Correct option is cocoa

Correct option is D) on

Polio Prevention:

There's no cure for polio, but a vaccine allows your body to fight off the virus.

Before the vaccine became available in the 1950s, the virus paralyzed thousands of people each year. By the 1970s, because many people had the vaccine, there were fewer than 10 cases of polio in the U.S.

There are two types of the vaccine:

Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). You get this as a shot in either your leg or your arm.

Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). This is an older form of the vaccine that’s still used around the world.

Today, kids in the U.S. often get four doses of the IPV vaccine, one dose each at ages:

• 2 months
• 4 months
• Between 6 and 18 months
• Between 4 and 6 years

Correct option is B) did you stay

Correct option is  A) at

Correct option is D) for

Correct option is C) didn’t do

Correct option is  C) on

Correct option is C) were you doing

Correct option is B) said / were watching

CORRECT ANSWER-B)said/were watching 

Keeping in mind the emerging nature of the securities market in India, SEBI was entrusted with the twin task of both regulation and development of the securities market. 

It also has certain protective functions: 

Regulatory Functions:

• Registration of brokers and sub-brokers and other players in the market. 
• Registration of collective investment schemes and Mutual Funds.
• Regulation of stockbrokers, portfolio exchanges, underwriters, and merchant bankers and the business in stock exchanges and any other securities market. 
• Regulation of takeover bids by companies. 
• Calling for information by undertaking inspection, conducting enquiries and audits of stock exchanges and intermediaries.
• Levying fee or other charges for carrying out the purposes of the Act. 
• Performing and exercising such power under Securities Contract(Regulation)Act 1956, as may be delegated by the Government of India.

Development Functions: 

1. Training of intermediaries of the securities market. 

2. Conducting research and publishing information useful to all market participants. 

3. Undertaking measures to develop the capital markets by adopting a flexible approach. 

Protective Functions: 

1. Prohibition of fraudulent and unfair trade practices like making misleading statements, manipulations, price rigging, etc. 

2. Controlling insider trading and imposing penalties for such practices. 

3. Undertaking steps for investor protection. 

4. Promotion of fair practices and code of conduct in securities market.

Correct option is C) picked

a. Physical features: Physical features like height, weight, health, appearance determine the physical personality of an individual. It is believed that good physical features attract people. 

b. Knowledge: A good leader should have required knowledge and competence. Only such person can instruct subordinates correctly and influence them. 

c. Integrity: A leader should possess high level of integrity and honesty. He should be a role model to others regarding ethics and values. 

d. Initiative: A leader should have courage and initiative. He should not wait for opportunities come to his way, rather he should grab the opportunity and use it to the advantage of organization. 

e. Communication skills: A leader should be a good communicator. He should have the capacity to clearly explain his ideas and make the people understand his ideas. He should be not only a good speaker but also a good listener, teacher, counselor, and persuader. 

f. Motivation skills: A leader be an effective motivator. He should understand the needs of people and motivate them through satisfying their needs. 

g. Self-Confidence: A leader should have high level of self-confidence. He should not loose his confidence even in most difficult times. In fact, if the leader lacks self-confidence, he cannot provide confidence to his followers. 

h. Decisiveness: Leaders should be decisive in managing the work. Once he is convinced about a fact, he should be firm and should not change opinions frequently. 

i. Social skills: A leader should be sociable and friendly with his colleagues and followers. He should understand people and maintain good human relations with them.

Correct option is C) was listening / rang

b) Attainable

In SMART Goals for an Entrepreneur, the alphabet A stands for Attainable.

Features of Management: 

a. Management is a goal oriented process: Every organisation has a set of basic goals to achieve. Management unites the efforts of different individuals in the organisation towards achieving these goals. 

b. Management is all pervasive: Management activities are universally applicable to all organisations, social, economic and political. Hence, management is all pervasive and a universal phenomenon. 

c. Management is multidimensional: Management is a complex activity and involves three dimensions namely.

