Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Latin word ‘Superanus’

c. Bakarwals

1. Moral Rights: These are rights based on man’s morality, sense of justice and conscience. They are not guaranteed by law. For example, the poor, the sick and the old have the moral right to get sympathetic consideration by others.

2. Legal Rights: They are assured the by the Nation. 

3. Natural Rights: They include Right to life, Right for personal freedom, Right to earn wealth. 

4. Civil Rights: They are related to the life, wealth and freedom of individuals. They include the right to live, right to freedom, right to work, right to express one’s views, right to property, right to education, right to religion, right to equality, right to assemble, right to live family life and right to make contracts. 

5. Economic Rights: They are related to economic security and the right to earn one’s livelihood. They include right to work, right to get decent wages, right to leisure, right to have social security and right to earn wealth. 

6. Political Rights: It is the right of an individual to participate in the political matters of the nation. They include right to vote, right to contest in elections, right to be appointed to various posts, right to criticize, and right to make complaints.

7. Fundamental Rights: These are essential for the full development of one’s personality. The Constitution and courts ensure these rights. They are Right to Equality (Article 14-18), Right to freedom (19-22), Right against Exploitation (23-24), Right to Religious Freedom (25-28), Cultural and Educational Rights (29-30) & Right to Constitutional Remedies (32).

Dr.B.R.Ambedkar.

26^th January 1950.

Nicolo Machiavelli 

Supreme Court

It is a picture related to Human Rights.

• Functions of gram panchayat. 
• Formulate plans for the development of Gram panchayat. 
• Preparation of Budget of Gram panchayat. 
• Collection and maintenance of necessary information and statistics relating to panchayat. 
• Provide relief during natural calamities like floods, famine or earthquakes.
• Encouragement to agriculture. 
• Encouragement and development of poultry and pisciculture. 
• Support to khadi and cottage industries. 
• Protection of public health and support family welfare programmes. 
• Encouraging rural housing by providing houses and sites to weaker sections. 
• Promote cleanliness through underground drainage system. 
• Provide drinking water and prevent water pollution. 
• Construction and maintenance of roads, buildings, and bridges.
• Rural electrification. 
• Encourage primary and higher education. 
• Support and implement poverty alleviation programmes. 
• Support adult education and informal education. 
• Construction and maintenance of libraries and reading rooms. 
• Regulation of market and fairs. 
• Strive for the welfare of women and children. 
• Strive for welfare of weaker sections. 
• Preserv action of Public distribution system 
• Maintenance of public gardens and stadiums. 
• Maintenance of graveyards. 
• Strive and support welfare of physically challenged (handicapped) and mentally retarded. 
• Function as per directed by Panchayat Raj Act from time to time. 

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Sharad Arvind Bobde

Loksabha and Rajyasabha 

Members of both houses of the Parliament. 

Loksabha and Rajyasabha

German language

Ardh Magadhi

It is difficult for us to imagine a world without printed matter because: 

(a) We find print everywhere around us in books, newspapers, journals, magazines, famous paintings, official circulars, calendars, diaries, advertisements and cinema posters. 

(b) We read printed literature, books, novels and stories. 

(c) We read newspapers everyday and track public debates.

The correct answer is 1971.

• On the night of 25th March 1971 Bangladesh get independence from Pakistan.
•  Bangladesh Liberation War 
  • The Bangladesh Liberation War was a revolution and armed conflict sparked by the rise of the Bengali nationalist and self-determination movement in what was then East Pakistan during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide.
  • The war began the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight against the people of East Pakistan on the night of 25 March 1971.
  • The language Movement was started in 1948 meant to assert the rights of the Bengali-speaking population of Pakistan and also for the equal status of Bengali with Urdu, which alone was declared as Pakistan's federal language.
  • After the general elections in Pakistan in 1970, Mujibur Rahman's Awami League won a clear majority. But the military in Pakistan was opposed to him becoming the country's supremo.
  • The military government of Yahya Khan was unwilling to give up power to Mujib Bengali nationalism was on the rise.
  • On the night of 25th March 1971, the Pakistani army started the now-infamous "Operation Searchlight" in which they killed students, intellectuals, and civilians in Bangladesh. Thousands of Bengali women were raped by the Pakistani army. The idea was to brutally crush the Bengali resistance.
  • It commemorates the country's declaration of independence from Pakistan in the early hours of 26 March 1971 by the leader of the Nation Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

Supreme power of the state is called sovereignty

(i) As the resources are space-bound, no country can survive without international trade. 

