Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Stock -The economic variables that are measured at a particular point of time are called stock variables. Stock is static concept. It has no time dimensions. E.g. bank balance as on 1^st Oct 2011 is Rs 5000.

Flow-The economic variables that are measured during a period of time are called flow variables. Flow is a dynamic concept. It has time dimensions. E.g. Interest earned on bank deposits for 1 year, i.e. from 1^st April 2011 to 31^st March 2012.

Investment or Capital Formation- The addition in the capital stock of a country is called investment or capital formation. E.g. - Construction of building, purchase of machinery, addition to the inventories of goods etc.

Investment can be of two types-

1- Gross Investment: The total addition made to the capital stock of economy in a given period is termed as gross investment. It consists fixed assets and unsold stock.

2-Net Investment: The actual addition made to the capital stock of economy in a given period of time is called net investment. It can be obtained by subtracting depreciation or consumption of fixed capital from gross investment.

Net Investment = Gross Investment – Depreciation

Satish’s elder brother Inder took care of him. Everytime he sit besides his brother, spoke with him taught new words and pronunciation to him. Inder spent most of his time with his brother.

Difference between Intermediate Goods and final goods:

(a) In spite of

Given Consumption function is,

           C=100+0.8 Y 

           Autonomous investments = 500 crores 

We know, at equilibrium level

Y = C+I 

Y = 100+0.8 Y+500 

Y-0.8Y = 600 

0.2 Y = 600 

Y =  ₹ 3,000 crores 

Or 

Given Δ I = ₹1,000 crores 

MPC = 0.8 

As we know, 

Multiplier (K) = \(\frac{1}{1-MPC}\) =  \(\frac{1}{1-0.8}\)=  \(\frac{1}{0.2}\) = 5 times 

We know  K = \(\frac{ΔY}{Δ1}\) 

5 = \(\frac{ΔY}{1000}\)  

ΔY = ₹ 5,000 crores

Yes, the repetition of the last line of every stanza is intentional. The poet had joyful mood, and he feels more enthusiasm – off to outer space. The purpose was he should say to everybody.

Final goods refer to those goods which are used either for final consumption or for investment purposes. Whereas Intermediate goods refer to those goods which are used either for resale or for further production purposes. 

Or 

Positive externalities refer to benefits caused by one entity to another, without being paid for it. Whereas Negative externalities refer to the harms caused by one entity to another without being penalized for it.

(a) In case of

(c) Passion

Passion words is not out of 3Ps of Public Speaking.

Babu and Manju were little bit disappointed because the march ended peacefully. There were no slogans, no shoutings and no violence

(b) on behalf of

a. Sharp needle is mainly used as a sewing needle and has a small eye. It may also be used for embroidery. Beading needle is a long, very fine needle with a tiny eye for small beads. 

Patna, 

Last month I got an opportunity to visit Varanasi, city of temples. I went Varanasi with my family. First of all we went on the bank of the holy river Ganga to take bath. It was a different scene. There was no rich, no poor, here. We went to Kashi Vishwanath temple to do worship of Lord Shiva. We also went to other different temples. Varanasi is a crowded city, its streets are very narrow but it was a very different feeling to visit Varanasi. 

Correct answer is c. Needle threader 

Correct option is C) an example of which

(a) by means of

(a) In general

Trees play an important role in the world. They help to purify the air, water and soil. Trees help us to recognise seasons. We can identify seasonal changes by watching trees. During summer, trees stretch their leafy branches towards the sun, as the temperature is ideal for trees. They produce their buds at the end of summer. During spring, they bloom and flower. Their branches are full of new green leaves. During rainy season, they absorb water and look green, whereas in the autumn season, the trees shed their leaves. Their leaves turn into pretty colours of maroon, red and slightly purple. The leaves get hardened and shed. Thus, the trees can help us to recognise the seasons

Soil formation is initiated by the biological weathering process. Biological weathering takes place when organisms like bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants help in the breakdown of rocks through the production of acids and certain chemical substances.

Mound Layering: In mound layering, lower flexible branch with leaves is bent to ground and a part of the stem is buried in the soil and the tip of branch is exposed above the soil. After the roots emerge from the buried stem, a cut is made in parent plant so that the buried plant grows into a new plant. 

Air Layering: In air layering, the stem is girdled at nodal part and hormones are applied and covered with moist soil using polythene sheet. Roots emerge in these branches after 2-4 months. Such branches are removed from parent plant and grown separately.

