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(c) Annaimudi

Panchmarhi is near the highest point on the range of Satpuras.

Lines drawn on the map or globe joining the places having the same temperature. 

Panchmarhi is near the highest point on the range of Satpuras.

Godavari river is sometimes referred to as "Dakshin Ganga"..

Wind erosion is common in desert.

(d) southern

The river Tsangpo flows through before entering India Tibet.

(c) The Himalayas

The correct option: (d) 4 3 2 1

Laterite Soils is formed under typical monsoonal conditions.

The essential features of a map. 

1. Title – A Map should have a title eg. India Physical, Karnataka Political, World Cultural, District Roads etc.

2. Scale – A Map must have a scale and Maps have to be drawn according to scale. It denotes the relationship between the length on the map and the actual distance on the ground. Scales may be Verbal or R.F (Representative Fraction) or Graphical eg. 1 cm = 10km, 1 inch= 100 miles, 1: 1000,1: 100000 etc.

3. Direction – A Map should have a direction symbol which helps the reader to understand the direction of a Place or Area or City or Country etc.

4. Index – It is a key or legend to the map. The conventional signs and symbols are shown in the index of a map. It helps the reader to find the required information from the map. 

5. Latitudes and Longitudes – A Map must have a network of horizontal and vertical lines known as latitudes and longitudes. These are the Geographic co-ordinates through which location of a place or city or country is identified. In addition to this, they help to understand the direction and to calculate distance between places.

Active Volcanoes: are those volcanoes which erupt regularly or frequently e.g. Mt. Etna in Sicily and Stromboli of Italy, Mauna Loa.

Extinct volcanoes: are volcanoes which have not been active for considerable period of time .There are no possibilities of future eruption in these volcanoes. These volcanoes are also called Sleeping or Dead volcanoes. Narcondum, Vesuvius and Krakatoa are examples of extinct volcanoes.

Breaking of rocks into different mineral grains. 

Thalghat, Bhjorghat, Palghat, Agumbe ghat, Shiradighat, Charmadighat are the major Ghats of the Western Ghats.

(d) Kerala Coastal Plain

The roots of the plant grow through soil and in the cracks of rocks to find water and minerals. As the roots grow deep in the rock they widen and disintegrate the rocks, The burrowing animals like rats, rabbits, ants influence in the braking up of rocks. The human activities on the earth surface like mining, agriculture, quarrying, and deforestation rocks are disintegrated on a large scale.

Thermosphere.

The latitudinal extension is 8°4’ N to 37°6’ N and the longitudinal extent is 68° 7’ E to 97°23 E .The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India is around 30° The country stretches to 3214km from North to South and 2933 km from West to East.

The Me Mahon line

(a) India is given the status of sub-continent due to its expansion and position. The sub-continent is a vast and independent landmass whose boundaries are formed by different topography. These topographies separate it from its surrounding areas. Agile across the Himalayas in the north of India. The mountain ranges of Mugtgh, Kunlun, Karakoram, Hindukush, etc. distinguish it from the north-western parts of Asia. In the South, the Pak strait of central and the gulf of Mannar separate it from Sri Lanka. Formerly Arakan Yoma separates it form Myanmar. The Thar Desert separates it from a very large part of Pakistan. Despite this, we cannot call present day India a subcontinent. The Indian sub-continent is formed by the combination of undivided India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh.

(b) India is a country of diversity. Yet a distinct unity appears in our society. The main elements that provide unity to Indian society are the following:

1. Monsoon Season: The monsoon winds make most of the rainfall in summer. This affects the agriculture of the country as well as other business. Monsoon winds make the power supply reliable by raining the mountainous regions. Infact, monsoon rainfall is the basis of the entire country’s economy.

2. Religious Culture: There are two things in favor of religious culture. One is that religious places have united the people of the country in one sutra. Secondly, religious saints have instilled a sense of brotherhood through their teachings. People from all parts of the country come and worship at Tirupati, Jagannathpuri, Amamath, Ajmer, Harimandir Sahib, Patna, Hemkunt Sahib and other pilgrimage places. The saints have also tried to create religious harmony.

3. Language and Art: Almost all the northern India. Vedas were propagated in Sanskrit language. Urdu was born in the middle age of this language. English is the contact language and Hindi is the national language. Together, these have provided an opportunity to understand each other closely. Siinlarly, folk songs and folk arts have also created an opportunity for people to express similar feelings.

4. Traffic and means of communication: Railways and roads have played an important role in bringing people of different areas closer. The means of communication like Doordarshan and newspapers have also connected the national stream by giving the national thinking of the people.

5. Migration: Many people from villages have started coming to the cities. Despite their racial differences, they have come to understand each other and thus they have come closer to each other. The truth is that many natural and cultural elements have given unity to our country.

The temperature inside the Earth increases with the increasing depth (1°c per 32m) 

Formation of magma because of increase in temperature in pressure.