(ii) Exports and imports are components of trade. 

(iii) The international trade helped India in increasing its productivity and improving quality of its products and then exporting the manufactured goods. 

 (iv) International trade helps in exchange of surplus goods with those of deficit countries through foreign trade. 

(v) International trade had also helped India to import recent technology to improve its productivity and the quality of the product. (vi) The government policy of globalization and liberalization had helped four folds in making its place in the Global world. 

(vii) Therefore advancement of international trade of a country becomes an index of its economic prosperity

Greek word ‘polis’. 

In political theory, inequalities are classified as natural and social inequalities. The inequalities that come from the different abilities and intellectual powers are called natural inequalities. They are quite different from social inequalities. The inequalities that result from one section of the society exploiting another section and denying them equal opportunities are social inequalities.

Rights are some social and political privileges that a person gets as a citizen of a nation, and as a member of a society. According to the famous philosopher Barker: “Rights are the external conditions which are essential for the maximum

Yes, I do agree. Moral rights are rights based on man’s morality, sense of justice and conscience. Rights can be denied. The work of an individual might be against conscience of the society. Even then there are no laws to punish those who breach the moral rights. On the other hand, legal rights are guaranteed by the Constitution and the Courts. Since the nation can punish the offenders, these rights become meaningful.

i) Right to life

ii) Right to express one’s opinion 

iii) Right to equality 

iv) Right to education

• Natural Rights 
• Rights given by the society 
• Rights assured by the Constitution

Bermingham is famous for Iron-ore. 

Correct answer is b) 10 December

I do agree. Rights and responsibilities are the two sides of the same coin. As you enjoy your right, you have to carry out your responsibilities. The statement that “My right is your responsibility and your right is my responsibility” shows the relation between rights and responsibilities.

Lasky points out that rights originated even before the coming of nation.

Rights give the nation the duty to carry out certain responsibilities. Each right shows that a nation should do and should not do. For example, since people have a right to live, the nation has the responsibility of making laws to protect them from others. It asks the nation to punish those who wound or harm us. Imagine that by the “right to life”, a society means “right to a decent and healthy life”. Naturally, the society expects that the nation will take steps to ensure to provide the people with a clean and healthy environment necessary for a good life. The rights of the citizens give the nation the responsibility to act in certain ways. The two examples above prove that.

The members of LokSabha are elected by the people. All adult citizens unless disqualified for other reasons have the right to select their representatives. Qualifications to become the members are must be a citizen of the country and must have attained the minimum age fixed by the constitution. The term of office is five years. Speaker is the presiding officer. He is elected from among the members of the house.

1. Legislative functions: The power of Loksabha extends to all subjects falling under the Union list and the. Concurrent list. In case of emergency in operation, its power also extends to State list as well. No bill can become a law without the consent of Loksabha. The Loksabha has equal powers of law making with Rajyasabha except on financial matters where the supremacy of Loksabha is total.

In case of disagreement between the two houses on a matter of legislation, it is resolved by a Joint Sitting of both the houses presided over by the Speaker. In a Joint Sitting, Loksabha would emerge triumphant because the decisions are taken by a majority of the total number of members of both the house present and voting in which the numerical superiority of Loksabha prevails.

2. Financial functions: On financial matters, the supremacy of the Loksabha is total and complete. “One, who holds purse, holds power,” said James Madison. By establishing its authority over the national purse, Loksabha establishes its authority Over the Rajyasabha.

It is expressly stated that Money bill can originate only in the house of people. Regarding budget, Loksabha being a representative house enjoys total authority. Loksabha’s position on financial matters is such that the demands for grants are placed only before the Loksabha.

