Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The answer is (C) Retina.

1. Olfactory epithelium 

2. It is located at the roof of the nasal cavity on either sides of the nasal septum.

1. High permeability of axon wall for K⁺ , Highly negative charge protein in axoplasm, Na⁺ – K⁺ pump. 

2. High K⁺ concentration inside the axon, High Na⁺ concentration outside the axon, Low Na⁺ permeability the axon wall, 3Na⁺ ions for 2K⁺ ions.

1. Fig a is non-myelinated neuron and Fig B is myelinated neuron. 

2. Saltatory conduction. 

3. In myelinated impulse transmission is very fast.

Stimulation of cone cells require high intensity of light. In dim light the cone cells are not stimulated. That is why the red flower looks black in dim light.

1. Meninges 

2. Identification of A, B, and C 

• A – Dura mater 
• B – Arachnoid mater 
• C – Pia mater

Light ray → Cornea → Aqueous chamber → Pupil → Lens → Vitreous chamber → Optic nerve → brain.

1. Identification of A, B and C. 

• A – Semicircular canal 
• B – Vestibule 
• C – Cochlea 

2. Semicircular canal and vestibule.

1. Reflex action (knee jerk reflex) 

2. Name P & Q 

• P – Afferent pathway 
• Q – Efferent pathway 

3. The afferent pathway receives signal from a sensory organ and transmits the impulse into CNS. The efficient pathway carries signals from CNS to the effector.

1. Cones are responsible for color vision. They require brighter light to function than rods require. There are three types of cones, maximally sensitive to long wavelength, medium-wavelength, and short-wavelength light (often referred to as red, green, and blue, respectively, though the sensitivity peaks are not actually at these colors).

2. The inner ear has three semi-circular canals forming cochlea. Cochlea is responsible for maintaining the body balance.

3. The pupil in the eye functions like an aperture. This dilates in case of low light and constricts in case of intense light thereby regulating the amount of light falling on the retina.

1. Identification of P Q R S 

• P – Cerebrum 
• Q – Thalamus 
• R – Pons 
• S – Corpus callosum 

2. Cerebrum 

3. Corpus callosum

1. Central Neural System and Peripheral Neural System: 

The CNS includes the brain and the spinal cord and is the site of information processing and control. The PNS comprises of all the nerves of the body associated with the CNS (brain and spinal cord).

2. Resting Potential and Action Potential: 

The electrical difference across the resting plasma membrane is called as the resting potential. When a stimulus is applied at a site on the polarised membrane, the membrane at the site becomes freely permeable to Na⁺⁺.

The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane at the site of stimulus is called the action potential, which is in fact termed as a nerve impulse.

3. Choroid and Retina. 

The middle layer, choroid, contains many blood vessels and looks bluish in colour. The choroid layer is thin over the posterior two-third of the eye ball, but it becomes thick in the anterior part to form the ciliary body.

The inner layer is the retina and it contains three layers of cells – from inside to outside – ganglion cells, bipolar cells and photoreceptor cells.

Ganglia (singular ganglion), or neural ganglia, are structures located outside the central nervous system (for example, beside the spinal column or near viscera) made of concentration of neuron bodies.

Examples of neural ganglia are the ganglia that concentrate cell bodies of sensory neurons in the dorsal roots of the spinal cord and the ganglia of the myenteric plexus responsible for the peristaltic movements of the digestive tube.

In the central nervous system (CNS) the concentrations of neuron bodies are called nuclei and not ganglia.

The peripheral nervous system comprehends the nerves and ganglia of the body.

The function of the myelin sheath is to improve the safety and speed of the neural impulse transmission along the axon. The myelin sheath serves as an electrical insulator preventing the dispersion of the impulse to other adjacent structures. Since the myelin sheath has gaps called Ranviers’ nodes in its length, the neural impulse “jumps” from one node to another thus increasing the speed of the neural transmission.

Not all neurons have a myelin sheath. There are myelinated axonal fibers and unmyelinated ones. 

In the central nervous system (CNS) the myelin sheath is made by apposition of oligodendrocyte membranes. Each oligodendrocyte can cover portions of axons of several different neurons. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) the myelin sheath is made by consecutive Schwann cell membranes covering segments of a single axon. The Ranviers’ nodes appear in the intercellular space between these cells.

The myelin sheath is rich in lipids but it also contains proteins.

