, the co-chairman of the Hinduja Group.
  • As of May 2020, together with his brother Srichand, he is the UK's, second-richest man.
  • Since the 1990s, he has been consistently ranked among the UK and Asia's wealthiest people.
• Adi Godrej
  • Adi Burjorji Godrej is an Indian billionaire industrialist and businessman, head of the Godrej family, and chairman of the Godrej Group.
  • As of October 2020, he has a net worth of US$2.3 billion.

• The Estate General was a political body to which the three estates sent their representatives. The clergy and nobility which constituted the first and the second estates sent 300 representatives each. The third estate was represented by its more prosperous and educated 600 members.
• Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry.
• Voting in the assembly was conducted on the principle of each estate having one vote.
• The French monarch alone could decide when to call a meeting of this body and it was last convened in the year 1614 before Louis XVI again convened it on 5th May, 1789.
• The Third Estate wanted voting to be done by the assembly as a whole where each member would have one vote. This demand was rejected by Louis XVI.

Punctuality

Note making: 

Punctuality – duty of kings – necessity of men of business – punctuality gains confidence – careless with time – loss of faith – business opportunities – consideration of value of time indispensable for success in life.

OR

Summary: Rough draft 

Punctuality is the politeness of kings. It is also the duty of gentlemen and the necessity of men of business. A punctual man has regard for time and himself. It is sure that a person who is careless in time will be careless in all actions, business, etc. He will not be trusted with the transaction of matters of importance.

Fair draft: 

Punctuality is the duty’ of gentlemen and necessity of businessmen. It gives immense faith, trust and confidence on them. Punctuality in keeping up appointments proves one’s personal respect for the other person’s time. It is sure that a person who is careless in time and who does not keep up time will be careless in all actions, business etc. He will not be trusted with the transaction of matters of importance. So, to succeed in personal as well as business life. One should have a proper consideration of the value of time.

India is the fourth largest iron ore producing country in the world. More than 95% of deposits are concentrated in Orissa, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Goa and Jharkhand.

Iron is the most useful metal for us. It is required to make steel, without which the present day civilization would not servive. It is used in Industry, Construction, all mode of transportation, Utensils and house-hold articles, electronic gadgets, the list is practically endless. And even our food must be rich in iron, because the iron compound haemoglobin is an essential ingradient of human blood. It is used to carry oxygen to our body cells to keep them alive.

Types of Iron Ore are Haematite, Magnetite, Limonite & Siderite.

Hematite and magnetite are the two most important iron ores in India

Iron Ore Distribution in India