• Management of work
• Management of people (and) 
• Management of operations

d. Management is a continuous process: Management consists of a series of functions like planning, organising, staffing and controlling which are continuous and composite in nature. These functions are simultaneously performed by all managers all the time. Hence, management is considered a continuous process.

e. Management is a group activity: An organisation is a collection of number of individuals with different needs. Every member of the group has different purpose to join the organisation. But, as members of the organisation, they work towards fulfilling the common organisation goal. This requires teamwork and coordination. Hence, management is a group activity.

f. Management is a dynamic function: Every organisation works in an environment which keeps on changing. The external environment which consists of various social, economic and political factors keep changing. In order to be successful, an organisation must change itself and its goals according to the needs of the environment. Hence, management is a dynamic environment.

g. Management is an intangible force: Management cannot be seen but its presence can be felt in the operations of the organisation. The effect of management is noticeable in an organisation where targets are met according to plans when employees are happy and satisfied. So management is an unseen force but reflects in the collective efforts.

Supervisor

The person who is directly connected with rank and file or subordinates and acts as a vital link between the management subordinates Supervisor.

According to Henri Fayol “Coordination harmonizes synchronizes and unifies individual efforts for better action and for the achievement of the business objectives.”

Management is both art and science.

1. Educating the general public about consumer rights by organizing training programs, seminars, and workshops. 

2. Publishing periodicals and other publications to impart knowledge about consumer problems, legal reporting, reliefs available and other matters of interest. 

3. Carrying out comparative testing of consumer products in accredited laboratories to test relative qualities of competing brands and publishing the test results for the benefit of consumers. 

4. Encouraging consumers to strongly protest and take an action against unscrupulous, exploitative and unfair trade practices of sellers.

The concept is Supervision and its purpose is to ensure that subordinates perform their tasks according to prescribed procedures and as efficiently as possible.

The various functions performed by a label are as follows: 

1. Describe the product and specify its contents: One of the most important functions of labels is to describe the product, its usage, cautions in use, etc and specify its contents. 

2. Identification of the product or brand: The other important function performed by labels is to help in identifying the product or brand. 

3. Grading of products: Another important function performed by labels is to help grading the products into different categories. Sometimes, marketers assign different grades to indicate different features or quality of the product. 

4. Helps in promotion of products: An important function of label is to help in promotion of the products. A carefully designed label can attract attention and give reason to purchase. 

5. Providing information required by law: Label provides information required by law.

Henry Fayol is known as the Father of General Management.

Informal communication is one where there is nothing official about the communication that is happening. It can be known as Grapevine communication. There is no specific channel of informal communication because there is Social media, Whatsapp, SMS which are all vehicles of informal communication which can be used by people.

A fixed rate of interest on a loan would mean that the equated monthly installments or EMIs would remain constant over the tenure of the loan. On the other hand for floating interest rates, the EMIs would fluctuate as per the market dynamics, that is, when interest rates increase or decrease.

Money market consists of the following instruments: 

1. Treasury Bills: 

a. Treasury bill is an instrument of short-term borrowing issued by the Reserve Bank of India on behalf of the Central Government to meet its short-term requirement. 

b. These are also known as Zero-Coupon Bonds. 

c. They are issued at a price lower than their face value. The difference between the face value and issue price constitutes discount that is nothing but the interest receivable on them. 

d. Treasury bills are negotiable instruments and are freely transferable. 

2. Commercial Paper: 

a. It is a short-term unsecured promissory note, negotiable and transferable by endorsement and delivery and with a fixed maturity period. 

b. Commercial papers are issued by large and creditworthy companies to raise short-term funds at lower rates of interest than market rates. 

c. The maturity period is usually between 15 days and one year. 

d. The actual purpose of CP was to provide short-term funds for seasonal and working capital needs. 