Meiosis is a process of reductional division in which the amount of genetic material is reduced. Gametogenesis is the process of the formation of gametes. Gametes produced by organisms are haploids (containing only one set of chromosomes), while the body of an organism is diploid. Therefore, for producing haploid gametes (gametogenesis), the germ cells of an organism undergo meiosis. During the process, the meiocytes of an organism undergo two successive nuclear and cell divisions with a single cycle of DNA replication to form the haploid gametes.

Parthenocarpy is the production of fruits without fertilization of ovule. These fruits will be seedless. 

Economic importance : 

1) it can be used to produce fruits in plants in which pollination is not easy. 

2) It can be used in dioecious plants for the production of fruits without the help of a male plant. 

So the female plant can be grown even when its male plant is not present.

(a) Ovary Diploid (2n)
(b) Anther Diploid (2n)
(c) Egg Haploid (n)
(d) Pollen Haploid (n)
(e) Male gamete Haploid (n)
(f ) Zygote Diploid (2n)

The superiority of the F₁ hybrid in performance over its parents is called heterosis or hybrid vigour. Vigour refers to increase in growth, yield, greater adaptability of resistance to diseases, pest and drought.

Aloe gel are used as skin tonic. It has a cooling effect and moisturising characteristics and hence used in preparation of creams, lotions, shampoos, shaving creams, after shave lotions and allied products. It is used in gerontological applications for rejuvenation of aging skin. Products prepared from aloe leaves have multiple properties such as emollient, antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal and antiseptic. Aloe vera gel is used in skin care cosmetics.

The correct answer is Phytoplankton, Herbivores, Carnivores and Whales.

• Food chain- It is the sequence of transfers of matter and energy in the form of food from organism to organism.
• It begins with the producer organism, follows the chain and ends with a decomposer organism.
• Phytoplankton
  • They are microscopic marine algae.
  • It is the base of several aquatic food webs.
  • In a balanced ecosystem, they provide food for a wide range of sea creatures.
• Animals that eat phytoplankton are called herbivores.
• Phytoplankton is eaten by primary consumers like zooplankton, small fish, and crustaceans.
• Mollusks, small crustaceans (such as shrimp and krill) and small fish like sardines and herring eat large amounts of the zooplankton. These are carnivores.
• Small fish and crustaceans are eaten by larger predators like Whales.

• The sun is the initial source of energy, which provides energy for everything on the planet.
• The producers make up the first level of a food chain that utilizes the energy from the sun to make food.
• Consumers are the largest part of a food web.
• It includes herbivores which are animals that eat plants, carnivores which are animals that eat other animals, parasites are those organisms that live on other organisms.
• Decomposers are organisms that get energy from dead or waste organic material and convert organic waste materials into inorganic materials like nutrient-rich soil or land.

• It supplies nutrition to the developing microspores.
• It contributes sporopollenin through ubisch bodies thus plays an important role in pollen wall formation.
• The pollenkitt material is contributed by tapetal cells and is later transferred to the pollen surface.
• Exine proteins responsible for ‘rejection reaction’ of the stigma are present in the cavities of the exine. These proteins are derived from tapetal cells.

Somatic embryogenesis is the formation of embryos the callus tissue directly and these embryos are called Embryoids or from the in vitro cells directly form preembryonic cells which differentiate into embryoids.

Applications:

• Somatic embryogenesis provides potential plantlets which after hardening period can establish into plants.
• Somatic embryoids can be used for the production of synthetic seeds.
• Somatic embryogenesis is now reported in many plants such as Allium sativum, Hordeum vulgare, Oryza sativa, Zea mays and this is possible in any plant.

The correct answer is Super Computer.

• A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer.
• The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS).
• Since 2017, there are supercomputers that can perform over 1017 FLOPS (a hundred quadrillion FLOPS, 100 petaFLOPS, or 100 PFLOPS).
• Since November 2017, all of the world's fastest 500 supercomputers run Linux-based operating systems.

• The CDC 6600, released in 1964, is sometimes considered the first supercomputer.
• Param Shivay, the first supercomputer assembled indigenously, was installed in IIT (BHU), followed by Param Shakti and Param Brahma at IIT-Kharagpur and IISER, Pune, respectively.
• Param Shivay was the first supercomputer of India.
• China has the most number of Supercomputers in the world.

The correct answer is “option 4”.

CONCEPT:

Bandwidth: It is the speed of bit transmission in a channel or link per second.

It is the number of bits per second that a channel, link, or network can transmit.

Transmission time:  It is the time between the first bit leaving the sender and the last bit arriving at the receiver.

It can be calculated as :

Transmission time = Message size ÷ Bandwidth

Propagation time: The time required by the bit to travel from source to destination is called propagation time.

It can be calculated as :

Propagation time = Distance ÷ propagation speed

Round Trip Time(RTT): It is a time to travel from source to destination and again come back to the source.

