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Fever is not a disease. But it is a type of resistance activity. Though the body can control the multiplication of germs through mechanism like raising body temperature. The chemical substances produced by the white blood cells raises the body temperature. If the rise in body temperature persists for a long time, it may badly affect the internal organs including the brain. Hence it is necessary to seek medical assistance immediately.

Numerous germs are present in our surroundings, that have the capacity to cause diseases. We are often in contact with them. There are several mechanisms in the human body which prevent the entry of germs. So we don’t get infected always.

The process Phagocytosis.

Though the finches were similar in sound and nesting habits, only they showed differences in food and food habits.

(Insectivore finches have small beaks, cactus feeding finches have long and sharp beaks, woodpecker finches feed on worms in tree trunks have sharp beaks and ground finches feed on seeds have latg beaks, etc.) So, Darwin thought that they were evolved from a common ancestor.

The study of fossils reveals that complex structured organisms are evolved from primitive simple organisms.

Certain linking fossils reveal the evolution of one form of organisms from another form.

Extinction of some species as well as the emergence of new species.

The substances used for synthesizing antibodies are called vaccines.

A. False This is true of shortsightedness (myopia). 

B. True The eye is usually shorter than normal. 

C. True This distance is closer than usual to the hypermetrope’s near point. 

D. False It is less than normal; the far point stays at infinity but the near point is further away. 

E. False A convex lens is required to augment the power of the eye’s refracting system.

A. True By retention of sodium chloride and water in the extracellular fluid compartment. 

B. True This, like plasma, is a subcompartment of the extracellular fluid. 

C. False The sodium chloride/water retention is confined to the extracellular compartment. 

D. False It reduces it by retaining salt and water. 

E. False CSF is a secretion classified as transcellular fluid; it is not a subcompartment of ECF.

A. True One or more of the three types of cone fails to function. 

B. False It is due to failure of one of the two systems. 

C. False It is due to the presence of only one functioning cone system. 

D. False It is 20 times more common in men. 

E. False Its linkage to the X-chromosome explains its greater frequency in men.

A. False They are in the layer furthest from the vitreous humour. 

B. False They hyperpolarize in response to light due to closure of Na channels in the membrane. 

C. False Rhodopsin is the most sensitive of the pigments. 

D. True Cone pigments absorb light at wavelengths of 440, 535 and 565 nm; yellow green light shows up relatively well in dim light. 

E. False Colour-blind individuals have cones but they lack one or more of the three cone systems that respond to the three primary colours.

A – Neutrophil /Monocyte 

B – Stimulates other white blood cells / dilates blood vessels 

C – Eosinophil 

D – Engulfs and destroys germs

The differences in the beaks of finches attracted Darwin.

The finches of Darwin’s had beaks adapted to their feeding habits insectivore finches have small beaks, cactus feeding finches have long and sharp beaks, woodpecker finches feed on worms in tree trunks have sharp beaks and ground finches feed on seeds have large beaks.

i) -d 

ii) -c

iii) -b 

iv) -a

Heat, cold, touch, pressure and pain are felt by our skin. When these receptors are stimulated, impulses from the reach in the cerebrum for its perception.

a) Ayurveda 

b) 1. Allopathy 

2. Homeopathy/ etc.

A. True Hence distant objects are focused in front of the retina. 

B. False A concave lens is required. 

C. False It is distant objects that appear out of focus. 

D. False Myopic people can focus on objects closer to the eye than normal people. 

E. False This is caused by an asymmetrical cornea (astigmatism).

a) Prevents the entry of germs which have crossed the cell wall, through cell membrane.

b) Bark 

c) Cuticle in leaves 

d) Cell wall

The cells that get damaged by a wound or an infection produce certain chemical substances. These substances dilate the blood vessel thereby increasing the blood flow. Blood plasma and white blood cells reach the wound site. This is the reason for the swelling of the wound site. This defense mechanism is known as inflammatory response.

Yes, It is helpful. The wounds and cuts occur in the skin, that area swells and blood vessels dilate It increases the blood flow and more white blood cells can come out through the enlarged pores and destroy the germs.

The cells that get damaged by a wound or an infection produce certain chemical substances. These substances dilate the blood vessels thereby increasing the blood flow.