3. Call Money: 

a. It is short-term finance repayable on-demand with a maturity period of one day to fifteen days. 

b. Call-money us used for inter-bank transactions. Commercial banks have to maintain a minimum cash balance known as cash reserve ratio. The RBI changes this CRR which affects the amount of funds available with the commercial banks to be given as loans. So, the commercial banks raise short-term finance by this method. 

c. The interest rate paid on call money loan is known as call rate. This rate is very volatile and changes from day-to-day and even from hour-to-hour. 

4. Certificate of Deposit: 

• These are short-term, unsecured negotiable instruments in bearer form issued by commercial banks. 
• These are issued to individuals, corporations, and companies. 
• The certificate has the maturity date, the fixed rate of interest and the maturity value. 
• Generally, the maturity of the deposits is between three months and one year. 

5. Commercial Bill: 

• short-term negotiable and self-liquidating money market instruments. 
• They have comparatively very low risk. 
• The seller of the goods draws the bill and the buyer accepts it. On being accepted, the bill becomes a marketable instrument and is called a trade bill. When a trade bill is accepted by a commercial bank it is known as a commercial bill. 
• It is nothing but a bill of exchange used to finance the working capital requirements of business organisations.

Correct option: (b) Informal organization

Rule is a specific statement that informs what is to be done.

Market rates of interest go on changing due to various factors. Some of them are as follow: 

1. Opportunity cost: refers to any other use to which the money could be put, for example lending to others or investing elsewhere 

2. Inflation: Because future inflation is unknown, the lender will always add some ‘premium’ to the expected inflation rate and demand that as his interest rate. 

3. Demand and supply: Demand for and supplies of money are the crucial factors in determining the interest rates. 

4. Borrower Default: There is always the risk that the borrower will become bankrupt, abscond or otherwise default in repaying the loan. . In order to limit the bad consequences of such situations, the lender usually adds some ‘risk premium’ to the interest rate already decided and quotes such rates to the borrower. 

5. Government intervention: Government’s and RBI’s actions may also influence short-term interest rates.

Main functions of RBI of are as follows: 

1. Financial supervision: BFS objective is to undertake consolidated supervision of the financial sector comprising commercial banks, financial institutions and non-banking finance companies. 

2. Monetary management: As main monetary authority of the country, it formulates implements and monitors the monetary policy as well as it has to ensure an adequate flow of credit to productive sectors.

3. Issue of currency: Design, printing and distribution of different currency notes. RBI issues and exchanges or destroys currency and coins not fit for circulation. 

4. Banker to Government: Performs banking functions for the central and the state governments; also acts as their banker and advisor.

Dividend is that portion of profit which is distributed to shareholders. Dividend decision involves how much profit earned by company is to be distributed to the shareholders and how much of it should be retained in the business. 

The following are the factors affecting dividend decisions: 

1. Amount of Earnings: Dividends are paid out of current and past earning Therefore, earnings is a major determinant of the decision about dividend. 

2. Stability Earnings: Other things remaining the same, a company having stable earning is in a better position to declare higher dividend. A company having unstable earnings is likely to pay smaller dividends. 

3. Stability of Dividends: Companies generally follow a policy of stabilizing dividend per share. The increase in dividends is generally made when there is confidence that their earning potential has gone up and not just the earnings of the current year. 

4. Growth Opportunities: Companies having good growth opportunities retain more money out of their earnings so as to finance the required investment. The dividend in growth companies is, therefore, smaller than that in the non-growth companies.

Henri Fayol (1841-1920) was revolutionizing managerial thinking in France. Fayol developed an administrative theory, which explained the process of managing an organization from top managerial perspective. He began by classifying business operations into six major activities i.e. Technical, Commercial, Financial, Security, Accounting & Managerial. He was also the first practitioner to identify five major functions of management i.e. Planning, Organising, Commanding, Coordination, Controlling.

Fayol developed the concept of administration through the principles of management. These principles were published in 1917 in his book titled ‘Administration industrielle et generale’ which was reprinted in English in 1949 as ‘General & Industrial Management’.

