Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Circular motion.

Circular motion is the motion of an object that moves at a xed distance from a xed point. Here, all objects rotate in circular motion

The act, process or state of the change in place or position of a body with respect to time and relative to the observer is said to be motion

The physical quantities used in displacement both direction and magnitude are called as vectors.

Displacement

The change in position of an object is termed displacement

velocity.

The rate of displacement of a body is its velocity and is measured in metre per second in international units. 

Scalars is independent of direction.

B. average velocity

Reversible process → (3), (4), (6) and (9)

Irreversible process → (1), (2), (5), (7), (8) and (10)

1. Efficiency means that, 60% of the total energy received is converted into useful work.

2. The efficiency of heat engine η = 1 – \(\frac{T_2}{T_1}\). The efficiency will be 100% if T₂ = OK, both those conditions cannot be attained practically. So art engine can’t have 100% efficiency.

(d) CaCO_3(g) → CaO_(s) + CO_2(g)

In CaCO_3(g) → CaO_(s) + CO_2(g) entropy change is positive. In (a) and (b) entropy change is negative; in (c) entropy change is zero.

Correct option is D) money

Correct option is D) the cup run over

The doctor tried his best to save the injured soldier as a part of his duty. But the ultimate question was what to do next. It cannot be said that he betrayed his country as he told the truth to the General. However, when he noticed that the soldier was to be killed not for the benefit of the country but only to save the doctor’s life, he decided to help him flee. In such a situation, the doctor’s final solution to the problem was the best possible one.

Lewis was best known for his discovery of the covalent bond and his concept of electron pairs; his Lewis dot structures and other contributions to valence bond theory have shaped modern theories of chemical bonding.

The correct answer is -10.

• The units of temperature scale are useful in differentiating temperatures from one scale to another
  • The temperature in the Celsius scale is denoted by °C.
  • The temperature in the Fahrenheit scale is denoted by °F.
• The relation between the Celsius (C) scale to its Fahrenheit (F) is given by F = 9/5C + 32.

• Some of the conversion formulae include:
  • Kelvin to Fahrenheit Conversion Formula F= 9/5 (°K-273)+32.
  • Fahrenheit to Kelvin Conversion Formula K= 5/9 (°F-32)+273.
  • Celsius to Kelvin Conversion Formula K= °C+273.
• Human body temperature on the Fahrenheit scale is 98.4°F and in the Celsius scale it is 37°C.

The correct answer is Babur.

• ‘‘Aiti maar payi kurlane tain ki dard na aaya” was written by Guru Nanak Dev ji after the invasion by Babur.

• Baba Guru Nanak was born to Mehta Kalu and Mata Tripta in Nankana Sahib near Lahore in 1469.
  • His father was an accountant for crop revenue in the village.
  • The family was Hindu. In 1475, Nanak accompanied his older sister to Sultanpur where she moved after her marriage. This was an important phase of his life.
  • According to Sikh traditions, Nanak’s childhood was filled many incidents that showed his divine calling.
  • As per Sikh tradition, Nanak was a blessed or illuminated soul.  
  • Guru Nanak’s teachings are found in the Guru Granth Sahib, which is the holy book of the Sikhs.
  • Guru Nanak talked of having faith and meditating on the one god, unity of mankind, selfless service, social justice, honest conduct and scrupulous livelihood.
  • Guru Nanak contributed 974 hymns in the Granth Sahib (which is revered as the 11th Guru of Sikhism).
  • He emphasised Bhakti or love for god.
  • He also reiterated that spiritual life and the honest life of a householder need not be distinct.
  • Nanak asked people to lead an active, practical and creative life based on truthfulness, self-control and purity.
  • In popular tradition, Nanak’s teachings can be summed up as:
  • Vand Chakko – sharing with other people
  • Kirat Karo – Earning an honest living
  • Naam Japna – Meditating on God’s name
  • Guru Nanak visited several places both in India and abroad.
  • He travelled to Mecca, Multan, Baghdad and even Tibet as per some accounts.
  • Stories of Nanak’s life can be found in writings called Janamsakhis.
  • Guru Nanak appointed Bhai Lehna (renamed Guru Angad) as his successor. He died on September 22nd, 1539 aged 70. There were 8 more living Gurus after Guru Angad. Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru.
  • Guru Nanak was one of the most profound and influential religious personalities in India’s history, apart from the Buddha and Mahavira.
  • Sikhism is today followed by about 25 million people worldwide.