Multiple sclerosis is a severe disease caused by progressive destruction of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. The Guillain-Barré disease is due to destruction of the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system caused by autoimmunity (attack by the own immune system). The genetic deficiency in the formation or preservation of the myelin sheath is an X-linked inheritance called adrenoleukodystrophy. The movie “Lorenzo’s Oil” featured a boy with this disease and his father's dramatic search for treatment.

The concept of brain, or encephalon, comprehends the cerebrum (mostly referred to as the hemispheres, but actually the concept also includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus), the brainstem (midbrain, pons and medulla) and the cerebellum. Brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system (CNS).

Meninges are the membranes that enclose and protect the central nervous system (CNS). Cerebrospinal fluid is the fluid that separates the three layers that form the meninges and it has the functions of nutrient transport, defense and mechanical protection for the CNS.

The cerebrospinal fluid fills and protects cavities of the brain and the spinal cord.

Continuous counselling, meditation, yoga, participation in recreation centres, music therapy or occupational care.

During an emergency situation:

• Heartbeat increases.
• Breathing rate increases decreases. 
• Dilates eye pupil. 
• Salivary secretion decreases.

Autonomous nervous system: 

The autonomous nervous system is composed of the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system.

There are many activities which occur beyond our conscious area. Such activities are controlled by the autonomous nervous system. The endocrine system is also associated with the nervous system for performing this function.

1. The part that provide awareness of vision, hearing, smell, tastes, touch, heat. (CRB)

2. Co-ordinates muscular activities and maintains equilibrium of the body.

3. Plays a major role in the maintenance of homeostasis. (HYP)

4. Controls involuntary actions like heartbeat, breathing, etc. (MOG)

5. Relay station of impulses to and fro the cerebrum. (THL)

6. Centre of thought, intelligence, memory and imagination. (CRB)

7. The second-largest part of the brain. (CRL) 

8. The rod-shaped medulla oblongata is seen below the cerebrum. (MOG) 

9. Greymatter is seen in the external cortex and white matter is seen in the internal medulla. (CRB) 

10. Part that controls pituitary gland. (HYP)

(c) Coronary Heart Disease

(c) oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital

External stimuli: Sound, touch, heat, chemicals, pressure, cold, radiations. Internal stimuli: Hunger, touch, infection, pressure, variation, thirst, exhaust.

Answer is (b) Type B

(c) superego

When the formation of CSF ceases, it will adversely affect our nervous system, because, CSF provides nutrients and oxygen to brain tissues, regulates the pressure inside the brain and also protects brain from injuries.

(c) self-reinforcement

Medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing. Any mild injury to medulla oblongata results disfunctioning of breathing and heartbeat and may lead to death.

(i) We must have discipline if we want to achieve something in life. 

(ii) If there is no discipline there will be disorder and lawlessness in the world and condition became worst. 

(iii) The two important factors are maintenance of law and order in the society. 

(iv) Discipline is important to help us to safeguard our interest and retains us from misusing our liberties.  

(i) 'Adult Education' is the important change in the field of education in the last century. 

(ii) Brazil is worried about its farmers because they do not have enough knowledge about modern farming techniques which affects Brazil's income. 

(iii) 'Adult Education' is important because it is necessary for everybody to read and write. Adult Education also helps adult people to do their jobs better and takes better care of their families health. 

(iv) Farmers of Brazil can do better farming by using new methods of farming technology to help the country to increase its income. 

The narrator gave up the ambition to become an IAS office because he realised that he did not have extraordinary intelligence and ability to study seriously. 

Sun and Moon were not allowed to attend the party at their house because their parents thought that they should not see the behaviour of adults at the party. 

In the story 'Two Horizons' we find a realistic picture of the status of Indian woman in the family. The mother represents the traditional woman while the daughter is the modern woman. They have to suffer silently in the family. The daughter considers her mother to be an ideal woman.

The narrator's girl friend was the only person who really understood him. She ignored his bad points and made him feel confident about himself. 

The mother called the dark place because it was full of wickedness and evil. One could only face them with one's inner strength.

The children only expected to meet the guests and then go to bed quickly. They were not allowed to attend the party. 

Life imprison is a form of legal punishment in which a guilty person is put in prison for his entire life. 

a) Animation Curve

The Graph Editor displays several Animation Curve, one for each keyed attribute of the ball.

c) Y axis

The green curve represents Y axis.

a) Transition effect

Fade in – Fade out is a Transition effect.

c) S

S is a short cut key of set key.

a) angle of view

Angle of view is used to control the amount of perspective exaggeration.

Correct option: c) Effects Team

Correct answer is a. Bit map