A network of social relationship that arise spontaneously due to interaction at work is called Informal Organization.

a. Initiating action: Directing helps to initiate action by people in the organization towards attainment of desired objectives. 

b. Integrates efforts of the employees: Directing integrates employees efforts in the organization in such a way that every individual effort contributes to the organizational performance. 

c. Guidance to Employees: Directing guides employees to fully realize their potential and capabilities by motivating and providing effective leadership. 

d. Facilitates charges: Directing facilitates introduction of needed changes in the organization. Generally, people are resistant to change. Directing, through effecting motivation, communication and leadership help to reduce such resistance and develop required cooperation among the people in the organization.

Steps involved in the staffing Process 

• Manpower planning 
• Recruitment 
• Selection 
• Placement 
• Induction and Orientation 
• Training and Development 
• Performance Appraisal 
• Promotion and Transfers 
• Compensation

Grapevine is Informal Communication.

Alderfer developed a model of motivation aligning with Maslow’s motivation theory by reducing the five needs suggested by Maslow to three needs. These needs are Existence, Relatedness and Growth. According to Alderfer, there is no hierarchy of needs and any desire to fulfill a need can be activated at any point in time. This results in the lower level needs not requiring to be satisfied in order to satisfy a higher level need.

• Existence: It refers to our concern with basic material existence motivators. 
• Relatedness: It refers to the motivation we have for maintaining interpersonal relationships. 
• Growth: It refers to an intrinsic desire for personal development.

Internal Sources of Recruitment methods include: 

1. Promotions: Promotion is the vertical movement of an employee within the organization. It refers to the upward movement of an employee from one job to another higher one, with increase in salary, status, and responsibilities. 

2. Transfers: Transfer means lateral movement of employee in the same grade, from one job to another, without any change in his status, responsibility, and salary. 

Merits of Internal Sources of Recruitment: 

1. It is economical 

2. It motivates the existing employees 

3. Through transfer employees get training also in the form of job rotation 

Demerits of Internal Sources of Recruitment: 

1. No fresher new ideas will come into the organization 

2. There will be limited choice. 

3. Not suitable for new organization 

4. Frequent transfer may reduce the productivity of the employee.

Standards are the criteria against which actual performance would be measured.

a. Identification and Division of work: The process of organizing starts with the identification and division of work. The work is divided into manageable activities so that duplication of work can be avoided. The burden of work can be shared among the employees.

b. Departmentalization: It refers to the process of grouping the activities of similar nature under same departments. This helps specialization and coordination. Departments can be created generally on the following basis.

1. On the basis of function 

2. On the basis of type of product manufactured 

3. On the basis of territory

c. Assignment of duties: It is necessary to define the work of different job positions and allocate the work accordingly to various employees. Once departments are formed, it is necessary to assign the work to the employees according to their skill and competencies. It is essential that a balance is created between the nature of the job and the ability of the employee.

d. Establishment of reporting relationships: Mere allocation of work is not enough. Each individual should know from whom he has to take orders and to whom he is accountable. The establishment of such clear relationship helps to create a hierarchal structure and helps in co-ordination among various departments.

The efficient management of human & material resources is essential for achievement of objectives of any organization. The success of any business lies in the quality of management. 

The significance of management will be more clear through the following points :-

1. Determination of objectives – Management helps in determining the objective of the organization. No organization can succeed in its operations unless its objectives are identified & well defined. These objectives have to be communicated to all the people working in the organization. 

2. Achievement of the objectives – Management plays a vital role in accomplishment of organizational objectives & goals. The coordination & integration of material & human resources helps in achieving the pre-determined goals effectively & efficiently. 

3. Efficient use of resources – An efficient management can lead a business towards growth & prosperity. Management reduces wastage of human, material & financial resources through proper planning & control. 

4. Encourages innovation – Management encourage innovation in the organization. Innovation brings new ideas, new methods, new products & makes the organization more competitive. 

