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The enzyme which connects Okazaki fragments Ligase. 

PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) is necessary for  DNA amplification. 

Somaclonal variations is obtained from  Gamma rays. 

If you leave a metal spoon propped up in a pot, it will become hot from the boiling water inside the pot. Chocolate candy in your hand will eventually melt as heat is conducted from your hand to the chocolate. When ironing a piece of clothing, the iron is hot and the heat is transferred to the clothing.

Virus free plants can be produced by Meristem culture. 

Application of Conduction

• Heat conduction is applied in cooking with a metal pot e.g. Aluminum pots.
• Ironing of clothes with pressing iron.
• Welding of two iron metals together.
• The handles of the cooking utensils are made of materials like plastic and sometimes wood which cannot conduct heat when carried by the cook.

Hydrogen bonds occur between Complementary base  constituents of DNA.

Crossing over

Thymine – Adenine. 

Guanine – Cytosine

(i) CH₃CH₂OH + PCl₅ => CH₃CH₂Cl + POCl₃ + HCl
(ii) CH₃CH₂OH + Na => CH₃CH₂ONa + H₂

Pigs have less sweat pores on their body. During high temperature days the temperature of the pig's body increase.

We know that the temperature of body is controlled through the sweating. But as pigs have less sweat pores, this process of evaporation does not take place.

So, pigs spend in water pond or in the mud to reduce their body temperature during hot days.

The CPU fetches data/instructions stored on the hard, disk and loads the data/instructions into RAM for use by the CPU. Once data/instructions in RAM is no longer required, it is dumped/saved to the hard disk. Data/instructions are constantly being swapped between hard disk and RAM

i) Uses less power.

ii) Faster load time.

iii) No moving parts – more durable.

iv) Light-weight and smaller.

Storage media are used to store data or instructions for future use, (the part that holds the data)

A storage device records (reads) and/or retrieves (writes) items to and from storage media.

Correct answer is (i) Utharayanam 

Correct answer is (i) September 23 

Correct answer is (iii) Autumn season 

• Summer 
• Autumn 
• Winter 
• Spring

a. Spring 

b. Autumn

We feel many variations in the winter season than other seasons such as long nights, short days, cold weather, cold wind, snow fall, winter storms, cold rains, thick fog, frost, very low temperature, etc.

a. Spring 

b. Autumn 

c. Summer 

d. Winter

a. Autumn 

b. Spring

i. The apparent position of the sun on September 23 will be over the equator. Hence the length of day and night will be equal on this day in both the hemispheres.

ii. March 21 

iii. Equinoxes

March 21: 

The apparent position of the sun is over the equator and so equal amount of sunlight is received in both hemispheres. The length of day and night will be equal in both die hemispheres. This day is known as equinox.

June 21: 

The apparent position of the sun is vertically over the Tropic of Cancer. The day is known as summer solstice in Northern Hemisphere. On this day the Northern Hemisphere experiences its longest day and shortest night.

September 23: 

The sun comes vertically over the equator. The length of day and night is equal. The day is known as equinox.

December 22: 

The sun is vertically over the Tropic, of Capricorn. The day is known as winter solstice in Northern Hemisphere. This is the longest night and shortest day in the Northern Hemisphere.

For every 15° longitude, the difference is 1 hour.

In 90° longitude the time difference = \(\frac{90}{15}\) = 6.

Since it is to east, the time increases. 12.00 + 6 = 6pm.

March 21 and September 23 are called equinoxes. The apparent position of the sun on these days will be over equator. Hence the length of day and night will be equal on these days in both the hemispheres.

On June 21, known as summer solstice, the sun will be vertically above the Tropic of Cancer. This is the longest day and the shortest night in the Northern Hemisphere.

On December 22, known as winter solstice, the sun will be vertically above the Tropic of Capricorn. This is the longest night and the shortest day in the Northern Hemisphere.

From 21 March onwards, the sun apparently shifts from the equator northwards and reaches vertically above the Tropic of Cancer on June 21. This day is known as summer solstice in Northern Hemisphere. On this day, the Northern Hemisphere experiences the longest day and shortest night.

From 23 September onwards, the sun apparently shifts from the equator southwards and reaches vertically above the Tropic of Capricorn on December 22. This day is known as winter solstice in Northern Hemisphere. On this day the Northern Hemisphere experiences the shortest day and the longest night.

The apparent position of the sun shifts from the equator to the northern hemisphere from March 21 to June 21 .The sun will be vertically above the Tropic of Cancer on June 21. This day is known as summer solstice. The sun continues its apparent movement from the equator to the southern hemisphere and reaches vertically above the Tropic of Capricon on December 22. This day is known as Winter solstice.

Correct answer is (iii) June 21 

a. Winter season in Southern Hemisphere. 

b. Winter season in Northern Hemisphere. Reason: The hemisphere in which the sun is located receives more heat.

The apparent position of the sun shifts from the equator to the Northern Hemisphere from March 21 to June 21. The sun will be vertically above the Tropic of Cancer on June 21. This day, known as summer solstice. As a result of summer solstice, Northern hemisphere will have longest day and longest night in the Southern hemisphere.

When it is 12 noon in Greenwich, it will be morning 6.30 in Delhi.

0° — Equator

23 1/2 °N — Tropic of Cancer 

23 1/2 °S — Tropic of Capricorn

66 1/2°N — Arctic circle 

66 1/2 °S — Antarctic circle 

90°N — North pole 

90° S — South pole

It is not practical to follow only one standard time for the countries with wide longitudinal extent. So more than one longitudes are considered as standard meridians.

Eg: Russia, China, USA

• Cannot prepare a railway time table applicable throughout the country.
• Cannot give information on radio programmes 
• People have to adjust their watches suitably.

In the ancient period, time was calculated based on the apex position of the sun and the length of the shadow cast by it. When the sun is vertically overhead, it is noon. The time estimated at each place, based on the position of the sun, is termed as the local time. In a vast country like India there are many longitudinal. Hence the standard time will be different. There is a difference of 2 hours in time between the states Arunachal Pradesh which is in the eastern part of India and Gujarat which is in the western part of India.

• Southern Hemisphere experiences autumn. 
• Similarly, when it is spring in the Southern Hemisphere, it is autumn in the Northern Hemisphere.

• In Northern hemisphere — Winter 
• In Southern hemisphere — Summer

• The equinox days are March 21 and September 23.
• The apparent position of the sun on these days would be over the equator. 
• Equal amount of sunlight is received in the northern as well as the southern hemispheres when the sun is vertically over the equator. Hence the length of day and night will be equal on these days in both the hemispheres.