Label the Specializations of the Plasma

Germs enter through wound → Produces chemical messages → Blood vessels dilate → White blood cells from the blood vessel reach the wound site → White blood cells destroy the germs.

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing and destroying germs. The cells engaged in this process are called phagocytes. (Phago – to engulf, cyte – cell) Monocytes and neutrophils are phagocytes.

Inflammatory response is a defense activity. Inflammation formed in the body due to the changes in the wall of blood capillaries in a part of the body that affected a wound. When germs enter through – the wound, changes occur in the capillary wall of that part. It leads to inflammation. Flow of blood through these capillaries increases and as a result more leucocytes come out from the capillaries and destroy the germs by engulfing them.

The affected parts swell and become red-colored due to the arrival of more blood at the affected part of the capillaries.

a. Production of antibodies. The others are nonspecific defense. 

b. Antibiotics. The others are various treatment methods. 

c. E.N.T. The others are modem diagnostic tools.

Yellow fever is a viral infection that occurs mainly in Central Africa and in the Amazon region of South America. It is prevented through vaccination and transmitted by many species of mosquitoes of the Aedes genus, including Aedes aegypti e Haemogogus. The infection causes clinical manifestations that range from asymptomatic cases to lethal fulminating cases. Generally the disease begins with fever, chills, malaise, headache, nausea and evolves to jaundice (increase of bilirubin in blood, after which the disease is named), mucosal and internal hemorrhages, hemorrhagic vomiting and renal failure.

Prevention is done by regular mass vaccination and vaccination of travelers the vector mosquito is also an important prophylactic measure.

Dengue, or dengue fever, is an epidemic disease in some countries (for example, in Brazil), and its most dangerous form is hemorrhagic dengue. It is caused by four different but related viruses, the reason that it is difficult for an already infected person to become immunized against the disease. Dengue is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and South America and it is transmitted by the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, a diurnal mosquito. The viral infection causes varied symptoms similar to flu, like fever, malaise, myalgia (muscle pain); in hemorrhagic dengue high fever, with or without convulsions, and hemorrhages may occur leading to circulatory failure and death. There is no vaccine against dengue since there are four agent viruses and it is supposed that the severity of the disease is greater when the patient is already protected against one type of virus and is infected by another. The best prophylactic method is to eliminate the vector mosquito.

It is difficult to make vaccines against dengue because there are four different types of viruses that cause the disease (DEN₁, DEN₂, DEN₃ and DEN₄) and it is supposed that the protection against one of them aggravates the clinical manifestation when the person is later infected by the another dengue virus.

In the case of HIV, the production of a vaccine is difficult because the virus is highly mutant and evades the antibody action.

Flu is a disease caused by the influenza virus, a highly mutant DNA virus. Due to the high mutation rate of the virus, that forms many different strains, flu always presents epidemic features in affected populations and people may have several flu episodes during life (the immune response made from previous infections is not efficient in future infections).

The vaccine against flu is a vaccine made of attenuated virus of three different strains. Each year the WHO (World Health Organization) researches and determines which are the strains that should compose the vaccine. This is a strategy to face the high mutation rate of the virus.

Rabies, also known as hydrophobia, is a viral disease. It is found in dogs, cats, bats and other wild mammals. The transmission to humans occurs through the saliva of contaminated animals, mainly through bites.

The rabies virus is neurotropic and attacks the central nervous system in a fast and lethal fashion. The prevention of the disease is done by prophylactic vaccination of animals and humans. The treatment is done by anti-rabies serum containing specific antibodies against the virus. 

Antibacterial drugs, potent against a great variety of bacteria, are not effective against viruses, which are intracellular parasites. A viral infection is difficult to treat since anti-viral drugs are too specific and have limited efficiency. In general the anti-viral drugs reduce the viral load (number of virus) relieving symptoms. The antivirals (and anti-retrovirals, drugs that act against RNA virals) often inhibit the action of specific enzymes that participate in the virus life cycle.

Smallpox is a viral infection like measles. Smallpox is transmitted by respiratory secretions, saliva and objects in contact with contaminated patients. The disease is characterized by the appearance of numerous vesicles on the skin of the face, trunk and limbs, that can suppurate and form crusts; smallpox complications can lead to death. Measles is transmitted by saliva drops and respiratory secretions too. It is characterized by exanthems (red spots on the skin), fever, malaise and lymphadenomegaly (enlarged lymphnodes). If not treated measles complications can cause death.

