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The word physics comes from a Greek word ‘Fusis’ means ‘nature’.

Given curve equation is y = x³ + 4x² ——— (1)

dy/dx = 3x² + 8x

m = (dy/dx)(–1, 3) = 3(–1)² + 8(–1)

= 3 – 8 = –5

The equation of the tangent to the curve (1) at (–1, 3) is

y – y₁ = m(x – x₁)

y – 3 = –5(x + 1)

y – 3 = –5x – 5

⇒ 5x + y + 2 = 0

The equation of the normal to the curve (1) at (–1, 3) is

y – y₁ = −1/m(x – x₁)

⇒ y – 3 = − 1/5(x + 1)

⇒ 5y – 15 = x + 1

⇒ x – 5y + 16 = 0

Let the sum lent at 8% be Rs. x and that at 6% be Rs. (1550 - x). 

((x*8*1)/100) + ((1550-x)*6*1)/100=106 

8x + 9300 –6x=10600 

2x = 1300 

x = 650. 

Money lent at 8% = Rs. 650. Money lent at 6% = Rs. (1550 - 650) = Rs. 900

Time = 2 years 4 months = 2(4/12) years = 2(1/3) years. 

Amount = Rs'. [8000 X (1+(15/100))² X (1+((1/3)*15)/100)] 

=Rs. [8000 * (23/20) * (23/20) * (21/20)] 

= Rs. 11109. . 

 ∴ C.I. = Rs. (11109 - 8000) = Rs. 3109.

The correct answer is Citizen.

• The word Polite refers to having or showing behavior that is respectful and considerate of other people.
• The word Citizen refers to a legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized.
• The word impatient refers to having or showing a tendency to be quickly irritated or provoked.
• The word humble means having or showing a modest or low estimate of one's importance.
• The word citizen is different from the other three words.

The correct answer is China.

• China has the highest number of internet users worldwide, it also has millions of unconnected citizens, making its overall internet penetration relatively low at 59%.
• Similarly, India (2nd position) has a massive online community, yet its internet penetration sits at 41%.
• The US holds the 3rd position as internet users worldwide.

The correct answer is assessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world.

• The Common Carbon Metric is the calculation used to define the measurement, reporting, and verification for GHG emissions associated with the operation of buildings types of particular climate regions.
• Common Carbon Metric provides the foundation for accurate performance baselines to be drawn, national targets set, and carbon traded on a level playing field.
• The purpose of a Common Carbon Metric for buildings is to give the sector that represents 40% of the world’s energy consumption and related 1/3rd of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
• The building sector has more potential to deliver quick, deep and cost-effective GHG mitigation than any other.
• Significantly increasing building energy efficiency can be achieved in the short term.
• Energy consumption in both new and existing buildings could be cut by an estimated 30-50% by 2020 through readily available technologies, design, equipment, management systems, and alternative generation solutions. 
  This can be funded through investments that quickly pay back and result in significant environmental, social, and economic benefits.
• A universal measuring stick for building emissions a Common Carbon Metric provides the foundation for accurate performance baselines to be drawn, national targets set, and carbon traded on a level playing field.
• While all stages of a building’s life-cycle (including construction and demolition) produce carbon emissions, the building’s operational phase accounts for 80-90% of emissions resulting from energy use mainly for 
  heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting and appliances.
• Therefore, this is the stage of the building’s life-cycle that is the focus of the Common Carbon Metric.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

• Symbiotic relationship refers to any relationship or interaction between two dissimilar organisms.
• The specific kind of symbiosis depends on whether either or both organisms benefit from the relationship.
• There are five main symbiotic relationships:

1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Predation
4. Parasitism
5. Competition     

