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(b) Red P does not react with NaOH to give PH₃

 (a) The combustibility of PH₃ is due to presence of P₂H₄ . The pure PH₃ is not combustible.

[Hint :  (iii) Due to bigger size of Cl.]

(a) The combustibility of PH₃ is due to presence of P₂H₄ . The pure PH₃ is not combustible

Solder is an alloy mixture of 60% Tin and 40% Lead.

The uppermost section acts as a funnel to feed the lower section. There is no direct path from the top to the middle bulb. Sufficient acid is poured in to fill the bottom section and flood the solid in the center bulb. The gas tap is closed. Gas is produced and the pressure builds up inside the bulb, forcing the acid down into the bottom bulb and up into the top one. When the liquid is forced out of the center bulb the generation of gas stops. The apparatus is now set up ready for use.    

When gas is needed, the tap is turned on. The gas pressure in the center bulb is released. There is no extra pressure to hold the acid in the top bulb so it drops down to completely fill the bottom bulb and once more flood the solid.    

When the gas tap is turned off, as the gas can no longer escape, the pressure again builds up, forcing the liquid back into the top bulb or reservoir. The build up of pressure ceases when all drops of acid left clinging to the solid have been used up.    

In time, the acid grows weaker and the solid is used up. The chemicals need renewing. The acid is drained out by removing the bung from the lower bulb, after which the remaining solid can be taken out. This should be done in a fume cupboard to prevent the breathing of poisonous fumes. Because of its poisonous qualities and unpleasant smell of bad eggs, it is advisable to always keep a hydrogen sulfide Kipp's apparatus in the fume cupboard.

 This element has the property of diffusing through most commonly used laboratory materials such as rubber, glass or plastics 

(c) He

[Hint : Due to absence of vacant d-orbitals in the octet of oxygen.]

[Hint : It is having see-saw shape. (4BP + 1LP)]

[Hint : KMnO₄, since Mn is showing maximum oxidation state of + 7.]

[Hint : Due to the ease with which it liberates atoms of nascent oxygen.] O₃ => O₂ + [O]

An anemometer is an instrument that measures wind speed and wind pressure. Anemometers are important tools for meteorologists, who study weather patterns. They are also important to the work of physicists, who study the way air moves.

• Mutation definition Biology refers to a change in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of a living organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes can be of DNA/RNA.

• The change or alteration occurring in our DNA base sequences (A, C, G and T) is due to various environmental factors including Ultraviolet light and also due to errors caused when the DNA is copied. 

• RNA and both are types of nucleic acids, therefore, anything with RNA or DNA can have a mutation. It concludes that living organisms including animals, humans, plants, bacteria, fungi, protists and archaea can all have mutations. Also, viruses can have mutations. Many mutations are neutral in effect and can also be harmful as well as helpful in some manner (organisms can survive certain unfavorable conditions because of mutation).

Types of Mutation

1. Gene Mutations

• DNA makes up genes and genes can code for proteins, influencing various traits. However, not all genes code for proteins and not all genes are turned on.

• Therefore, when a mutation in DNA occurs, it means a change in one or more DNA bases takes place, then different proteins are produced which affect an organism’s traits.

• Example: A fruit fly's DNA faces mutations; it may include-

1. Substitution which means the wrong base is matched; 

2. Insertion which means an extra-base or other bases are added in; 

3. Deletion can occur which means a base is removed. So, the three types of gene mutations are substitution, insertion and deletion.

• Insertions and deletions, discussed above, are known to have the potential to be especially dangerous. This is because if we add a base or remove a base, all of a sudden, the number of total bases change and every base that is read in three, everything that is read afterwards insertion/deletion could be affected. This is called frameshift mutation and it leads to many amino acid changes.

2. Chromosomal Mutations

When mutations occur at the level of the chromosome, it is called chromosomal mutation. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein, are highly organized and have lots of genes on them. The human chromosome number is 46; 23 from an egg cell and 23 from a sperm cell. Similarly, the fruit fly has 8 chromosomes, 4 comes from an egg cell and 4 comes from the sperm cell.

Chromosomal Mutation Examples

• Examples of chromosomal mutations are duplication, where extra copies of genes are generated. 

• Another is deletion, where some of the genetic material breaks off and inversion when a chromosome segment gets inverted (i.e. reversed) and put back on the chromosome.

• The last one is translocation when a fragment from one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

During meiosis, in fruit flies and other animals, meiosis makes sperm and egg cells that can have half the number of chromosomes as the organism. And sometimes, those chromosomes don’t separate completely. It is called nondisjunction resulting in an egg or sperm cell that has too many or too few chromosomes.

