Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(c) Both 1 and 2

Answer is (a) vector a perpendicular to vector b

The correct answer is Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India.

• The Constitution offers all citizens, individually and collectively, some basic freedoms.
• Article 12 to 35 contained in Part III of the Constitution deal with Fundamental Rights.
• These are guaranteed in the Constitution in the form of six broad categories of Fundamental Rights, which are justiciable.
  • Right to Equality (Article 14-18)
  • Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)
  • Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24)
  • Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28)
  • Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30)
  • Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
• ​Article 14: Equality before law 
  • The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
• Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

• The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas as well as of Scheduled Tribes residing in any State other than the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
• The Indian Independence Act was passed in 1947. 
• The act created two new independent dominions, India and Pakistan. 
• Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offenses.

The correct answer is Lahore, 1929.

• The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay in December 1885.
• A retired British official, A.O. Hume along with Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W.C. Bonnerji, Surendranath Banerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. Subramania Iyer founded INC.
• Bombay session, 1885:
  • It was the first session, held at Bombay in 1885.
  • President was W.C. Bannerjee.
• Lahore session, 1929:
  • President: Jawahar Lal Nehru
  • Passed the resolution on Poorna Swaraj.
  • 26 January to be observed as Independence Day.
  • After independence and completion of the making of the constitution, Republic day was finalized to be celebrated on this day.
• Calcutta session, 1917:
  • President: Annie Besant.
  • She became the first Woman President of Congress.
  • While the first Indian Woman President was Sarojini Naidu, in the Kanpur session, 1925.
• In the period of 1941-45, no congress sessions were held.

The INC changed its goal from Swaraj to Purna Swaraj because of the following reasons:

• The attitude of the British government compelled the national leaders to adopt the the goal of complete independence. Continued economic exploitation of the Indians by the British angered the leaders.
• Discontentment over Simon Commission which did not include any of the  Indian member.
• Brutal oppression a by the British of the demonstrators and death of Lala Lajpat rai angered the nationalist leaders.
• Vague offer of Dominion status did not satisfy the Indian leaders.
• Thus, the pledge of Purna Swaraj was taken at the Lahore session 1929.

(i) ∵ Letter is selected at random from the alphabet.

∴ Possible outcomes = n(S) = 26C₁ = 26.

Let event E₁ be event that selected letter is one of the letters in the word probability.

∴ Number of favourable outcomes to event E₁ = n(E₁) = 9C₁ = 9.

(∵ Total different letters in word probability is 9)

(p, r, o, b, a, i, l, t, y)

∴ P(E₁) = \(\frac{n(E_1)}{n(S)}\) = 9/26.

(ii) Let event E₂ be event that selected letter occurs in the first half of the alphabet.

∴ n(E₂) = 13

∴ P(E₂) = \(\frac{n(E_2)}{n(S)}\) = 13/26 = 1/2

(iii) Let event E₃ be event that selected letter is a letter after x.

∴ n(E₃) = 2

∴ P(E₃) = \(\frac{n(E_3)}{n(S)}\) = 2/26 = 1/13.

 The mass of proton is roughly how many times the mass of an electron 1840. 

Answer: (a) Graphite

A solar cooker uses heat of the sunlight to cook the food. A concave mirror is used in order to reflect and focus sunlight at a particular area. The mirror focuses all the incident sunlight at a point. The temperature at that point increases, thereby cooking and heating the food placed at that particular area.

1. Brazil has a coastline of about 7400 km. It can be divided into two parts namely the northern and eastern coast.
2. The northern coast extends from Amapa province in the north to Rio de Grande de Norte in the east. It can be called as the North Atlantic coast.
3. From there, the eastern coast extends towards the south. The northern coast is characterized by the mouths of many rivers including the Amazon. Therefore this region is a low-lying region.
4. On this coast lie the Marajo island, Marajo and Sao Marcos Bays. Marajo is a large coastal island located between the mouths of River Amazon and River Tocantins.
5. The eastern coast receives a large number of smaller rivers. The only major river which meets the Atlantic Ocean is Sao Francisco.
6. The Brazilian coast is characterized by a large number of beaches and sand dune complexes. It is also protected in some areas by coral reefs and atoll islands.