5. Personal objectives – Personal objectives are concerned with satisfaction of financial & social needs of the employees. Through motivation & direction management helps the individuals to achieve their personal goals while working towards organizational objectives. 

6. Economic development – Management helps in development of the society by producing good quality products, creating employment opportunities & adopting new technology. 

7. Creates dynamic organization – Management helps the employees to overcome their resistance to change & adopt as per changing situation to ensure its survival & growth.

Capital structure refers to the mix between owners and borrowed funds.

Techniques of Science Management In order to implement the above principles, Taylor developed the following techniques –

1. Time Study – Time study determines the standard time required to carry out a job under specific conditions. It involves analysis of job and study of each element of activity performed. The time of each task is measured using devices like stopwatch. Taylor suggested the use of time study to lay down a fair day’s work, determine number of workers required to perform a particular task. 

2. Motion Study – Motion study refers to the study of movement of an operator on machine involved in particular task. The purpose is to eliminate useless motions & determine the best way of doing the job. It increases the efficiency & productivity by cutting down all the wasteful motions. Taylor used cameras, stopwatches, symbols & colours to identify different motions & designed an efficient way of performing the work with productive motion.

3. Method Study – Method study aims at eliminating unnecessary operations & achieving the best method to perform the required task. It contributes to increased efficiency by improving the current processes and procedures. It involves systematic recording and scrutinized inspection of existing and proposed ways of doing work. 

4. Fatigue Study – Fatigue is generally caused by long working hours. (over burden, bad working conditions or lack of cooperation among workers). This study aims at providing proper rest intervals or breaks to workers to increase the effectiveness of the work. 

5. Standardization and Simplification of work – Under scientific management, predetermined standards are laid down regarding the task, material, methods, time, quality, cost & working conditions. Standardization helps to simplify work, to ensure interchangeability of parts, uniformity of operations, and optimum utilization of resources, increased production and low labour costs. 

6. Functional Foremanship – Taylor concentrated on improving performance at lower level of management. He was of the view that one supervisor cannot be expert in all aspects of supervision. All the qualities required in a supervisor cannot be found in one individual. So he suggested the system of functional foremanship in which four supervisors will be concerned with planning and four supervisors for execution of work.

The dalit leaders sought a political solution to the problems faced by the depressed classes. They organised themselves and demanded reservation of seats in educational institutions so that they could be a part of the decision-making process. Dr. B R Ambedkar believed that it was only through political empowerment that the situation of the depressed classes could be made better. He tried to improve the condition of depressed classes in the following ways. 

(a) He organised the dalits into an organisation called the Depressed Classes Association in 1930. 

(b) He demanded separate electorates for dalits at the second Round Table Conference, which was finally conceded by the British. 

(c) He signed the Poona Pact with Gandhiji and gave up the demand for separate electorates but secured reserved seats for dalits in the provincial and central legislative councils to be voted in general election.

Planning is very important as it tells us where to go; it provides direction and reduces the risk of uncertainty by preparing forecasts. 

The importance of planning is explained as follows:

a. Planning provides direction: Planning provides direction for action. Planning ensures that the goals are clearly stated so that they act as a guide for deciding what action should be taken and in which direction. Planning ensures coordination in the work of individuals and various departments of the organization.

b. Planning reduces the risk of uncertainty: Planning is an activity which enables a manager to look ahead and anticipate changes. By deciding in advance, the tasks to be performed, planning shows the way to deal with changes and uncertain events. Changes cannot be eliminated but they can be anticipated and managerial responses to them can be developed. 

c. Planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activities: Planning serves as the basis of coordinating the activities and efforts of different divisions, departments, and individuals. It helps in avoiding confusion and misunderstanding. Planning ensures clarity in thought and action, work is carried on smoothly. It helps to detect the inefficiency and unwanted repetition in work and to take corrective measures to minimize the wasteful activities. 