• Mutation can be passed down to an offspring; for example, a protist with mutation when undergoes asexual reproduction and division, the daughter cell can inherit the same mutation. These can be categorized as somatic mutations, which we will discuss later here.

• Also, a fruit fly that reproduces sexually to pass a mutation to its offspring if that mutation is found in the genetic material of the sperm/egg cell. Frequent studies have been done to study fruit flies so these can be used to cite various examples for mutations. 

• Humans also pass down mutations to the offspring, for example, substitution occurring in the case of sickle cell anemia. Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that helps in carrying oxygen, however in sickle cell anemia, the gene coding for hemoglobin is mutated and if an offspring inherits two copies of this gene (one from each parent), it can have this disorder too. It is a condition where it is difficult for RBCs to carry oxygen because the shape of the RBC is affected by the mutated Hb protein. And in other cases, if an offspring gets one copy of a gene from one parent, it is only the carrier but not officially gets the disease.

3.  Somatic Mutation

Here, the cell that has acquired genetic alteration passes it to the progeny of the mutated cell during the extensive and complicated process of cell division. The mutation is basically occurring in the somatic cells of a multicellular organism rather than the germinating cell, ie; the egg and the sperm. That is what makes it different. Somatic mutations result from environment changers like Ultraviolet radiations and several other chemicals and artificial substances. The mutation affects all the cells from the mutated cell. These mutations can occur in the major part of the body of an organism or plant. It may showcase the mutation, or it may not showcase the mutation. This causes many diseases including cancer. 

Because these gets transferred through somatic cells only, the mutation will not be passed to the next generation through sexual reproduction. If the mutation is to be multiplied, the mutated cell has to either go through cell division, as said earlier, I should be cloned. 

Some of the somatic mutation examples include navel oranges and red apples. 

4. Germinal Mutation

In germinal mutation, the alteration in the germinal cells causes the mutation. Germ cells are the ones that give rise to gametes. So this mutation can be passed by sexual means. This can occur before fertilization and also during different stages of the zygote formation and its progression towards a child. If the mutation occurs before fertilization, then all the cells of that individual will be mutated. If the mutation occurs just after fertilization, it will be a gonosomal mutation. In the mutation developed sometime after fertilization, there will be a small set of cells either from germinating cells or somatic cells or both.  

Genetic counselors work to help families that may be affected by genetic disorders; this cites the importance of studying mutations.

The meninges are layers of tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord. They function to protect the nervous system, to hold it in place, to produce cerebrospinal fluid, and to provide a passageway for fluids, nerves, and vessels.

Reproduction : Reproduction is the process of producing new young individuals of similar type by the mature individuals.

Importance of DNA Copying.

Types. Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

New Characteristics: New characteristics appear only in sexual reproduction due to Chance separation of chromosomes during meiosis required for gamete formation, Crossing over during meiosis.

Chance coming together of chromosomes during fertilization, Mutations or mistakes during DNA replication.

1. (b) disputable

2. (a) recuperation

3. (d) restricting supply

4. (b) dignifles

5. (c) entertainmen

In octahedral complexes- e_g orbital

(dx²y²,dz²) possess more energy then t_2g orbital.(d_xy, d_yz, d_xz)

Endangered plants in Maharastra are as follows:

• Carvia callosa Bremek

This plant is used to increase lactation in cows.

• Curcuma indoors Blatt

This plant is known as van haldi used in toothpaste.

• Ensete superbum Cheesm

This is commonly known as Kateri, this plant seed powder mixed with cow milk it will increase the stamina

These plants have high medicinal values we can found these plants in western Ghats.

Endangered animal species from Maharashtra are as follows:

• Tigers, crocodiles, wild deer, and etc are lived in the forests of Maharashtra.

• White Rumped Vulture is an old species this Vulture population is declined dramatically in Maharashtra.

• Forest Owlet is also one rare endemic bird found in the Shrinking forests of central India.

These are some of the endangered plants and animal species from Maharastra.

Ways to Stay Active During the Holidays

• Set your alarm for earlier than usual.
• Bring your gym shoes with you.
• Schedule your workouts.
• Think outside the gym.
• Try a countertop workout.
• Look for new ways to get active.
• Skip the elevator.
• Participate in a holiday-themed run.

“Greaterade”

1. Pour 1 cup of water into a large pot.
2. Add honey, salt, calcium-magnesium powder, and cayenne.
3. Place pot over low heat and whisk until ingredients have dissolved.
4. Remove from heat and allow to return to room temperature.
5. Add juices to room temperature mixture in pot.
6. Pour in remaining 7 cups water and whisk until well blended.