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Diabetes mellitus is the disease caused by deficient insulin secretion by the pancreas or by impaired capturing of this hormone by the cells. Diabetes insipidus is the disease caused by deficient ADH secretion by the pituitary (hypophysis) or also by impaired sensitivity of the kidneys to this hormone.

In diabetes insipidus the blood lacks ADH and so tubular resorption of water in the kidneys is reduced and a great volume of urine is produced. The patient urinates a lot and many times a day, a sign also accompanied by polydipsia (increased thirst and exaggerated ingestion of water) and sometimes by dehydration.

The neurohypophysis secretes oxytocin and the antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Oxytocin is secreted in women during delivery to increase the strength and frequency of the uterine contractions and thus to help the baby’s birth. During the lactation period the infant’s sucking action on the mother’s nipples stimulates the production of oxytocin that then increases the secretion of milk by the mammary glands.

Vasopressin, or ADH, participates in the water regulation of the body and thus in the control of the blood pressure since it allows the resorption of free water through the renal tubules. As water goes back to the circulation the blood volume increases.

The adenohypophisys secretes GH (growth hormone), prolactin, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone). 

GH, also known as somatotropic hormone (STH), acts upon bones, cartilages and muscles promoting the growth of these tissues. Prolactin is the hormone that in women stimulates the production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands. The ACTH is the hormone that stimulates the cortical portion of the adrenal gland to produce and secrete the cortical hormones (glucocorticoids). The TSH is the hormone that stimulates the activity of the thyroid gland increasing the production and secretion of its hormones T3 and T4. The FSH is a gonadotropic hormone, i.e., it stimulates the gonads and in women it acts upon the ovaries inducing the growth of follicles, in men it stimulates spermatogenesis. The LH is also a gonadotropic hormone that acts upon the ovaries of women to stimulate ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum (that secretes estrogen) and in men upon the testicles to stimulate the production of testosterone.

(c) Both 1 and 2 

Both emissivity and absorptivity depends on wavelength of incident radiation. The emissivity at a certain wavelength is called spectral emissivity likewise absorptivity. This applicable for real surface.

(b) 2 only 

In pass out turbine a heat exchanger installed in place of condenser as-well-as in between condenser and turbine for process heating. But in impulse turbine steam after expansion is used for in regenerator to increase the effective mean temperature of the cycle.

(A) The water reservoir is a pond in Figure 16.1 (a) and underground water body in the Figure 16.1 (b).
(B) Figure 16.1 (b) has more advantage than Figure 16.1

(a)because the advantages of water stored in the ground are many. For example
(a) It does not evaporate
(b) It spreads out to recharge wells.
(c) Provides moisture for vegetation over a wide area.
(d) It is protected from contamination by animal and human wastes.
(e) It prevents breeding of insects.

a) Advantages of sexual reproduction.

(i) In sexual reproduction more variations are produced thus it ensures survival of species in a pollination.

(ii) The new formed individual has characteristics of both the parents.

(iii) Variations are more variable in sexual mode then in asexual one. This is because in asexual reproduction, DNA has to function inside the inherited cellular apparatus.

b) Four reasons for adopting contraceptive methods are

(i) To increase the gap between two children.

(ii) To prevent unwanted pregnancy.

(iii) To prevent transmission of STD’s

(iv) To control populations growth.

c) If a woman is using copper-T it will not help in protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases. Copper-T prevents only implantation in the uterus.

The ratio is 7:1  

The vapor pressures of benzene and toluene will contribute to the total vapor pressure of the solution proportionally to their respective mole fraction - this is known as Raoult's Law.

Correct option is (1) Sodium rosinate

Sodium rosinate produced more lather.