3. Control over the executive: The Loksabha enjoys direct control over the executive because executive is directly responsible to the lower house and stays in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the house. The Loksabha not only makes laws but also supervises the implementation. The lower house being a debating house, the members are free to seek information from the executive and raise questions and seek clarifications.

The members can effectively seek information from the government by way of discussions and debates during the Question Hour (seek clarification), the Adjournment Motion (raises issues of national importance), the Zero Hour, the Cu motion, the Call-attention motion, etc. The soundest way of controlling the executive is by way of moving the No-confidence motion, if the executive fails to win the support of Lok sabha, they must step down.

4. Constituent functions: The Loksabha shares equal powers in regard to amending provisions of the constitution. An amendment may be initiated either in the Rajyasabha or Loksablia and must be passed by a 2/3 majority in both the houses present and voting. The agreement of Rajyasabha is compulsory for the success of constitutional amendment.

5. Electoral functions: The Loksabha and Rajyasabha elect the highest constitutional functionaries such as the President and the Vice-president. The President is elected by the members of Loksabha and Rajyasabha along with the members of Legislative Assemblies of the states. The Vice-president is elected by members of Loksabha and Rajyasabha.

6. Judicial functions : The Loksabha acts as a judge in the impeachment of the President. Either house can prefer the charge of impeachment. If Rajyasabha prefers the charge, Loksabha investigates the charge and if it passes a resolution by a 2/3 majority of the total membership of the house, President stands impeached from the office.

The Loksabha also sits in Judgement, along with the Rajyasabha, in removing high constitutional functionaries such as the Comptroller and Auditor General, The Chief Vigilance Commissioner, the Chief Election Commissioner, etc.

1. Moral Rights 

2. Legal Rights. 

3. Civil Rights.

4. Political Rights. 

5. Economic Rights.

• Moral Rights: are those based on the ethical code of morality of people. 
• Legal Rights: are recognised and protected by the state.
• civil rights: are those rights which enable the individual to lead a normal life in society. 
• Political rights: enable a citizen to take part in the affairs of the government. 
• Economic rights: enable citizens to earn their living.

Salient Features of the Indian Constitution are: The constitution of India came into force on 26^th January 1950. The preamble enumerates the source, the nature and high aims and ideals of the constitution. The preamble cannot be enforced in a court of law it is a grand declaration. The following are the salient features of the constitution of India:

1. Detailed and Written Constitution: The constitution of India is a comprehensive document. It is detailed and lengthy constitution in the world. It consists of 445 Articles, 22 parts, 12 schedules, and 100 Amendments. The bulk of the constitution is due to many reasons. Such as :

• It contains the broad principles and details of administration. 
• The constitution provides for the administrative machinery at the centre and also in the States. 
• Incorporation of Fundamental rights and directive principles of. state policy. 
• Special provision for safe guarding the interest of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, 
• UPSC and SPSC and Election Commission, Independent Judiciary, 
• Official languages and regional languages etc. have been dealt with in the constitution. 

2. Sovereign, Democratic, Republic:

The constitution of India is Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and Republic.

• India is sovereign state and it is subject to no other authority either in her internal affairs or external relations. Its power is absolute internally and externally within its sphere. 
• 42 Amendment Act of 197.6 declares India to be a socialist state. 
• Preamble to the constitution declares that India is a sovereign democratic Republic. The President of India is elected and his term of office is five years.

3. Single Citizenship: The constitution of India has established single and uniform citizenship for the whole of the country. Single citizenship implies that all Indian citizens owe allegiance to the Indian Union. Any citizen, irrespective of his birth or residence, is entitled to enjoy civil and political rights throughout India In all states and Union Territories. 

4. Fundamental Rights: Part HI of the Indian constitution embodies six fundamental Rights, which are guaranteed to the people of India. These rights are sacred and sacrosanct and cannot be violated. The constitution makes the Supreme Court and the High Courts, the guardian of rights and liberties of the people. However, they are not absolute. The constitution imposes necessary limitations and the rights can be suspended under conditions of grave emergency. 