A triangular shaped alluvial deposition formed at the mouth of the river is called ‘Delta’. Important types of deltas are

a. Arcuate or common delta 

b. Bird – foot delta

(c) 33% of the total land area

These electrically charged particles are known as “Ions” and hence this layer is known as Ionosphere. Radio waves transmitted from the Earth are reflected back to the Earth by this layer. It helps in Radar, Navigator communication. The ionosphere protects us from meteors. 

Cyclone is a small low pressure area in the center surrounded by high pressure. The winds blow spirally towards the low pressure a area and form convergence of winds. In the northern hemisphere the direction of cyclonic winds is anti clock-wise and in the Southern hemisphere it is clockwise.

The point in the interior of the Earth from where the earthquake tremors originate is called the seismic focus. Earthquake tremors move from the focus in all directions. 

The point o the Earth’s surface vertically above the focus is called the epicenter. The Earthquake is felt first at the epicenter.

It is a process of temperature increases with increasing height in troposphere. This feature is common during winter season, less cloudiness, slow movement of winds, and clear sky in the mountain valley.

The rain water with oxygen reacts on rocks containing iron and produce oxides. This chemical reaction is known as Oxidation. The rock minerals take up water, the increased volume creates physical stress within the rock. 

As a result certain minerals like feldspar and gypsum are reduced into powder. This process is ‘ called “Hydration”.

(c) black and alluvial soils

It is a process of temperature increases with increasing height in troposphere. This feature is common during winter season, less cloudiness, slow movement of winds, and clear sky in the mountain valley.

These forests are found in the regions of heavy rainfall (above 250 cm) and high temperature (above 27° C) Tall umbrella shaped trees with dense assemblage is a prominent feature of this forest. The evergreen forests always look green because, various species of trees are found here and they shed leaves in different seasons.

(a) The landforms formed by the rivers in the northern plains are alluvial fins, alluvial cones, sepentine turns, hilly staircases, natural dams and floodplains.

(b) The Himalayan regions have the following contribution to the development of the country:

1. Rain: The monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean hit the Himalayan mountains and rain heavily. Thus, it donates rain to the northern plain. There is enough rainfall in this ground.
2. Useful Rivers: All the major rivers flowing in northern India originate from the Himalayan mountains like Ganga, Yamuna, Sutlej, Brahmaputra, etc. These rivers flow throughout the year. In the dry season, Himalayan ice burns these rivers.
3. Fruit and Tea: The slopes of the Himalayas are very useful for tea cultivation. Apart from these, fruits are also grown on the mountain slopes.
4. Useful Wood: Dense forests are found on the Himalayan Mountains. These forests are our wealth. Many industries in India depend on the wood derived from them. This wood is also used in building works.
5. Good Pastures: Beautiful and green pastures are found on the Himalayas. Animals are fed in them.
6. Mineral Substances: Many types of mineral substances are found in these mountains.

The soils which have supported agriculture for centuries without much manuring or fallowing are black and alluvial soils.

1. Physical Environment 

2. Cultural Environment

There are three divisions of Atlantic Ocean currents are a. Equatorial currents b. Current of North Atlantic Ocean and current of South Atlantic Ocean.

River is an important external agent of denudation on the ever changing face of the Earth. The work of river is more or less common in all the drainage systems of the world. 

The work of river consists of three closely interrelated activities.

1. Erosional work: The process of wearing and taking away the part of rock is known as ‘Erosion’. It depends upon the volume and velocity of water, nature of slope and the nature of rocks. The erosional work of the river is performed in two ways. a. The Mechanical and b. The Chemical erosion. 

There are various landforms associated to erosional work of river.

a. ’V’ Shaped valley: In the mountain course the speed of the river is greater and volume is less. As the water rushes down the steep slopes there is maximum vertical , or later erosion. The rapid down cutting or vertical erosion results in the formation of ‘V’shaped valley.

b. Gorge: A deep and narrow valley with steep rocky, sides in the river course is known as ‘Gorge’. They are formed by the regular vertical cutting by the rivers in the valleys eg. Narmada gorge. 

c. I shape valley: A very steep, deep river valley formed by the river, looking like T, is called ‘I’ Shaped valley. These are very deep compared to gorges. 

d. Canyon: It is a wide, deep and steep valley almost with vertical walls like feature found in the arid or semi arid regions is called ‘Canyon’ eg. Grand Canyon of River Colorado in USA. 

e. Potholes: These are the small depressions in the rocky beds of other river valley. They are formed by corrosion. Pebbles, sand and small rocks carried by the river swirled around on the river bed. This action erodes the rock on the river bed forming potholes.

f. Waterfalls: Huge volume of water falling from a great height along the course of a river is called “Waterfalls’. They are formed when the hard and soft rocks come in the way of flowing river. The soft rock gets eroded faster and hard rock does not erode easily. Therefore huge amount of water falls from great height and creates waterfalls. Eg. The Jog falls, The Angel falls, The Victoria falls. 

g. River Capture: It is formed mainly due to head-ward erosion by the river near its source. When the source of a river is captured by another major and strong river it is called‘River Capture’.