• Cnidarians - Cnidarians are radially symmetrical, soft-bodied animals found in aquatic habitats.
  • Their common names are sea anemones, jellyfish, corals and hydras. Some other cnidarians include Portuguese men-of-war, sea fans, sea pens and sea whips.
  • Mostly marine entities while few such as hydra are found in freshwater.
  • The relationship between cnidarians and dinoflagellate algae is termed "symbiotic" because both the animal host and the algae are benefiting from the association. It is a mutualistic interaction. Hence, 1 is correct.
• ​Fungi - Fungi are any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
  • Many fungi are involved in symbiotic relationships. Some fungi are parasites. They are specialized to penetrate a host and break down the host's tissues.
  • Two common mutualistic relationships involving fungi are mycorrhiza (fungi and plant roots) and lichen (fungi and either cyanobacteria or green algae). Hence, 2 is correct.
• Protozoa -  Protozoa are single-celled organisms.
  • The Protozoa are considered to be a subkingdom of the kingdom Protista, although in the classical system they were placed in the kingdom Animalia.
  • More than 50,000 species have been described, most of which are free-living organisms. 
  • Protozoa are found in almost every possible habitat.  
  • Protozoa mostly represent a close mutualistic association between a protozoan and unicellular symbionts such as bacteria, cyanobacteria or/and unicellular algae or protozoans and a multicellular organisms such as ruminants, lower termites, wood-eating cockroaches, plants. Hence, 3 is correct

The correct answer is 1.

• COPPER - In the State, copper deposits are located in the districts of Jhunhunu, Sikar, Sirohi, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Ajmer, Alwar, Bharatpur, Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, and Dungarpur.
  • With resources of 809.09 million tonnes, the State possesses a substantial share of 54% of the total resources of the country.
  • The State is the second leading producer of copper concentrate contributing 41% of the nation’s output. 
• MANGANESE - In Rajasthan Manganese deposits mainly occurs in the districts of Banswara where it is confined to a belt extending from Guraria to Rathimuri over a distance of 22 Km.
  • The main deposits are located at Sivania, Kala-Khunta, Ghatia, Lilwani, Itala, Tambeshra, and Kheria.
  • Small deposits of manganese are also located near village Negadia (Rajsamand), Choti-Sar, Badi-Sar (Udaipur).
  • A total of 5.78 million tonnes of resources of Manganese have been estimated in the State.
• Tungsten - It is a metal of strategic importance. The chief source of Tungsten are wolframite [(Fe,Mn,)WO4], and scheelite (CaWO4).
  • The State has about 23.92 million tonnes of resources of tungsten ore which is about 27% of the total country’s resources.
  • Important deposits occur near Degana, district Nagaur & near Balda and Uduwaria, district Sirohi.
  • Degana & Balda were the only operative mines producing meager quantities of concentrate.

The correct answer is All of the above

.

• All the member states of the United Nations and other states met at the World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction in the city of Yokohama from May 23rd-27th 1994.
• It acknowledged that the impact of natural disasters in terms of human and economic losses has risen in recent, and society, in general, has become vulnerable to natural disasters.
• It also accepted that these disasters affected the poor and disadvantageous groups the worst, particularly in the developing countries, which are ill-equipped to cope with them.
• Hence, the conference adopted the Yokohama strategy as a guide to the rest of the decade and beyond, to mitigate the losses due to these disasters.
• The resolution of the World Conference on Natural Disasters Reduction is as mentioned below:
  • It will note that each country has the sovereign responsibility to protect its citizens from natural disasters. 
  • It will give priority attention to the developing countries, particularly the least developed,land-locked countries and small-island developing states. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
  • It will develop and strengthen national capacities and capabilities and, where appropriate, national legislation for natural and other disaster prevention, mitigation, and preparedness, including the mobilization of non-governmental organizations and participation of local communities.
  • It will promote and strengthen sub-regional, regional and international cooperation in activities to prevent, reduce and mitigate natural and other disasters, with particular emphasis on
    • human and institutional capacity-building and strengthening. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
    • technology sharing: the collection, the dissemination, and utilization of information; and mobilization of resources. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
  • It also declared the decade 1990-2000 as theInternational Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR).

The Peacock Throne of Shah Jahan was made of Pure Gold studded with gems.

The correct answer is Central Inland Water Transport Corporation: Vishakhapatnam.

• Central Inland Water Transport Corporation (CIWTC) was established in 1967 as a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Companies Act 1956.
• Its headquarters is in Kolkata, West Bengal.
• The nodal ministry of CIWTC was the Ministry of Shipping.
• The monitoring of Ganga, Brahmaputra and Hugli river was done by CIWTC.

The correct answer Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati.

• Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati led the women's liberation movement in India.
  • She was born as Rama Dongre on 23 April 1858.
  • She was the first woman to be bestowed with the title of 'Pandita' by the University of Calcutta.
  • She led the entry of women into congress and was one of the 10 female delegates at the 5th session of Congress in 1889 at Bombay.
  • She expressed her views about women's education before the Hunter Commission and traveled to London in 1883.
  • She wrote the book 'The High Caste Hindu Women' in 1888 and dedicated it to Dr. Anandibai Joshi (the first Indian woman doctor).
  • She also wrote a book titled 'Lok Stithi' and established 'Sharda Sadan' (home for widows and destitute women).

Bitter pit : Major disorder of apple….due to Ca deficiency….development of shunken pits during storage…..preharvest sprays of Ca salts…..for reducing its incidence….. 

Fruit cracking: Problem in many fruits….citrus, pomegranate….moisture stress……sudden irrigation…..maintain uniform supply of water….Ca and B sprays… GA3 sprays….for management 

Major diseases of cole crops: Alternaria Spot (Fungal), Black Leg (Fungal), Black Rot (Bacterial), Club Root (Fungal), Downy Mildew (Fungal), and Rhizoctonia Disease (Fungal)

Five types of thick soups are-

• Cream Soups-Made of chicken/meat /any vegetable and are known by the same name. Milk/cream is always added. 
• Puree Soups-Made of dry legumes /fresh starchy vegetable, once cooked it is pureed. 
• Bisque soups-Made with shell fish and usually thickened with rice 
• Veloute soups-Made with meat/vegetable stock thickened with cooked flour 
• Chowders-It is a seafood/vegetable stew

Ajwain, coriander, zeera, ginger, turmeric, saffron, small cardamom, large cardamom, clove, asafoetida etc.

Correct Option (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 

1. Ability to take up risks 

2. Believe in hard work and discipline 

3. Adaptable and flexible to achieve the goals of enhancing quality and customer satisfaction 

4. Knowledge of the product and services and their need or demand in the market 

5. Financial literacy and money management skills 

6. Effective planning and execution.

A. Anxious

Anxious is not a trait of emotional stability.

1. Ability to take up risks 

2. Believe in hard work and discipline 

3. Adaptable and flexible to achieve the goals of enhancing quality and customer satisfaction 

4. Knowledge of the product and services and their need or demand in the market 

5. Financial literacy and money management skills 

6. Effective planning and execution.

There are 5 fundamental sources of energy : 

(i) Nuclear fusion in the Sun (solar energy), 

(ii) Gravity generated by the Earth and Moon, 

(iii) Nuclear fission reactions, 

(iv) Energy in the interior of the Earth, and 

(v) Energy stored in chemical bonds. Most of the energy we use today come from fossil fuels (stored solar energy). But fossils fuels have a disadvantage in that they are non-renewable on a human time scale, and causes other potentially harmful effects on the environment.

Short term exploitation of natural resources fulfil the current demand. It is beneficial for the present generation only, whereas, management of resources with long term perspective is aimed to fulfil the needs of future generations. Long term use of resources can be achieved through its sustainable use.

Entrepreneurship has been described as the "capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of its risks to make a profit.

Biotic factors are living beings (plants, animals and microorganisms) that are part of a given environment.

An ecological niche is a set of peculiar activities, resources and strategies that a species explores to survive and reproduce.

An habitat is the place where the species lives to explore its ecological niche.

In other words it can be said that the habitat is the “address” of the species and the ecological niche is the “profession” of the species.

A community is a set of populations of living beings that live in the same region and interact with each other.

In Ecology a population is a set whose members (living in a given place in a given time) are part of the same species. A community is a set of populations of different species (living in a given place in a given time).

A population is a set of individuals of the same species found in a given place in a given time. 

Autotrophic beings are those that can produce their own food, i.e., that make organic material from inorganic compounds. Heterotrophic beings are those that need to incorporate organic material to nourish themselves. Therefore heterotrophs depend on the production of the autotrophs. 

An ecosystem is a system composed of biotic and abiotic factors in interaction.

Abiotic factors are the nonliving elements that constitute a given environment, like light, temperature, minerals, water, gases, atmospheric pressure, etc.