1. Right to Equality. 

2. Right to Freedom. 

3. Right against Exploitation. 

4. Right to Religion. 

5. Cultural and Educational Rights. 

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies.

5. Fundamental Duties: The 42^nd Amendment Act of 1976 has incorporated ten duties for every Indian citizen.

• To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals, institutions, the flag, and the National Anthem. 
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspire our national struggle for freedom. 
• To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India. 
• To defend the country and render national services when called upon to do so. 
• To promote harmony and sprit of common brotherhood among all the people of India. 
• To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. 
• To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compassion for living creatures.
• To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the script of inquiry and reform. 
• To safeguard public-property and to abjure violence. 
• To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collection activity.

6. Secular and Socialist State: At the time of drafting the constitution the framers did not have the vision to mention these words in the preamble of the constitution. But these words were added in the preamble by 42nd Amendment Act of 1976. Accordingly, India is a secular and non-religious in character.

In fact, it does not identify itself with any religion. India is neither religious, nor irreligious, nor anti-religious but it is detached from religious dogmas and activities. The aim of the constitution is too make India a socialist state on the basis of welfare programs. 

7. Backward Classes and Minorities: the constitution protects the interest of the backward class and the Minorities.

8. Official language: Hindi is laid as the official language of India. A common official language symbolized the unity of the country.

9. Directive Principles of State Policy: It is another important feature of the Indian constitution. It contains various aims and aspirations to fulfilled by the state. They are instruments of instructions to the government to follow specific policies.

10. Parliamentary System of Government: The Indian constitution proposed a parliamentary system of government for India.

11. Federation with strong centre: the constitution has laid down a federal form of government; with a Union of the states. The Union is more powerful than the states.

12. Independent Judiciary: The judiciary under the constitution is made independent of the legislature and the executive. It protects the fundamental rights and safeguards the provisions of the constitution. In fact, it is the guardian of the constitution and protector of Fundamental Rights.

13. Judicial review: The Supreme Court of India has the power of judicial review. It can declare laws enacted by the parliament and state legislatures and orders passed by the executive as invalid, if found contrary of the provisions of the constitution.

14. Election Commission: The constitution provides for the establishment of Election Commission for the whole country. It conducts free and fair elections of the president, vice-president, members of parliament and state legislatures from time to time. It consists of one chief Election commissioner and two other Election commissioners who are appointed by the president of India for the period of 6 years.

15. Rigidity and flexibility: There is a unique procedure of constitutional amendment. Article 368 of the constitution deals with the amendment procedure:

a. By simple majority: The creation of new states, creation or abolition of legislative council, etc. These can be amended by a simple majority in both the houses of the union parliament. 

b. By half-simple and half-rigid method: The provisions such as citizenship, Fundamental Rights, Directive principles, etc., shall be amended by 2/3 majority of members present and voting in both houses of the parliament. 

c. By Rigid Method: The method of amending the constitution involves rigid procedure.Matters relating to the election and powers of the president and powers of the Union and State government, Union judiciary, establishment of High Court, division of legislative powers, representation of states in Union Parliament, etc., can be amended by 2/3 majority members of both houses of the Union parliament and has to be ratified by not less than half of the state legislature.

16. Adult Franchise: Every person who is a citizen of India and who is are above 18 years of age irrespective gender is entitled to be registered as a voter.

17. Emergency provisions: the constitution of India envisages three types of emergencies which the president may proclaim in different critical situations. Such as:

a. National Emergency: Article 352: provides national emergency. If the president is satisfied that the security of India or any part thereof is threatened by war or. external aggression or internal disturbance, he may issue a proclamation of emergency. But it must be laid before each house of parliament for approval.

b. Failure of constitutional machinery in the state: The president on the receipt of report from the Governor of a state if satisfied, that a situation has arisen in which the government of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, he can proclaim state emergency. It is to be approved by each House of parliament within two months. But normally it remains for six months and can be continued for three years.

c. Financial Emergency: The president of India is satisfied that the financial stability of India are any part thereof is threatened he may proclaim financial emergency. It expires at the end of two months unless it is approved by the parliament.