2. Transportational work: The process of carrying away the eroded materials is known as ‘Transportation’. The rock materials and eroded particles carried by a river is called its Load. The transportation capacity of a river is based on velocity of water, volume of water, load, slope, smooth valley floor etc.

The major landforms associated with the transportational work of the river are:

a. Alluvial fans: The term alluvium refers to the debris transported and deposited by rivers. When the fast flowing river enters the plateau or plain region, it experience sudden decline in gradient and obstruction in its path. Due to obstruction of the river spreads and deposits many of its light materials in fan shape known as ‘alluvial fans’. 

b. Alluvial cones: In the plateau and foot hill region when the river spreads out, the eroded materials carried by the river is deposited in conical shape called ‘Alluvial cones’.

3. Depositional work: The process of carrying and accumulating the eroded materials by the river at the lower course is called ‘deposition’. In the lower course due to gentle slope the river slows down and deposits most of its materials on the banks, course and the mouth.

The important landforms resulting from depositional work of the river are:

a. Meanders: In the lower course, river flows slowly in zig zag or curved manner due . to smaller obstruction in its path. A curve or loop formed by the river in its path is called ‘Meander’. When the river course formed by such crescent shaped loops due to continuous lateral deposition it is called meandering course. 

b. Ox-bow Lakes: The ox-bow lakes are formed by depositional and erosional actions taking place simultaneously and they are a result of excessive meandering. The River which flows through the shorter route leaving the curve of the meander cut off and crescent shaped lake is formed known as‘Ox-bow lakes’.

c. Flood Plains: When the river is in floods the water overflows on its bank and spreads in the surrounding regions. The silt carried by the water gets deposited in these areas and creates flat plains on both the banks of the rive known as ‘Flood Plains’. 

d. Delta: A triangular shaped alluvial deposition forced at the mouth of the river is called ‘Delta’. Important types of deltas are 

a. Arcuate or Common delta 

b. Bird-foot delta

e. Distributaries: As the river approaches the sea or Ocean, due to reduction in gradient, joining of tributaries, its volume increases, speed decreases hence, the rivet begins to break up into a number of branches from the main river called ‘Distributaries’.

f. Estuary: Estuaries are the tidal mouth of a river having a narrow, gradually widening lay at the mouth. In Estuary River water is mixed with seawater. Eg. The Narmada estuary, The Kali estuary. 

Laterite Soils soils is formed under typical monsoonal conditions.

These are the imaginary lines drawn on the map to show the places having the same amount of salinity.

(b) Black soils are rich in phosphorus nitrogen and organic matter

India is a peninsula, located at the north tip of the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by the Arabian Sea in the west, Indian Ocean in the south and Bay of Bengal in the east.

The inner Core of the barrysphere is called ‘Nife’ as it consists of Nickel and Ferrous (Iron) 

(a) It is derived from Himalayan rocks

The most important consequences of natural disasters are los of human life and property, animal wealth, destruction of vegetation etc. Natural disasters create fear, anguish and trauma in the human beings leading to various physical, biological and psychological changes. Natural disasters affect population, its distribution and density. It affects on agriculture, cropping pattern, industries, transport and communication, public health, water supply.

Physical weathering and chemical weathering are the major types of weathering 

It refers to the amount of dissolve solifds in the ocean water. In other words , the amount of salts in the ocean water. 

During this rain the moisture laden winds are forced to ascend over the mountains in their path. As the wind rises, it expands and looses temperature. This results in condensation, leading to rainfall. This rainfall is found in the windward side of the mountain and is heavy.

Total geographical area of India is 32,87,263 sq.km.

To show relief features, forests, land uses, river system, roads, railways, pipelines, distribution of rural and urban settlements etc.

Salinity of ocean water refers to the amount of dissolved solids in the ocean water. Ocean water consists of various kinds of chemical elements and minerals. Of these constituents, sodium chloride is the most important constituent of ocean water. The other constituents or salts like magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate, calcium sulphate, potassium sulphate, etc. Are also present in the ocean or sea water.

The ocean water is saline by the rivers which bring huge amount of mineral salt dissolved in water. Another reason for salinity is the evaporation of sea water, by which mineral salt in the sea or ocean water increase every year Salinity is measured in gram per kg of sea water and it is expressed as part per thousands for examples: 35% it means 35gram of salt in 1000 gram of sea water. 

Factors affecting the salinity in the ocean water are: Evaporation, Precipitation, and Fresh water mixing with ocean water, ground water and glaciers increase the percentage of salt content in the ocean. The trade winds drive away saline water to less saline areas resulting the variation of salt content.

Latitudes, precipitation, mixing of fresh water etc. influence on the horizontal and vertical distribution of salinity. The regions near Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn record high salinity due to high temperature, more evaporation, low rainfall and cxtensive arid and semi-arid areas. While the equatorial region record low sanity because of high temperature and high rainfall.

The polar region record least salinity due to very low temperature, evaporation and less rainfall.