It is twice of propagation time.

CALCULATION:

RTT: 500 millisecond

Message size: 1000 bits

Bandwidth : 50kbps

RTT = 2 x Propagation time                      

1. Propagation time  = RTT / 2

= \(\dfrac{500 \rm \ ms}{2}\)                      

= 250 ms

2. Transmission time = \(\rm \dfrac{1000 \;bits}{50 \;kbps}\)

= \(\dfrac{1000}{50\times1000\times10^{-3}}\)ms

= 20 ms

The total time for the receiver to receive the frame= Propagation time + transmission time

= 250ms + 20ms

= 270ms

Hence, the correct answer is “option 4”.

(i) Growing plant protoplasts, cells, tissues or organs away from their natural or normal environment, under artificial condition, is known as Tissue Culture.

(ii) Basic concepts of plant tissue culture are totipotency, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. Totipotency: The property of live plant cells that they have the genetic potential when cultured in nutrient medium to give rise to a complete individual plant.

Differentiation: The process of biochemical and structural changes by which cells become specialized in form and function.

Redifferentiation: The further differentiation of already differentiated cell into another type of cell. For example, when the component cells of callus have the ability to form a whole plant in a nutrient medium, the phenomenon is called redifferentiation.

Dedifferentiation: The phenomenon of the reversion of mature cells to the meristematic state leading to the formation of callus is called dedifferentiation. These two phenomena of redifferentiation and dedifferentiation are the inherent capacities of living plant cells or tissue. This is described as totipotency.

(i) (a) Trisomy: Addition of single chromosome to diploid set is called Simple trisomy (2n+l). Trisomics were first reported by Blackeslee (1910) in Datura stramonium (Jimson weed). But later it was reported in Nicotiana, Pisum and Oenothera. Sometimes addition of two individual chromosome from different chromosomal pairs to normal diploid sets are called Double trisomy (2n + 1 + 1).

(b) Tetrasomy: Addition of a pair or two individual pairs of chromosomes to diploid set is called tetrasomy (2n+2) and Double tetrasomy (2n+2+2) respectively. All possible tetrasomics are available in Wheat. 

(c) Pentasomy: Addition of three individual chromosome from different chromosomal pairs to normal diploid set are called pentasomy (2n+3).

(ii) 

• Many polyploids are more vigorous and more adaptable than diploids.
• Many ornamental plants are autotetraploids and have larger flower and longer flowering duration than diploids.
• Autopolyploids usually have increase in fresh weight due to more water content.
• Aneuploids are useful to determine the phenotypic effects of loss or gain of different chromosomes.
• Many angiosperms are allopolyploids and they play a role in an evolution of plants.

Seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) contains cytokinin, gibberellins and auxin apart from macro and micro nutrients. Most seaweed based fertilizers are made from kelp (brown algae) which grows to length of 150 metres.

Liquid seaweed fertilizer is not only organic but also ecofriendly. The alginates in the seaweed that reacts with metals in the soil and form long, crosslinked polymers in the soil.

These polymers improve the crumbing in the soil, swell up when they get wet and retain moisture for a long time. They are especially useful in organic gardening which provides carbohydrates for plants. Seaweed has more than 70 minerals, vitamins and enzymes. It promotes vigorous growth. Improves resistance of plants to frost and disease. Seeds soaked in seaweed extract germinate much rapidly and develop a better root system.

The DNA nucleotide sequence can be cut using Restriction endonucleases (RE). Restriction

UV short waves, X-rays – Physical mutagens. Nitromethyl, Urea – Chemical mutagens.

Artificial seeds or synthetic seeds (synseeds) are produced by using embryoids (somatic embryos) obtained through in vitro culture. They may even be derived from single cells from any part of the plant that later divide to form cell mass containing dense cytoplasm, large nucleus, starch grains, proteins, and oils, etc. To prepare the artificial seeds different inert materials are used for coating the somatic embryoids like agrose and sodium alginate.

The term pseudo-cereal is used to describe foods that are prepared and eaten as a whole grain, but are botanical outliers from grasses. 

Example: quinoa. It is actually a seed from the Chenopodium quinoa plant, belongs to the family Amaranthaceae.

The diagrammatic representation of position of genes and related distances between the adjacent genes is called genetic mapping. It is directly proportional to the frequency of recombination between them. It is also called as linkage map.

Uses of genetic mapping:

• It is used to determine gene order, identify the locus of a gene and calculate the distances between genes.
• They are useful in predicting results of dihybrid and trihybrid crosses.
• It allows the geneticists to understand the overall genetic complexity of particular organism.