18. Local self-Governments: A constitutional statue was given to local Self governments in accordance with the 73^rd and 74^th constitutional amendments which were made in the year 1992 and came into force in 1993.

The III Part of the constitution of India has guaranteed seven fundamental rights. But the 44^th Amendment Act of 1978 deleted 6^th fundamental right; right to property. Now it remains only a legal right. All the fundamental rights come under articles from 12 to 35. These rights are explained as under. 

1. Right to Equality(14 to 18):

Article 14: confers on all the citizens’ equality before law and equal protection of law.

Article 15: prohibits any discrimination by the state towards its citizens on grounds of race, religion, caste, gender, and place of birth. The same article throws open public places, like shops, wells, restaurants, etc. to all citizens.

Article 16: provides for equality in matters of public employment. No one shall be discriminated on the grounds of race, religion, caste, gender, place of birth and residence. But the state may discriminate in favor of Back ward classes of citizens by reserving jobs in the Government.

Article 17: prohibits the practice of untouchability in any form. Those who practice it will be severely punished.

Article 18: prohibits the state from conferring titles like Rao Bahadur, His Highness, etc, on its citizens. However, it may award military or civil distinction like Paramavir Chakra, Bharat Ratna, Padma Bhushan, Padmashree.

2. Right to Freedom (19 to 22):

Article 19: gives 6 freedoms to the citizens of India. Such as: 

1. freedom of speech and expression. 

2. Assemble peacefully without arms. 

3. Form associations. 

4. Move freely within the country, 

5. to reside and settle down in any part of the country. 

6. To practice any profession or trade.

Article 20:

• lays down Right to personal Life and Liberty. 
• No person shall be arrested when the law is not in operation. 
• No person shall be punished more than once for the same offense, 
• No person shall be forced to give evidence against himself.

Article 21: No person shall be deprived of his life and liberty except according to the procedure established by law. The punishment shall be enforced only when he is punished,

Article 22: Preventive Detention – it provides safeguards to persons under arrest. They are: 

• 22 (1) the person arrested shall be informed on the grounds of his arrest as soon as possible. 
• 22 (2) the person arrested shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours of his arrest. He shall not be denied the right to consult and be defended by a lawyer.
• 22 (3) preventive detention shall not be applicable to the person who has been arrested according to law. 
• 22 (4) the person who has been arrested shall not be detained in custody more than 3 months. 
• 22 (5) the person who has been arrested and detained in custody shall be informed of the ground of his an arrest, 
• 22 (6) to inform the ground of arrest against the public interest shall be informed, 
• 22(7) with the approval of the parliament the detention period shall be extended more than 3 months.

3. Right against Exploitation (23 to 24):

Article 23: prohibits traffic in human beings and forced labour. Selling women in prostitution is prohibited.

Article 24: prohibits employment of children below 14 years of age in factories and mines which is of hazardous nature.

4. Right to Religion (25 to 28):

Article 25: Every citizen has the right to profess, propagate and practice any religion as he pleases subject to public peace and morality. 

Article 26: Every religious group shall establish institutions for charitable and religious purpose and manage its internal affairs and acquire property. 

Article 27: State shall not collected taxes for the maintenance of any particular religion or religious institution. 

Article 28: no religions instructions shall be given in. the government or aided educational institutions.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights(29 to 30): 

Article 29: Every citizen has the right to protect the culture and script of his choice.

Article 30: gives the right to any cultural group or minority community to run an educational institution and the government shall not make any discrimination while making grants.

Right to constitutional Remedies(32):

it protects the citizens against encroachment of his rights. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar said that this right is “the heart and soul of the constitution”. Every citizen has the right to move to the court if his rights are encroached by *> anybody. 

Article 32: (1) The Supreme Court is empowered to issue writs of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-Warranto and Certiorari. 

Article 226: High Court can also issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights. This right is regarded as the custodian of all the rights.