1. Temperature: ESR is increased at higher temperature 

2. Time: The sedimentation is maximum in first 4 hrs. of collection of sample hence test should preferably do within this time.

3. Anticoagulant: Heparin, Oxalate, are not suitable. Citrate in 3.8 percent solution is preferable.

4. Length of the ESR tube: ESR is greater with longer tubes.

5. Inclination of the tube: Deviation from the vertical increases the ESR. A 3-degree tilt from vertical can lead to an increase in ESR by as much as 30%.

• Cell blocks are made from all fluid aspirates received where sediment is present.
• Fluid received is centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. 
• Smears are made and stained. 
• To the sediment, approximately double the volume of Bouins fluid is added followed by one drop of egg albumin. 
• This is then centrifuged at 200 rpm for 10 minutes. 
• Supernatant is poured off and the button is transferred with forceps to formalin for 4 to 6 hours, after which it is taken for processing.

Procedure:

• This stain is performed on air dried smears. 
• The smears are appropriately assigned a cytology number using a diamond pencil. 
• Air – dried smears are fixed in methanol for 10 min. 
• Smears are placed on the staining rack and flooded with the working solution for 25 min. 
• Wash in running tap water 
• Allow to dry at room temperature

1. The support system consists of the base or foot rest which also holds the light source 

2. The tube or the arm holds the optical system and also the coarse/fine adjustments. 

3. The objectives are at the lower end of the tube and the eye pieces are at the upper end. 

4. The objectives are attached to the revolving nose piece and can be shifted. The objectives are 10x (low power) 40x (high power) and 100x (oil immersion). 

5. Below the objectives is the stage which holds the object/slide. The stage has a central hole through which the light passes. The stage may be fixed or movable. Below the stage is the iris/diaphragm which focuses the light. 

6. The eye pieces are also of varying magnification; the commonly used one is 10 X. The eye pieces are situated in the binocular tube.

Use : Hot air oven is mainly used for the following purposes. 

1. Dry sterilization of syringes & needles. 

2. Preparation of anticoagulated bulbs. 

3. Drying of glass ware. 

4. Heating of chemicals used for the preparation of primary standards.

Principle: When electricity is passed through the heating coils, electrical energy is converted to heat energy.

1. Blood donor record.

2. Master record for blood and components.

3. Issue register: serial number, date and time of issue, bag serial number, ABO, Rh, total quantity in ml, name and address of the recipient, group of recipient, unit/institution, details of cross matching report, indication for transfusion, components issued, quantity issued, signature of the issuing person.

4. Records of the ACD, CPD, CPD-A, SAGM bags having details of the manufacturer, batch number, date of supply, results of testing.

5. Register for diagnostic kits and reagents used.

6. Transfusion adverse reaction reports.

7. Records of purchase, use and stock in hand of disposable needles, syringes, blood bags, all the records must be maintained for a minimum of 5 years.

In microcytic anemia, MCV < 80 fl. It may be accompanied by low MCH and MCHC and then is called microcytic hypochromic anemia. If one examines the peripheral blood film, microcytic cells are seen. Common clinical conditions where this is seen are Iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia. In macrocytic anemia on the other hand, MCV > 100fl. There is usually an increased MCH with a normal MCHC. Peripheral blood examination in such cases shows macrocytes.

Macrocytic anemia could be because of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid deficiency (then it is labelled as megaloblastic anemia) Or it could be due to other causes like liver disease, alcohol intake, hypothyroidism, aplastic anemia and accelerated erythropoiesis. Some drugs such as cytotoxic drugs, immunosuppressant and anticonvulsants can also cause macrocytic anemia.

In Normocytic anemia, the MCV is normal. These are usually accompanied by normal MCH and MCHC. There may be however a reduction in RBC Count. Peripheral blood film reveals relatively normal appearing red cells. Such anemia is found in chronic diseases and after acute blood loss.