Option : (a).Cotton textile industry

Option : (a).Coffee

Option : (c).Manganese

Option : (a).Coal

Option : (b).Karnataka

Option : (b).Ragi

Option : (c). Maize

• High temperature 
• High rainfall 
• Cultivation is started by the beginning of monsoon and harvested by the end of monsoon.

• Rice : Alluvial soil 
• Wheat : Well-drained alluvial soil

Coal is called “Black Diamond”.

The region which has large concentration of different types of industries is known as industrial region.

The Composition of population includes the study of Sex ratio, Literacy, age structure rural and urban population etc.

1. Sex ratio – The number of females per 1000 males is known as ‘sex ratio’.

• As per 2011 census,the averages sex ratio of the country was 940 females for every 1000 males. 
• There are 1084 females for every 1000 male in Kerala. In Contrast, Haryana has 877 females for every 1000 males.

2. Literacy – In recent years, literacy rate has increased in the country. The average literacy in 1951 was only 18.33%. It has increased to (74.4%) in 2011. Kerala with 93.91% is the high estliteracy state in lndia. In Contrast, Bihar with 63.82% is the lowest literacy state.

3. Age structure – On the basis of the age the entire population is divided into three major categories namely infants (0-14 year). Adults (15-59 years) and aged group (above 60 years).

• According to 2011 census, about 31.10% of the total population of the country is infants, 5.3% are old age and adults are only 63.60%. 
• Infants and aged people have become unproductive. 
• Thus, the number of working population is also increasing. It is highly favourable for the development of the country.

4. Rural & Urban population: According to 2011 census, in India 76.4% of the people lives in rural areas and 23.6 lives in Urban areas.

• Maharashtra has highest urban population. 
• In Contrast, Sikkim has lowest urban population. Thus, Uttar Pradesh has more rural population and Mizoram has low rural population in the country.

Communication refers to exchange of ideas, messages, information from one person to another person.

II. Answer any ten questions in 2 to 3 sentences each:

• Transport is a service to facilitate the movements of goods and persons from one place to other by humans, animals and different, kinds of vehicles. 
• Transport network is essential for economic development and commerce it helps agriculture, industry, forestry, mining, fishing, animal husbandary etc. 
• To carry the raw materials from their source to the industries and the finished goods from industry’ to market. 
• It also helps in the promotion of trade. Economic development of a nation.
• Requires the quick and efficient transportation. 
• It is also required to establish tourism, conservation of culture and tradition as well as integration of a country. 
• Thus The Agriculture and Industry are the body and bones of the nation, transport and communication are the nervous system. Transport also help in unifying the scattered people of the globe.

Effects of over population:

• Increased levels of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination and noise pollution. 
• Deforestation and loss of ecosystem. 
• Increasing temperature in the atmosphere which results of Global Warming. 
• Starvation, Malnutrition. 
• Unhygienic living condition for many due to water scarcity, discharge of sewage water & solid waste disposal. 
• Depletion of natural resources. 
• Political instability. 
• Increasing of unemployment. 
• Lack of civic amentities (Food, Clothing & Shelter).

Measurements to Control the population:

• Adoption and Propoganda of Family planning methods. 
• Practice of celibacy. 
• Self control. 
• Remaining unmarried. 
• Improving women’s status and health. 
• Provide education. 
• Increasing the food production

• Open cast mining. 
• Underground mining.

The total number of population per square kilometer area is known as density of population.

• They provide employment to the people. 
• They help to modernize the agricultural sector by providing tractors, fertilizers, manures and scientific technology.

The correct answer is Uttar Pradesh.

• Uttar Pradesh has the longest railway line in route (network) kms.
• The state of Uttar Pradesh got its statehood on 24th January 1950.
• The capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow and its Current Chief Minister and Governor are Yogi Adityanath and Anandiben Patel respectively. (April 2021)
• The Largest city of Uttar Pradesh is Kanpur.
• It has 75 districts.
• The state has 31 seats in Rajya Sabha and 80 seats in Lok Sabha presently.
• It is the highest populated state of India as per 2011 census.
• The State animal, bird, flower, and tree are Barasingha, Sarus Crane, Palash, and Ashoka respectively.
• Uttar Pradesh shares a border with 9 states of India i.e Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Bihar Madya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh.
• It shares its international border with Nepal.

Answer: Vertical Analysis

Literacy is an ability to read, write and of arithmetic calculations with understanding.