Rigid constitution 

1. In the rigid constitution, there is a difference between constitutional law and ordinary law. 

2. Here constitutional law is superior to ordinary law. 

3. To ammend the constitutional law, there is a peed to follow the special amendment procedure. 

4. In this system, the powers of government should be with the framework of constitution. 

5. The powers and functions of government are clearly mentioned in this system. 

6. Judiciary has a special power to safeguard and protect the constitution.

Flexible Constitution 

1. In the flexible constitution, there is no difference between constitutional law and ordinary law. 

2. In this system constitutional law and ordinary law are framed by the parliament of the country. 

3. Constitutional law can be amended as in the form of amendment of ordinary law.

4. In the flexible constitution, the powers and functions of the government are assumable by the parliament. 

5. In this system, judiciary does not exercise its power of judicial review. 

6. All the power of the organization of government are defined by the parliament.

Nagara Sabha are constituted on the basis of population of the city or town. According to Karnataka municipal act 1964 for every city with population of 50,000 to 3,00,000 city municipal council is constituted. Towns with population of 20,000 to 50,000 town municipalities are constituted. The members of Nagara Sabha are directly elected by the residense of the town and cities directly for a period of 5 years.

Following are the general functions:

• Management of administration of the corporation Preparation of budget Seek approval of budget Compulsory functions of corporation. 
• Construction and conservation of public roads and streets 
• Providing electricity to public road, streets, and markets 
• Making arrangements for conservancy, drainage, and removal of garbage 
• Providing safe drinking water and waste for other purposes 
• Naming and numbering of roads. 
• instruction and maintenance of public markets. 
• Prevent diseases through effective public health system. 
• Control oyer construction of buildings through effective clearance system. 
• Prevent adulteration of food products, milk, and pharmaceuticals.
• Registration and maintenance of birth and death records. 
• Establishment and maintenance of primary schools. 

 Planting and conservation of saplings. 

• Construction and maintenance of public gardens and playgrounds. 
• Construction and maintenance of burial grounds. 
• Protection of public property and public monuments.

Optional functions: Optional functions are discretionary in nature. They can.be undertaken only if the time and. money permits. Following are the optional functions of the corporations.

• Establishment of efficient transport system. 
• Establish associations for the welfare of orphans and the destitute. 
• Establishment and maintenance of child welfare centers. 
• Construction and conservation of swimming pools and bathing ghats. 
• Conduct surveys of land and buildings.
• Construction and maintenance of museums, art galleries, and gardens with distinct plants. Establishment and maintenance of hospitals for animals. 
• Raise money for providing relief during natural calamities such as earthquakes, drought, etc., Improve slums by developing them. 
• Construct houses for the poor, homeless and the destitute. 
• Construction and maintenance of water troughs for animals. 
• Support environment conservation programs through planting trees etc.

Industrial region refers to the continuous development of industrial landscape over a large area by concentration of a number of factories of different industries. 

In short, it is a wide area of manufacturing industries.

1. Mumbai-Pune Industrial regions: It is the biggest and most important industrial region of the country. Opening of the Bhorghat to Pune in 1830, opening of steamer service through Suez Canal in 1843, opening of first railway line of 32 km in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane etc. Supports lot of development of industries in this region by the British who got the Mumbai island as marriage gift of Catherine Braganza’s dowry, in 1661.

2. Kolkata-Hooghly Industrial region: It is an old and important industrial region of the country. Kolkata is the main centre for Hooglgly basin, port, rich hinterland of Ganga and Bramaputra plain, Assam and Bengal tea plantations, coal and iron ore region of Chotanagapur plateau. Cheap labour from West Bengal Bihar, Orissa states, efficient transport by rail, road and waterways etc. are the important facilities supported to develop this region.

3. Ahmedabad-Vadodara Industrial region: It is thrid largest industrial region of the country. It is located in Gujarat and includes the areas around the Gulf of Khambhat and important industrial centres like Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Koyali, Baruch and Surat etp. Ahmedabad is the main centre for cotton.textiles, woollen and silk, textiles, paper, petrochemicals milk products, Engineering, diesel engines, oil refining etc., are the other important industries of this region.

