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State is permanent. State will exist as long as there is population, territory, government and sovereignty. But the government in any countiy is not permanent. Governments may change from time to time.

Political science is a social science discipline that deals with systems of government and the analysis of political activity and political behavior.

Citizen is a person who is entitled to enjoy all the legal rights and privileges granted by a state to the people comprising its constituency, and is obliged to obey its lows and to fulfil his duties as called upon. All those who are residing in state many not be the citizen of that state. Foreigners also reside in a state. But only citizens can enjoy the political rights.

Evolutionary theory

Correct answer is (iii) Social contract theory

Obligatory functions: 

Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at any cost at all times. State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions. If obligatory functions are not performed, the life and property of people cannot be protected. Some of the obligatory functions of the state are maintenance of internal peace, protection of rights, protection of boundary, etc.

Home Delivery 

They specialize in delivering the items from warehouse to customer’s homes. After customer has made the purchasing decision, paid for the item,company needs a reliable, trusted partner who knows the importance of an on time, damage free delivery. 

CKDC 

It works with landlords to ensure they havebest practice processes and procedures implemented within their business so that itoperates with better efficiency to more expediently open shops, provide improvedlandlord-tenant relationships and enhance the landlord’s retail brand and reputation. 

Dynamex 

Dynamex has industry-specific transportationand logistics solutions

 The Correct Answer is Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

• ‘Angikaar’ a digital initiative and management and e-course on Vulnerability Atlas of India.
• The e-course on Vulnerability Atlas is offered by the ministry of housing and urban affairs in collaboration with the School of Planning and Architecture (SPA), and Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC).

• Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs looks at the formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws relating to housing and urban development in India.
• The Ministry of Human Resource Development, formerly Ministry of Education, is responsible for the development of human resources in India.
• The Ministry of Women and Child Development is an apex body for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws relating to women and child development in India.

Population is an essential element information of the state. Existence of the state is depending upon the coexistence and cooperation of people without population no state can be formed. However, there is no criteria about the minimum and maximum number of population a sate should have. 

But very huge population and very less population are not suitable for a state. These extreme situations will adversely affected the development of a state. Very high population may lead to poverty and unemployment conditions.

Similarly, lack of sufficient population may result in deficiency of human capital/human resources. Government is one of the important features of the state. The administration of the state. The administration of the state is maintained by the government. The government has many functions. Providing peace and security to the people is the most important function of the state.

Citizenship is the position or status of being a citizen of a particular country.

The compulsory functions include maintenance of law and order within the state. But optional functions are totally different. As the word indicates these functions may or may not be performed by the state. However, most of the modern states try to perform these functions.

Provision of health facilities, education facilities, transportation facilities, social welfare activities, etc., are optional functions. These functions are performed by the modem states as per their ability and convenience. These are many theories and opinions regarding the origin of the state. Whether the state is created by the society, or individual, or God.

Population: government 

Territory: sovereignty

• Maintain law and order
• Increase employment opportunities
• Implement development projects
• Protect democracy 
• Uphold human rights.

For the existence of a state, the people should live unitedly with mutual understanding, interdependence and common public interest.

• Unemployment 
• Pollution 
• Poverty 
• Shortage of water 
• Famine

Correct answer is Aristotle

The most important constituent of a state that distinguishes is Sovereignty

• Population 
• Territory 
• Government 
• Sovereignty

India has 7^th position in the world on the basis of population.

Demography is the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income or the incidence of discussion, which illustrates the changing structure of human population.

Correct answer is (i) Niccolo Maehiavelli 

A state is a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.

The term state was first used by Niccolo Muchiavelli.

The word politics was derived from the Greek term ‘polis’ which means ‘city state’.

(c) members of Village Panchayat from among themselves 

Gram Sabha consists of All the voters of the Village Panchayat.

The tenure of Gram Panchayat and Nagarpalika shall be for five years, unless dissolved earlier.

(a) It is constituted in every village with a population over 500

• The word 'ab' in the word Punjab means River or Water.
• Punjab is a state in the northwest region of India and is one of the most prosperous states.
• The name Punjab is made of two words Punj (Five) + ab (Water) i.e. land of five rivers.
• These five rivers of Punjab are Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum.
• Only Sutlej, Ravi and Beas rivers flow in today's Punjab.

• Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, the state is bordered by the Indian union territories of Jammu and Kashmir to the north, Chandigarh to the east, the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the north and northeast, Haryana to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan to the southwest.
• It is bordered by Punjab, a province of Pakistan to the west. 
• The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres (19,445 square miles), 1.53% of India's total geographical area.
• It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area. With over 27 million inhabitants, Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population, comprising 22 districts.
• Punjabi, written in the Gurmukhi script, is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.
• The main ethnic group is the Punjabis, with Sikhs and Hindus as the dominant religious groups. 
• The state capital is Chandigarh, a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana. 