d. Planning promotes innovative ideas: Planning is the first function of management. New ideas can take the shape of concrete plans. Planning is basically the thinking function of management. It encourages managers for innovative and creative thinking. Thus, planning helps the managers to be more creative and innovative in shaping new courses of action. 

e. Planning facilitates decision making: Planning helps the manager to look into the future and make a choice from amongst various alternative courses of action. Decision making is a process of selecting the best course of action from various available alternatives after evaluating each one of them. 

f. Planning establishes standards for controlling: Planning facilitates control. It determines goals and standards for every individual and department of the organization. This makes it easy to compare the actual performance of the individuals and departments with the standards fixed. In case, there are deviations, corrective measures are taken to remove them. Thus, planning is a prerequisite of controlling. 

The major limitations of planning are given below: 

a. Planning leads to rigidity: In an organization, a well-defined plan is drawn up with specific goals to be achieved within a specific time frame. These plans then decide the future course of action. The managers may not be in a position to change these plans. This kind of rigidity in plans may create difficulty. This rigidity restricts individual freedom, initiative, and creativity. 

b. Planning may not work in a dynamic environment: The business environment is dynamic. Planning anticipates future. It takes into consideration the possible changes in economic, political, legal and social dimensions. But it becomes difficult to accurately assess future trends. Competition in the market can also upset the plans. Planning cannot foresee everything and thus, there may be obstacles to effective planning. 

c. Planning reduces creativity: Planning is an activity which is done by the top management. Usually, the rest of the members just implement these plans. Middle management and other decision makers are neither allowed to deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own. Thus, much of the initiative or creativity inherent in them also gets lost or reduced. 

d. Planning involves huge costs: When plans are drawn up, huge costs are involved in their formulation. These may be in terms of time and money. The cost incurred sometimes may not justify the benefits derived from the plans. 

e. Planning is a time-consuming process: Sometimes plans to be drawn uptake so much of time that there is not much time left for their implementation. 

f. Planning does not guarantee success: The success of an enterprise is possible only when plans are properly drawn up and implemented. Any plan needs to be translated into action. Managers have the tendency to depend on the previously tested and successful plans. But it is not always true that the plans which were successful early will be successful again. 

Therefore, planning does not guarantee success but provides a base for analysis of future courses of action.

A Complaint before the appropriate Consumer Forum / Court can be made by : 

(i) Any Consumer . 

(ii) Any Registered Consumers’ Association . 

(iii) The Central Government or Any State Government . 

(iv) One or more consumers on behalf of numerous consumers having the same interest . 

(v) A Legal Heir or Representative of a Deceased Consumer .

The contract of indemnity is defined as, " A contract where one party promises to save the other from the loss caused by the conduct of the promisor himself or by the conduct of any other party." In a life insurance contract, nobody can save the life of the person. Hence, contract of indemnity does not apply here.

Standardisation and simplification of work: Standardisation refers to the process of setting standards for every business activity. These standards are the benchmarks, which must be adhered to during production.

This can be done by following scientific methods of production and through work-study techniques which include time study, motion study, etc. Standardisation relates to process, raw – material, time, product, machinery, methods or working conditions.

a. Method study: The objective of method study is to find out one best way of doing the job. 

b. Work-study: It refers to the study of movements like lifting, putting objects, sitting and changing positions, etc, which are undertaken while doing any job. 

c. Time – study: It determines the standard time taken to perform a well-defined job. 

d. Fatigue study: It determines the amount and frequency of rest intervals in completing a task.

Reinterpretation of history created a feeling of nationalism in India in the following ways. 

(a) By the end of nineteenth century, there developed a feeling of sense of pride in the nation and this could be done through interpreting Indian history in a different way. 

(b) The British considered Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. Indians responded by looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements. 

(c) Glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished and began to be rewritten. 

(d) It was felt that Indian glorious past was neglected with the coming of foreign powers. 

(e) The readers were urged to read history and take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under the British.