4. Madurai-Coimbatore-Bangalore Indusrial regions: This region lies in Tamil nadu and Karnataka states. The important centres are Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Sivakasi, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Mysore, Mandya, Bhadravathi etc. The region has diversified Industries like cotton textiles, silk, sugar, leather, chemicals, machinery, rubber, electrical equipments telephone, railway coaches, Information Technology’, Bio Technology etc.

5. The Chotanagapur Plateau Industrial regions: This region is located in the states of Bihar, parts of Jharkhand and West Bengal. This region is called the Ruhr of India on account of the growth of a number of iron and steel plants and various engineering industies. Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Chittaranjan, Sindri, Durgapur, Hazaribagh etc are the important industrial town in this region.

6. The Mathura-Delhi-Saharanpur-Ambala Industrial regions: This region covers Uttar Pradesh, parts of Haryana and Delhi. It includes Agra, Saharanpur, Faridabad, Ambala, Delhi, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Ferozabad, Noida, Meerut, Mathura, Panipat etc. Delhi is the most important centre for the Industries of cotton textiles, glass, chemicals, automobiles, engineering, paper, soap,vanaspati, sugar and oil refineries. The region is facing the problem of environmental pollution.

The mayor is elected annually from among the members of the Corporation. He is the first citizen of the city. 

(i) He acts as the chairperson of Municipal Corporation. 

(ii) He presides over the meetings of the corporation and guides its deliberations.

The term “Automobile” is applied to any self-propelled vehicle powered by an Internal combustion engine & designed to transport passengers and goods over roads and highways.

Development :

• At present, India has above 40 million passenger vehicles. 
• More than 3.7 million Automotive vehicles are produced annually, making the country the second fastest growing automobile market in the world after China. 
• According to the society of Indian automobile manufacturers, annual vehicles sales are projected to increase to 4 million by 2015.

Location Factors: 

The main factors favour the growth of automobiles industry are:

• Large supply of Iron & Steel, wood, glass, aluminium and fuels. 
• Highly skilled labour. 
• High degree of scientific and engineering skill. 
• Large amount of capital. 
• A large home market.

Distribution :

• Mumbai, Chennai, Jamshedpur, Jabalpur and Kolkata are the chief centres of automobile Industry.
• These centres produce almost all sorts of vehicles including trucks, buses, passengers, three wheelers and two wheelers. 
• Motor cycles are also manufactured at Faridabad and Mysore. 
• Scooters are also manufactured at Lucknow, Satara, Pune, Kanpur & Odhav (Ahmedabad district).

Production :

• In 2012-13, Automobile industry of India produced 20.6 million vehicles. 
• India is the largest producer of two wheelers.

Answer: Escherichia coli 

• Slums are in environmentally unsuited and degraded area. Houses in slums are decaying, poor hygienic conditions, poor ventilation. 
• Lack of basic amentities like drinking water, light and toilet facilities. 
• They are overcrowded having narrow street pattern prone to serious hazards from fire. 
• People living in slums are poor. Therefore problems are common. 
• They are the undernourished, prone to different types of diseases and illness. 
• They can not afford to give proper education to their children
• The poverty makes them vulnerable to drug abuse alcoholism, crime, vandalism and ultimately they face social exclusion.

Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

• Avoid touching surfaces, especially in public settings or health facilities, in case people infected with COVID-19 have touched them. Clean surfaces regularly with standard disinfectants.
• Frequently clean your hands with soap and water, or an alcohol-based hand rub.

An electronic device that receives television signals and displays them on a screen.

• Television can offer video clips of events that show the audience what happened in the accompanying story. 
• The television coverage covers events at all times of the day. 
• Television broadcasting was first started by the government of India under the name of Doordarshan (DD) in Delhi on Sep – 1959. 
• Today, Television coverage is provided by Doordarshan to about 90 percent of India’s population in India.

