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Correct option  (1)  37.03 cm² 

Explanation:

Total area = 7 x 5.29 

= 37.03 cm² 

The Correct option is A. 5 Ω

The Correct option is A. 1 J C ^-1

B. low resistance

The Correct option is A. energy

The Correct option is D. 10 Ω

The Correct option is A. equal

The Correct option is B. same

B. sum of potential difference

The Correct option is C. 15 Ω

The Correct option is C. 1 billion

Microstates is a term used to describe the number of different possible arrangements of molecular position and kinetic energy at a particular thermodynamic state. A process that gives an increase in the number of microstates therefore increases the entropy.

Mole fraction describes the number of molecules (or moles) of one component divided by total the number of molecules (or moles) in the mixture. Mole fraction is useful when two reactive components are mixed together, as the ratio of the two components is known if the mole fraction of each is known.

Maximum work is obtainable from a system when:
1) any change taking place in it is thermodynamically reversible.
2) the change in the system takes place in an infinite number of steps.
3) the driving force of the change is infinitesimally greater than the opposing force.
4) the system is in mechanical equilibrium with its surroundings.

रासायनिक निष्क्रियता इन गैसों का विशिष्ट गुण है। केवल क्रिप्टॉन, जीनॉन तथा रेडॉन ही कुछ रासायनिक क्रियाओं में भाग लेती हैं। इन गैसों के भौतिक गुण निम्न प्रकार हैं

(1) ये सभी रंगहीन, गन्धहीन तथा स्वादहीन गैसें हैं।

(2) ये जल में बहुत कम विलेय हैं, विलेयता परमाणु भार बढ़ने पर बढ़ती है तथा ताप बढ़ने पर घटती हैं।

(3) किसी आवर्त में उत्कृष्ट गैस का आयनन विभव सर्वाधिक होता है। स्थायी इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास के कारण इनमें इलेक्ट्रॉन लेने या देने की कोई प्रवृत्ति नहीं पाई जाती है अतः इनकी इलेक्ट्रॉन बन्धुकता शून्य होती हैं।

और विद्युत् ऋणात्मकतों अभी तक ज्ञात नहीं की जा सकी है।

(4) कम ताप पर इन गैसों का सक्रियित चारकोल द्वारा अधिशोषण हो जाता है।

(5) अत्यन्त दुर्बल अन्तरपरमाण्विक बल के कारण उत्कृष्ट गैसों के क्वथनांक, गलनांक तथा वाष्पन की ऊर्जा कम होती है। यही कारण है कि इनका द्रवण अपेक्षाकृत अधिक मुश्किल है, यद्यपि परमाणु संख्या बढ़ने पर क्वथनांक व गलनांक बढ़ने के कारण द्रवण की सुगमता वर्ग में ऊपर से नीचे की ओर बढ़ जाती है।

(6) इनके परमाण्विक त्रिज्याओं के मान अत्यन्त उच्च होते हैं और वर्ग में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर बढ़ते जाते हैं।  ये त्रिज्याएं अबन्धी त्रिज्याएं हैं अतः इनकी तुलना अन्य तत्वों की वाण्डर वाल्स त्रिज्या से करनी चाहिए सहसंयोजक (बन्धी) त्रिज्या से नहीं, क्योंकि सभी उत्कृष्ट पैसें एकपरमाणुक होती हैं।स्थिर दाब और स्थिर आयतन पर इन गैसों की विशिष्ट उष्माओं का अनुपात 1.67 के बराबर होता है

(7)ताप पर विद्युत विसर्जन से उत्कृष्ट गैसें रंगीन दीप्ति उत्पन्न करती हैं।

उत्कृष्ट गैसों के उपयोग 
(1) इन गैसों का वेल्डिंग में उपयोग किया जाता है। आर्गन से एक अक्रिय वातावरण उपलब्ध होता है। 

(2) ये कई विद्युत् उपकरणों में प्रयुक्त की जाती हैं। बिजली के बल्बों में उत्कृष्ट गैसें भरी जाती हैं। आजकल बहुत तेज रोशनी वाले जो लैम्प प्रचलन में हैं उनमें उत्कृष्ट गैस नीऑन भरी जाती है। इसी से इन्हें नीऑन लैम्प भी कहा जाता है। रेडियो ट्यूबों में आर्गन गैस भरी जाती है।