Smallpox killed thousands of people around the world in the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century but today it is almost eradicated by vaccination. Nowadays however a great fear is the possibility of use of smallpox virus in biological weapons and by bioterrorists. Measles is not eradicated and affects millions of people each year. Both diseases can be prevented by vaccination.

The main viral diseases transmitted by respiratory secretions (sneezes, cough) and by saliva drops are flu, mumps, smallpox (variola, already considered eradicated), rubella, measles, SARS. Main viral diseases transmitted through blood or sexual contact are AIDS, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HPV, ebola hemorrhagic fever. Main viral diseases transmitted by animal vectors are rabies, dengue fever, yellow fever. Some viral diseases transmitted by fecal-oral route, including contaminated food, are hepatitis A, poliomyelitis (disease almost eradicated in many parts of the world).

The main human viral infections transmitted by mosquitoes are dengue fever and yellow fever. 

There are many types of viral hepatitis. The most important epidemiologically are hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

1. Enough space for all the activities 

2. Proper social distancing 

3. Hygiene and cleanliness

Hepatitis A is an acute disease of low mortality caused by the hepatitis A virus (an RNA virus). It is transmitted by fecal-oral route often through contamination of foods like vegetables and sea-food. The virus attacks the liver and its incubation period varies between 15 and 45 days. After incubation the symptoms are fever, headache, abdominal pain, malaise, nausea and vomiting and the main signs are jaundice, hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver) and darkened urine (due to excessive bile in blood). Blood tests show increased levels of hepatic enzymes caused by injuries to liver cells. Hepatitis A often heals naturally after 4 to 6 weeks.

Answer (b) Both the statements are true, but Statement-Il is not the correct explanation of Statement-I

(3) I < II < III < IV

Benzyl Chloride  compounds on oxidation gives benzoic acid.

The reaction of toluene with chlorine in the presence of ferric chloride gives mainly  o - and p - Chlorotoluene 

Non - Sticking frying pans are coated with Teflon which is polymer of Tetrafluoroethylene

Correct option (1) It is a straight chain polymer similar to amylose  

Explanation:

Amylose is a straight chain polymer of β-D-(+) glucose

The complex [Cr(en)₃ [CrF₆]  

The Need for a Positive Outlook for the Physically Challenged in our Society

Respected……., I’m going to speak on the topic ‘The need for a positive outlook for the physically challenged in our society’. As we generally see, physically challenged people are made fun of or kept alienated. This gives birth to inferiority complex in them which is not good either for the person or for the society.
One may be physically challenged in a way but we should not deny that the person could be useful to society in some other way. By keeping such people alienated, we deprive our society of their talent. These people should also be bold enough to face the world as it is. They should make the best use of their abilities.

आदरणीय ………………………, मैं हमारे समाज में दिव्यांगों के लिए सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण की आवश्यकता’ विषय पर बोलने जा रहा हूँ। जैसा कि हम प्राय: देखते हैं, दिव्यांगों का मजाक बनाया जाता है या उन्हें अलग-थलग महसूस कराया जाता है। इससे उनमें हीनभावना का जन्म होता है जो न तो उनके लिए और न ही समाज के लिए अच्छी बात है।
किसी व्यक्ति में कोई शारीरिक अक्षमता हो सकती है परन्तु इस बात से इन्कार नहीं किया जा सकता है कि वह व्यक्ति समाज के लिए किसी अन्य प्रकार से उपयोगी हो सकता है। ऐसे लोगों को अलग-थलग रखकर हम अपने समाज को उनकी प्रतिभा से वंचित कर देते हैं। इन लोगों को भी संसार का, जैसा वह है उसी रूप में, बहादुरीपूर्वक सामना करने को तैयार रहना चाहिए। उन्हें अपनी योग्यताओं का सर्वोत्तम प्रयोग करना चाहिए।

a). Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) Ga³⁺ > In³⁺ > Tl³⁺

(c) Tl⁺ > In⁺ > Ga⁺ 

(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion. 

Both white and red phosphorus are not soluble in CS₂ only white phosphorus is soluble in CS₂ .