A biosphere is a set of all of the ecosystems of the planet.

A species is a set of living beings able to cross among themselves generating fertile offspring. 

This concept, however, does not apply to individuals of exclusive asexual reproduction and so other definitions have been proposed. For example, “a species is a set of living beings that evolve in a common manner all of them considered ancestors of the same type in relation to common descendants”.

Ecology is the field of Biology that studies the relationship between living beings and between living beings and the environment.

The Statler hotel.

Characteristics of different species are said to be analogous when having the same biological function, for example, the wings of bats and the wings of insects.

Characteristics of different species are said to be homologous when having the same biological origin, i.e., when they are products of differentiation of a same characteristic from a common ancestor, like cat paws and human feet. (Characteristics of different species may be analogous and homologous.)

Adaptive convergence is the phenomenon by which living beings facing the same environmental pressure (problems) and undergoing genetic variability and natural selection incorporate similar (analogous) organs and structures (solutions) into their bodies during evolution. For example, the fins and the hydrodynamic body of fishes and dolphins, phylogenetically distant animals. 

Green jobs are those jobs that are done keeping the environment in mind.

Adaptive radiation is the appearance of several other species from one common ancestral species that have spread to various regions or environments. The different characteristics among the species correspond to the adaptive necessities of the ecological niches each one occupies, i.e., to different environmental pressures.

Fishes and dolphins have similar organs and shape because although they have phylogenetically distant ancestors they face similar environmental pressures since they share the same habitat (water). So by undergoing genetic variability and natural selection some similar features, for example, the hydrodynamic body and the presence of fins, were incorporated into these animals.

Geographical isolation between groups of the same species leads to formation of a new species since it disallows crossing among isolated individuals. Distinct characteristics from the other groups are incorporated by genetic variability and natural selection into the isolated groups until the emergence of a new species. So the geographical isolation creates the reproductive isolation.

Speciation is the process by which different species emerge from a common ancestor species. Speciation generally begins when populations of the same species become geographically isolated, i.e., when they are separated by some physical barrier that disallows crossing between individuals from one population and individuals of another population. 

Groups that for a long time are kept under geographical isolation tend to accumulate different phenotypical characteristics from each other by means of genetic variability (mutations and recombination) and natural selection. When those differences reach a point that makes the crossing of individuals of one group with individuals of the other group impossible or the generation of fertile offspring no longer happens it is said that speciation has occurred.

Genetic variability occurs from recombination of chromosomes during sexual reproduction and from DNA mutations in germ cells and gametes. Such variability creates individuals who are carriers of some new phenotypical characteristics compared to their ancestors. These individuals are submitted to environmental pressure and can be more or less well-succeeded concerning survival or reproduction. Those better succeeded transmit their genetic patrimony to a larger number of descendants increasing the frequency of their genes in the population; those less well-succeeded tend to transmit their genes to a small number of descendants decreasing the frequency of their genes in the population or even becoming extinct. This process is called natural selection (preservation of organisms that present more adapted phenotypes for the environmental pressure they face).

Reproductive isolation is an important concept because it defines the concept of species: only living beings that can cross among themselves and generate fertile offspring, i.e., that are not under reproductive isolation, belong to the same species. For example, humans and chimps are under reproductive isolation and are not of the same species.

Living beings are considered under reproductive isolation when they cannot cross among themselves or if they can cross but cannot generate fertile offspring.

The appearance of multiresistant strains of pathogenic parasites in hospitals, for example, of multiresistant tuberculosis bacteria, can be explained by the synthetic theory of evolution.

As in any environment, TB bacteria in hospitals undergo changes in their genetic material. In the hospital environment however they suffer continuous exposition to antibiotics. Many of them die by the antibiotic action but carriers of mutations that provide resistance to those antibiotics proliferate freely. These resistant microorganisms when submitted to other antibiotics again undergo natural selection and those which became resistant to these other drugs are preserved and proliferate. Thus strains of multiresistant (nontreatable) mutant bacteria emerge in hospitals.

The use of antibiotics is a factor that promotes natural selection and the emergence of multiresistant bacteria. This is the reason why hospitals often have committees that control the use of antibiotics.