Dr. Salim Ali

Correct answer is BSF

The correct answer is Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.

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• India has the second-largest manganese ore reserves in the world after Zimbabwe.
• The total in situ reserves of manganese ore are 406 million tonnes out of which 104 million tonnes are proved, 135 million tonnes are probable and 167 million tonnes are in possible categories.
• The main reserves are found in Karnataka, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra and Goa.
• Minor occurrences of manganese ore in Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Rajasthan and West Bengal.
• Maharashtra is the largest producer of manganese in India.
• Goa is the lowest producer of manganese in India. 

Koraput is a district of India in southern Odisha, with headquarters at Koraput. The district is located in the Eastern Ghats and is known for its hilly terrain, rich and diverse types of mineral deposits, and tribal culture and traditions.

• The district headquarters of Koraput and its largest city, Jeypore are major centres of trade and commerce for South Odisha and fall on an important road connecting Visakhapatnam to Raipur.
• The occurrence of Manganese ore within the Eastern Ghats Group of rocks has been established around Nishikhal, Leliguma areas in Koraput district and Muniguda-Ambadola belt of Rayagada district.

Hence, the manganese-producing area in Odisha is Koraput.

• Bellary is a major city in the state of Karnataka, India. It is 311 km (193 mi) from the state capital of Bangalore and 358 km (222 mi) from Hyderabad.
• Dhanbad is the second-most populated city in the Indian state of Jharkhand. The city is called the 'Coal Capital of India' for housing one of the largest coal mines of India.

• Prehistoric rock paintings, rock-cut architectures of caves & temples and sculptures carved out of the rock are some examples of rock art in India.
• Almost all early painting in India survives in caves, as very few buildings from Ancient India survive. The history of cave paintings in India or rock art range from drawings and paintings from prehistoric times, beginning around 30,000 BCE in the caves of Central India, typified by those at the Bhimbetka rock shelters to elaborate frescoes at sites such as the rock-cut artificial caves at Ajanta and Ellora (M. P.), extending as late as the 8th - 10th century CE. 
• In India, remnants of rock paintings have been found on the walls of caves situated in several districts of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar and Uttarakhand.
• However, the best option among the given options would be Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

(c) need not be strictly followed in States with population below 20 lakh

(c) For election to the Village Panchayat, a candidate need not be a resident of the same village but his name should be. In the voter's list

The correct answer is Guler Paintings – Karnataka.

• Guler Painting is associated with Himachal Pradesh.
• It is a kind of Pahari painting.
• Guler is said to be the birthplace of Kangra paintings.
• The term Guler was derived from Gwala which means cowherd.

• Phad painting of Rajasthan particularly stands out for its unique history, origin, and the efforts put into its revival.
• Saura art is traditionally made on the red or brown clay walls of the homes.
• Bagh is a small village located at the banks of the Baghni river in Madhya Pradesh.
• These are the wall paintings in the Buddhist monastery complex of Bagh, a group of ten caves.

(c) Elephanta Caves

(a) The Indo-Gangetic plain of central India

'Sufi Sect' originated and developed in Islam.

(b) Pallava Kings

Concept:

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Forests) categorises organism into the following classes based on threat level for extinction:

Normal Species:

• Species whose population levels are considered to be normal for their survival, such as cattle, sal, pine, rodents, etc.

Endangered Species:

• These are species that are in danger of extinction. Examples of such species are blackbuck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, lion-tailed macaque

Vulnerable Species:

• These are species whose population has declined to levels from where it is likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the negative factors continue to operate. Examples of such species are blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin, etc.

Rare Species:

• Species with a small population may move into the endangered or vulnerable category if the negative factors affecting them continue to operate. Examples of such species are the Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox and hornbill, etc.

Endemic Species:

• These are species that are only found in some particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers. Examples of such species are the Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, Mithun in Arunachal Pradesh.

Extinct Species:

• These are species that are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur. Examples of such species are the Asiatic cheetah, pink head duck, dodo(flightless bird)

Explanation:

• The world’s fastest land mammal, the cheetah (Acinonyx jubantus), is a unique and specialised member of the cat family Felicaceae.
•  They can move at a speed of 112 km./hr.
• The cheetah can be distinguished from the leopards in having long tear-drop shaped lines on each side of the nose from the corner of its eyes to its mouth.
• Prior to the 20th century, cheetahs were widely distributed throughout Africa and Asia.
• The species was declared extinct in India long back in 1952
• Reason for Extinctinction: the decline of available habitat and prey. 

• Blackbuck is classified as endangered species by the IUCN. It is native to India and Nepal
• Red Panda is classified as endangered by IUCN. It is native to Eastern Himalayas and South-West China

∴ Asiatic cheetah is extinct in India

Copper was the first metal to be discovered and used as tools by human.