(3) चिकित्सा विज्ञान में भी इन गैसों का उपयोग किया जाता है। कैंसर की चिकित्सा में अल्फा कणों के स्रोत के रूप में रेडॉन का उपयोग किया जाता है।

(4) कई रासायनिक अभिक्रियाओं में हीलियम गैस का उपयोग एक उदासीन रक्षक गैस के रूप में किया जाता है।

(5) रेडियोऐक्टिविटी के अध्ययन में भी इनका उपयोग किया जाता है। किसी रेडियोधर्मी खनिज से निकली हुई हीलियम व ऑर्गन की मात्रा से उस खनिज की आयु का अनुमान लगाया जा सकता हैं।

Following are the forms of total Population:

(a) Birth rate & Death rate: It is the no of individual increases or decreases to the total no of individual in a population respectively.

(b) Sex ratio: It is the total no of females per thousands of male in the population.

(c) Age pyramids: For human population the age pyramids generally shows age distribution of male and female in a combined diagram. The shape of the pyramid reflects the growth status of the population.

(d) Population Density: It is the no. of individual per unit area. If N is the population density at time 't' then density at time t + 1 is

N_t+1 = N_t + [(B+I) - (D+E)]

Where

B → Natality

I → Immigretion

E → Emigration

D → Mortality

Poultry farm Management:

Poultry includes chickens, ducks, geese, trunkeys and other fowl; its farm management includes monitoring the welfare of the birds, feeding them and ensuring fresh drinking water is always available. The health of the flock is most importance part of poultry farm management.

This type of work is carried out in all weathers, both indoors and outdoors and can involves long and unsociable hours. The work can be seasonal particularly with turkey flocks.

Following should be maintained in Poultry from Management:

Poultry housing

Hygiene

Feeding system

Breeding

Handling & Showing

First aid etc.

The valency of an element is the number hydrogen atoms that can combine with or replace one atom of the element. It is the combining capacity of an element. The valency of an element determines the number of electrons in the outer shell.

Infectious disease are caused by micro organisms and may be classified according to their transmissibility. A disease that spreads from one host to another is called as communicable disease.

Spread of disease takes place in two ways by

(i) Direct transmission: Occurs from one person to another person by such things such as touching, Kissing and sexual intercourse.

(ii) Indirect transmission: Occurs when a nonliving object is intermediator between two humans.

Miller-Urey experiment in 1953 contributes major towards the phenomena of chemical evolution of life. Experiments involves the synthesis of biomolecules from the environmental gases under reducing atmosphere starting molecules were H₂O, NH₃, CH₄ and H₂. Thus chemical evolution involves two steps:

(i) Synthesis and accumulation of small organic molecules or monomers such as amino acids & nucleotides.

(ii) Joining of these monomers into the polymers and concentration of these molecules into droplets called as protobionts a simplest form of life.

Law of Dominance:

Is based on Mendels monohybrid cross.

Law of Dominance states the following:

(i) Characters are controlled by discrete unit called factors

(ii) Factors occurs in pair

(iii) In a disimilar pair of factors one member of the pair dominates (dominant) and the other (recessive).

Oestrus Cycle:

It is the reproductive cycle in the female of Non-primates.

For instance: Cow, Dog etc.

Menstrual Cycle:

It is the reproductive cycle in the female of Primates. 

For instance: Monkeys, apes and human beings.

Asexual reproduction is somatogenic which involves single parent to produce its offspring.

Characteristics of asexual reproductions are:

(i) Formation of new individual doesnot involves fusion of gametes.

(ii) It does introduce variability in the new individual. Budding in yeast, Binaryy fission in Amoeba are some example of Asexual reproduction.

Answer (b) Biofertilizer

Answer (c) laws of inheritance

Answer (a) Vitamin A

Are diploid &  Have a fertile queen and king in each colony.

Answer (b) antibodies are absent

The Droscha magniferae Coccidae.

Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH) are secreted by gonadotropin releasing hormones from the hypothalamus .These hormones are involved in the regulation of the process of spermatogenesis. FSH acts on sertoli cells, whereas LH acts on leydig cells of the testis and stimulates the process of spermatogenesis.

Answer (c) androgen

(A)-Plasmid, (B)-Nucleoid
Plasmid is used as vector to transfer the gene of interest in the host cell.

The hormones involve in the regulation of spermatogenesis one follicle stimulating hormones (F.S.H.) and Lutenizing hormones (L.S.H.) which are secreted by pituitary gland under the influence of gonadotropin releasing hormones from the hypothalamus. 

Innate immunity is a kind of non-specific protection of the body which persist from the birth whereas acquired immunity is pathogen-specific in which primary and secondary responses occur which depend upon memory of the primary responses. 

Correct option is A) was invented / have been

Correct option is C) to be realized

Correct option is D) are reflected / to send

Typhoid and Dysentary like contaminated water borne diseases can be prevented by using pure water in daily life.

1. The two scientists of USA, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer (1972) isolated the antibiotic resistance gene by cutting the desired piece of DNA from the plasmid of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium with the help of restriction enzymes (molecular scissors).
2. This piece of DNA was then linked with the plasmid DNA acting as vector by DNA ligase enzyme.
3. The newly formed recombinant DNA was transferred to bacterium Escherichia coli for replication by using the enzyme DNA polymerase. This process is called Cloning.

Recombinant DNA (rDNA): The hybrid DNA formed by combining DNA segment of two different organisms.
                
1. Cleaving enzymes
2. Lysing enzymes Micro-injection
3. Synthesizing enzymes
4. Joining enzymes
5. Alkaline phosphatases
(1) Cleaving Enzymes : These enzymes are used to break DNA molecules.
(a) Exonucleases : Cut off nucleotides from terminal ends of DNA
(b) Endonucleases : Make cut DNA at any point with in a DNA.
(c) Restriction Endonucleases : Make cut only speci®c position within a DNA. Single stranded free ends of DNA which can form hydrogen bonds with their complementary cut DNA segments are called 'Sticky Ends'. These ends can be joined by enzyme ligase.
(2) Lysing Enzymes : These enzymes are used to open the cells to get DNA.
For example : Lysozyme is used to dissolve the bacterial cell wall.
(3) Synthesizing :
(a) Reverse Transcriptases : Used in the synthesis of Complementary DNA strands on RNA templates.

(b) DNA Polymerases : Used in the synthesis of Complementary DNA strands on DNA templates.
(4) Joining Enzymes : Are used to join the cut ends of double stranded DNA (act as molecular glue). They join DNA fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds e.g., Ligase.
(5) Alkaline Phosphatases : These enzymes cut the phosphate group from the 5' end of linearised circular DNA to check its recircularization

1. Genetic Engineering : The techniques used to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA/RNA) and introduction of it into organisms to change its phenotype.
2. Chemical Engineering : Use of contamination-free chemical engineering process of growth of desired microbe or cell in large quantity to obtain biotechnological product like enzyme, antibiotic, vaccine etc.

Control of Noise Pollution:– 

(i) There could be developed gadgets to control noise at source of noise.

(ii) Industrial units should be established away from high density populated areas.

(iii) Loudspeaker should be banned. 

(iv) Sound absorbers should be used. 

(v) For control of sound pollution the laws should be enforced effectively.

Principles of Biotechnology 

Biotechnology is based on two main techniques– 

(i) Genetic engineering – It is the science of manipulation of genes. In a strict sense it involves alterations in the chemistry of genetic material, introduction of the same into host and thereby changing the phenotype of host. 

(ii) Biochemical engineering processes devoted for the growth of desired microbe or eukaryotic cell in large quantities in a culture medium in aseptic conditions for the manufacture and multiplication of biotechnological products, such as antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes etc.  

(i) Antibody got the bacteria in such a way that phagocytes identify them easily. This is called opsonization. 

(ii) Antibody neutralizes the toxins produced by bacteria. This is called neutralization. 

(iii) Through combining with antigen, antibody makes a macro molecular insoluble complex substance which inactivates the vital function of antigen. This is called agglutination.