Advantages: 

• It is the most effective medium to deliver information to large number of people very quickly. 
• News in different part of the world can be seen with in minutes or even seconds. 
• Television educates millions of people through advertisement. , 
• It is a source of entertainment. 
• It makes a personal appeal and transmits the message directly into the home. 
• It exhibits the persons giving the message.

Disadvantages: 

• It is a sort of time – consuming, people waste time in watching. 
• Television is a health hazard to people, especially to children. 
• Television also broad casts some inappropriate programmes.  
• It is very costly, so it can be used only to a limited extent. 
• It requires lot of concentration, attention of the people.

1. Adam Smith’s wealth definition:

• Adam Smith [1723 – 1790] in his book “An Inquiry into Nature and Cause of Wealth of Nations” [1776] defines “Economics as the science of wealth”
• He explains how a nation’s wealth is created and increased.
• He considers that the individual in the society wants to promote his own gain and in this process, he is guided and led by an “invisible hand”
• Adam Smith favours the introduction of “division of labour” to increase the quantum of output.
• Severe competition in factories and society helps in bettering the product.
• Supply force is very active and a commodity is made available to the consumers at the lowest price.

2. Alfred Marshall welfare definition: .

• Alfred Marshall [1842-1924] in his book “Principles of Economics” [1890] defines economics thus “Political Economy” or Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life.
• It examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of well being.
• Thus , it is on one side a study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man”.

The important features of Marshall’s definition are:

• Economics does not treat wealth as’the beall and end-all of economic activities.
• Man promotes primarily welfare and not wealth.
• The science of economics contains the concerns of ordinary people who are moved by love and not merely guided or directed by the desire to get maximum monetary benefit.
• Economics is a social science. It studies people in the society who influence one another.

3. Lionel Robbins – Scarcity definition:

• Lionel Robbins published a book “An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science” in 1932.
• According to him, “Economics is a science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses”.

The major features of Robbins’ definition:

• Ends refer to human wants, human beings have unlimited number of wants.
• On the other hand, resources or means that go to satisfy the unlimited human wants are limited or scarce in supply.
• The scarce means are capable of having alternative uses.
• An individual grades his wants and satisfies first his most urgent want.
• Economics, according to Robbins, is a science of choice

4. Samuelson’s – growth definition:

• Paul Samuelson defines economics as “the study of how men and society choose, with or without the use of money, to employ scarce productive resources which could have alternative uses to produce various. commodities over time, and distribute them for consumption, now and in the future among various people and groups of society”.

The major implications of this definition are as follows:

• Samuelson’s makes his definition dynamic by including the element of time in it.
• Samuelson’s definition is applicable also in a barter economy.
• His definition covers various aspects like production, distribution and consumption.
• Samuelson treats economics as a social science.
• Samuelson appears to be the most satisfactory.

1. Single variety of trees are distributed in Large area 

2. Wood is utilized for the manufacturing of wood pulp, paper and building materials 

3. Modem scientific technology has helped in cutting the trees easily. 

4. Adequate transport facilities are available.

• The first railway line in India was from Bombay (V.T) to Thane, a distance of 34 km, opened on 16th April, 1853. 
• It was followed by a railway line in 1856, from Madras to Arkonam (70 km). 
• A Railway line in 1874 from Kolkata to Raniganj (180 km). 
• Then gradually railway lines were constructed to link different parts of the country. 
• At the time of Independence, the length of the railway line was 54,96 km. 
• During post-Independence period, because of the Five year plans, the Indian railway has recorded spectacular progress. 
• There were 43 steam, 4,963 diesel and 3585 electric locomotives 55,065 coaches 2,11,763 wagons. 
• The trains moved everyday through more than 7,030 stations. 
• On an average they carried 17 million passengers and 2.8 million lakh tones of freight every day. 
• At present all the rail operations in India are managed by Ministry of Indian railways.
• The country’s railways is about 64,460 km of length which is fourth largest railway network in the world and first in Asia. 
• It has transported 7651 million passengers and 921 million tonnes of frieght annually.
•  The Network operates 28 states and 3 union territories.