Raniganj, Jharia, Digboi, Ankaleshwar, Singrauli.

'Dry points' adversely affect the development of rural settlements. If there are shortage of water availability, it willpush the rural settlements for dispersion.

Minerals are classified on the basis of their physical properties and chemical properties such as: 

Metallic Minerals 

Metallic minerals are those that are rich in metals and a source to procure a variety of metals like copper, gold, iron, etc. Bauxite, iron-ore are some examples of metallic minerals. There are two types of metallic minerals i.e. ferrous and non-ferrous.

Non-Metallic Minerals 

Non-metallic minerals are those that do not have metal components. For features of the three mineral belts of India, 

The mineral belts of minerals in India are as follows: 

The North-Eastern Plateau Region This belt includes the regions of Chotanagpur (Jharkhand), Odisha plateau, West Bengal and parts of Chhattisgarh. Important minerals are iron ore, coal, manganese, bauxite, mica. 

The South-Western Plateau Region This belt includes Karnataka, Goa and contiguous uplands of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Ferrous metals and bauxite are concentrated here along with high-grade iron-ore, manganese, and limestone. Neyveli has lignite coal deposit. Deposits of Monazite sand and thorium are found in Kerala. Mines of iron-ore are located in Goa. 

The North-Western Region Minerals of this belt are associated with the Dharwar system of rocks which are found in the Aravali in Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat. Major minerals are copper and zinc. Rajasthan is rich in building stones i.e. sandstone, granite, marble, fuller’s earth, and gypsum

i. Hapzard growth of urban cities

ii. Lack of infrastructure

iii. Congested housing and streets (slums)

1. Economic Problems-Rural to Urban migration increases unskilled and semi-skilled labour force, which is already saturated in urban areas. 

2. Socio-cultural Problems-Lack of employment, education and health facilities. 

3. Environmental Problems-use and also dispose off a huge quantity of water and all types of waste materials.Creating pollution and heat islands.

Major problems of urban settlements in developing countries are: 

Economic problems- over urbanization or uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries is due to large scale in-migration of rural people. Decreasing employment opportunities in the rural as well as smaller urban areas has caused large scale rural-urban migration, Urban areas suffer from shortage of housing, transport, health and civic amenities. A large number of people live in substandard housing, i.e. slums and squatter settlements or on the streets.

Socio-cultural problems – cities in the developing countries suffer from several social ills. Inadequate social infrastructure and basic facilities is due to lack of financial resources and over population in cities. The available educational and health facilities remain beyond the reach of the urban poor. Cities suffer from poor health conditions. Lack of employment and education tends to aggravate the crime rates. Male selective migration to the urban areas distorts the sexratio in these cities.

Environmental problems – The large urban population in developing countries uses and disposes off a huge quantity of waste material in river water. Many cities of the developing countries do not provide the minimum required quantity of drinkable water and water for domestic and industrial uses. An improper sewerage system creates unhealthy conditions. Massive use of traditional fuel in the domestic as well as industrial sectors severely pollutes the air. Huge concrete structures of buildings create heat in the cities.

(i) Roads need less capital than the railways. 

(ii) Road transport provides door-to-door service. 

(iii) The road transport provides flexible service to men and materials. 

(iv) Road transport is useful in small distances. 

(v) Road transport is helpful in production of perishable goods as it facilitates the distribution of perishable goods from point of production to point of consumption. 

(vi) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.

(i) Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary also called as Horizontal power sharing. Example – India 

(ii) Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Example – India (Union Government & State Government) 

(iii) Community government – Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. Example – Belgium 

(iv) Power-sharing between political parties, pressure groups and movements – Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

(v) In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups.

Lumbering is art of gathering forest products for livelihood by man.

(i) A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. 

(ii) It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members. 

(iii) It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets; about 1/3rd to its women candidates. 

(iv) There should be a quota for women in the decision-making bodies of the party. 

(v) There should be state funding of elections. 

(vi) Vote casting should be made compulsory in each election. 

(vii)Any other relevant point

• not only to boost agricultural growth 
• also to eradicate poverty in rural areas and bring justice.

• e.g. women from privileged background may face sexual harassment in work place, 

• a middle-class professional form a minority group (Religious or ethnicity) may find it difficult to get accommodation in a metropolitan city.

1. Health 

2. Education 

3. Decent standard of living.