Prolonged Bleeding time if seen in following condition:

1. Low Platelet Count- in conditions like ITP (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura)

2. Platelet functional disorders like thrombasthenia, uraemia, and myeloproliferative disorders.

3. Vascular Abnormalities like Ehler-Danlos Syndrome.

Cuvettes are immersed in 4% hypochlorite solution for 1 hour.

Latter washed with soap water and after washing, dried and reused.

To detect the presence of HIV in human body, ELISA is used. Here an enzyme label is used and a color reaction that takes place in presence of a substrate denotes the presence of antigen/ antibody. This is the principle sued in Transfusion transmitted disease tests. 

1. Agglutination: 

It is defined as clumping of particles that have antigen on their surface and is brought about by anti-bodies. This forms the basis of blood grouping tests. 

2. Hemolysis: 

Rupture of red cells with release of intracellular hemoglobin can occur if the Antibody has the property of hemolysin. It requires presence of complement.

Common sites for exfoliative cytology :

1. Body Fluids 

(a) Pleural 

(b) Pericardial 

(c) Peritoneal 

(d) Synovial 

(e) Cerebrospinal 

2. Surface Epithelia 

(a) Female genital tract 

(b) Respiratory tract 

(c) Nasopharynx 

(d) Larynx 

(e) Gastrointestinal tract 

(f) Urinary tract 

(g) Nipple discharge 

3. Buccal Smear

• It should not excessively shrink or swell cells. 
• It should not distort or dissolve cellular components. 
• It should help preserve nuclear details. 
• It should improve optical differentiation and enhance staining properties of the tissues and cell components.

95% Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)

c) Ether alcohol mixture

Ether alcohol mixture routine fixative that was originally recommended by Papanicolaou.

• Carnoy’s fixative: This is a special purpose fixative for haemorrhagic samples. The acetic acid in the fixative haemolyses the red blood cells. It is an excellent nuclear fixative as well as preservative for glycogen but results in considerable shrinkage of cells. Carnoy’s fixative must be prepared fresh when needed and discarded after each use. It loses its effectiveness on long standing, and chloroform can react with acetic acid to form hydrochloric acid. 

• AAF Fixative: This is the ideal fixative used for cellblock preparation of fluid specimens. 

• Saccomanno collection fluid: A green coloured fixative of the collection of sputum. 

• Cytolyt solution: This is a clear water based buffered fixative for the collection of fluid specimens. A 50:50 ratio of specimen to fixative is appropriate (if this unavailable use 50% alcohol).

Duffy system

b) AAF Fixative

AAF Fixative is the ideal fixative used for cellblock preparation of fluid specimens.

Correct answer is c. Sauté 

Correct answer is b. i 4, ii 3, iii 1, iv 2 

Correct answer is a. the sound is deep and thick. 

Correct option is A) am

Correct option is B) If

Correct answer is b. Caramelisation 

• Electronic weighing machine -for weighing the bags accurately.
• Refrigerated centrifuge -bucket handle typed of centrifuge to hold the collected bags with a provision for a wide range of temperature is preferred. The main unit is built on a sturdy metal frame resting on castors and enclosed by sheet metal, which has an electrical interlock. Rotor consists of 4 to 6 buckets.
• Plasma expresser- to manually express the plasma
• Cell separator -Cell separator is a instrument used into separate what ever components required for the patients. But in our blood bank we are using mainly for the whatever the large amount of components, platelets required.
• Sterile connecting device-used to connect ends of two different segments in a sterile manner. Widely used for separation of small volumes of blood for pediatric transfusion, buffy coat pooling and lab side leukodepletion.

Correct answer is c. You will blanch the fries. 

1. Fix the smears in 95% alcohol for 30 min 

2. Wash in running tap water 

3. Stain in hematoxylin for 5 min 

4. Wash in running tap water 

5. Decolorize in acid alcohol and wash in running tap water 

6. Ammonia water – 1 dip and then wash in tap water 

7. Stain in eosin for 2 min 

8. Dip in 100% alcohol for 2 min 

9. Dip in 100% alcohol for 2 min 

10. Dip in 100% alcohol for 2 min 

11. Dip in acetone for 2 min 

12. Dehydrate and mount with DPX

Result: 

Nuclei: Blue/Black 

Cytoplasm: Varying shades of pink