Answer (a) 2

a. Propane. 

b. Chloroquine. 

c. Mehtanoic acid 

d. Methoxymethane

a. 8 

b. Methyl, Ethyl 

c. Right to left 

d. 3 – Ethyle – 6 – Methyloctane

Answer (d) Gold

• Number of carbon atoms in the main chain: 5 
• Number of branch/branches: 2 
• Position of the first branch while numbering from left to right: 2 
• Position of the first branch while numbering from right to left: 2 
• Is there any change in the position number: Nil 
• IUPAC name: 2, 4 dimethyl pentane

Answer is 2, 3, 6 – trimethylheptane

Answer is C_nH_2n+2

Answer is Yes

One carbon and two hydrogen atoms (CH₂)

No. of branches in this compound: 2

Names of the branches: methyl 

Position numbers of branches: 2, 2 

IUPAC name: 2, 2-dimethylbutane

Number of hydrogen atoms are equal to adding 2 with twice of number of carbon atoms.

Answer is 2n + 2

a. 4

b. C – C – C- C

c. Methyl groups – 2 in number

d. 2, 3

a. 2,4 – Dimethyl hexane.

b. CH₃

1. CH₂ = CH₂

a. C₇H₁₆ 

b. CH₃ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₃

c. Hexane 

d. CH₃ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₃

a. CH₃ – OH 

b. Methanol

A catalytic reaction which depends upon the pore structure of the catalyst and on the size of the reactant and the product molecules is called shape-selective catalysis. For example catalysis by zeolites is a shape-selective catalysis. The pore size present in the zeolites ranges from 260-740 pm. Thus, molecules having a pore size more than this cannot enter the zeolite and undergo the reaction.

Answer (c) Monazite

Zeolites are alumino-silicates that are micro-porous in nature. Zeolites have a honeycomblike structure, which makes them shape-selective catalysts. They have an extended 3Dnetwork of silicates in which some silicon atoms are replaced by aluminium atoms, giving them an Al−O−Si framework. The reactions taking place in zeolites are very sensitive to the pores and cavity size of the zeolites. Zeolites are commonly used in the petrochemical industry.

a. In this Butane – 3 – ol is incorrect. Butane – 2 – 0l is correct name. 

d. 2, 2, 3 – Trimethylhexane

a. Methoxy (CH₃ – O -): Ether 

b. Hydroxine (-OH): Alcohol 

c. Amino (-NH₂): Amines 

d. Keto (-CO-): Ketones 

e. Aldehyde (-CHO): Aldehydes

i. 1 – Methoxypropane 

ii. Ethoxyethane

a. 2 – Methyl propane 

b. C₄ – H₁₀ 

c. CH₃ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₃ 

d. Chain isomerism

Answer (d) Zn²⁺

a. Hydroxyl 

b. Amino 

c. Butane – l – amino 

d. CH₃ – CH₂ – O – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₃

Answer (c) Statement-I is true, but Statement-Il is false

Analgesics: The chemical substances which relieve the body from pain are called analgesics.

Antiseptic: There are the chemicals which either kill or prevent the growth of micro organisms. Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and skin diseases.

Antibiotic: There are the substances (produced wholly or partially by chemical synthesis) which in low concentrations inhibit the growth of microorganisms or destroy them by intervencing in their metabolic process.

Antihistamine: The chemicals which destroy the effect or histamine is known as antihistamine.

Depression of freezing point: According to Raoult's law, when a non-volatile solid is added to the solvent, its vapour pressure decreases and now it would become equal to that of solid solvent at lower temperature thus, the freezing point of the solvent decreases. Let T_f⁰ be the freezing point of pure solvent and T_f be its freezing point when non-volatile solute is dissolued in it. The decrease in freezing point

AT_f = T⁰_f - T_f is known as depression in freezing point.

Similar to elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point (ΔT for dilute solution (ideal solution) is directly proportional to the molality m of the solution Thus,

ΔT_f ∝ m

or, ΔT_f ∝ k_fm

The proportionality constant k_f, which depends on the nature of the solvent is known as freezing point depression constant or molal depression constant or cryescopic constant.

If w₂ gram of the solute having molar mass of M₂, present in w₁ grain of solvent, produces the depression in freezing point ΔT_f of the solvent, then molality of the solute is given by

m = {(w₂/m₂)/(w₁/100)}

Substituting the values of molality in eq., we get

ΔT_f = {(k_f x w₂/M₂)/(W₁/1000)}

ΔT_f = {(k_f x w₂/1000)/(M₂ x W₁)}