Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

1. Internet offers a variety of communication tools. 

2. An essential communication medium – in professional as well as personal life.

1. Kagodu Sathyagraha and 

2. Malaprabha farmers’ agitation.

November 1^st, every year is a great day. After independence, there were more than 500 provinces in India ruled by rebellious kings and nawabs. Sardar Patel persuaded them to form state according to their native language. In that way, Kannada speaking people residing in area called Kannada Nadu or Mysore State which was only 9 or 10 districts then came to be formed.

Later other areas were also added. Now 30 districts are there. In 1973, November 1^st, Mysore was renamed to Karnataka. From the day onwards every November 1^st Rajyotsava is celebrated. This is an official programme. Every school and college in Karnataka celebrate this function. In Bangalore, capital of the state, the celebration extends for the whole month.

In colleges, students celebrate with photo of Bhuvaneshwari. Kannada flag (yellow-red) will be hoisted and cultural programmes will be conducted. After distribution of sweets function will come to an end.

1. Teacher’s Day celebration : Teacher’s day a memorable occasion for the nation and student community, in particular, is celebrated every year on 5^th September, the birthday of Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, our second president. In our college it is a regular feature and this year also it was celebrated. Under the guidance of the teachers, our student volunteers had decorated the college grounds and erected a stage by the previous evening only.

On the day of the function, we had invited a few eminent educationists to grace the occasion and our college. Dean had kindly consented to preside over. The programmes started on schedule by 5.00 P.M. after the invocation and prayer we had extempore speech contests for the degree students and preuniversity students separately.

Our culture club secretary welcomed and garlanded the guests. A high tea was arranged for the guests. There were speeches by some of our esteemed dignitaries on the role of teachers in moulding the society and the ways to improve the present educational system. The winners of the speech contests were given citations and some books by our chief guest.

The programme ended with sweet distribution after the vote of thanks.

Kagodu Agitation and Malaprabha Agitation.

Kannada Rajyotsava is an exciting meaningful celebration for all the Kannadigas in Karnataka. A day before Rajyotsava the lecturers along with the students decorated the college ground. On the day of 1st November all lecturers, principal, parents, and students were present exactly at 9.A.M. The chief guest hoisted the Rajyotsava flag followed by Naada Geetha.

During the speech of chief guest highlights the ideals of Nadahabba and urges the students to have loyalty their mother tongue. Cultural programs attracted students. A senior lecturer of the college proposed vote of thanks, finally sweet were distributed and students were disbursed.

• Technology 
• New institution 
• Ideology and value.

1. A global community. 

2. Transnational identity.

1. The government in a democracy is responsible to the people. The government will also have to function according to public opinion. Self-government makes the people more disciplined and there will be more responsible citizens than in any other form of government.

2. Democracy upholds the principles of liberty and equality. Political and economic equality are assured in a democracy. 

3. Democracy respects the dignity of human being. It provides rights and liberties for the development of the personality of individual. 

4. A democratic government promote the welfare of the people, where as in other forms of government only particular class may be benefited.

5. Democratic government is stable and efficient government. It avoids the revolution because it tarried on according to the wishes of the people.

6. Unlike other forms of government, democracy is self-corrective. In democracy the freedom of speech and freedom of press creates an enlightened public opinion 

7. Democracy is progressive and educative force. In a democracy, people have full civil and political rights. It is a training ground for active, healthy and intelligent citizenship. 

8. In democracy, there is order, peace and progress. It is flexible government which adopts itself to change peacefully. 

9. As the people have a share in the government of country, the spirit of patriotism is strengthened and everybody is willing to work and undergo sacrifices for the welfare of the community. 

10. Democracy protects the minority. A written constitution guarantees the rights of the minorities.

Encouraging education by starting educational institutions; to uplift the Ezhavas, a depressed caste group of Kerala.

1. Information: The media like T.V., newspapers, and radio provide a continuous flow of information about the world and reports about the political, sports, entertainment activities and weather reports, the stock market and news stories and issues that affect us personally.

2. Correlation: The media explains and helps us to understand the meaning of the information. It provides support for established social norms and has an important role in the socialization of children.

3. Continuity: The media has a function in expressing the culture, recognizing new social developments and forging common values.

4. Entertainment: The media provides amusement, diversion and reduces social tension.

5. Mobilization: To encourage economic development, work, religion or support in times of war, the media can campaign to mobilize society to meet these objectives.

6. Social Reformation: The beginnings of the print media and its role in both the spread of the social reform movement and the nationalist movement have been noted. After independence, the print media continued to share the general approach of being a partner in the task of nation-building by taking up developmental issues as well as giving voice to the widest section of people.

The gravest challenge that the media faced was with the declaration of Emergency in 1975 and censorship of the media. Fortunately, the period ended and democracy was restored in 1977. India with its many problems can be justifiably proud of a free media.

7. National Consciousness: It was only in the mid 19th century, with further development in technologies, transportation, and literacy that newspapers began to reach out to a mass audience. People living in different corners of the country found themselves reading or hearing the same news. It has been suggested that this was in many ways responsible for people across a country to feel connected and develop a sense of belonging or ‘we feeling’.

Panchayat Raj is a real democratic political apparatus, which would bring the masses into active political participation to establish a genuine political reign of rural India. Generally, it is also called as ‘Decentralization of Democracy’.

Since 1959 Democratic Decentralization has been gradually extended throughout India. After the implementation of the 73^rd Amendment Act of the Constitution 1992, Panchayat Raj has brought politics down to village level. Balawant Rai Mehta Committee recommended a three Tier Structure of the Panchayat Raj institution. Namely,

1. Village Panchayat – at the village level. 

2. Panchayat Samithi – at the Block level and 

3. Zilla Panchayat – at the District level

Functions of Village Panchayat: The functions of the Village Panchayat are:

• Provision of water supply 
• Maintenance of minor irrigation 
• School buildings 
• Family Planning 
• Construction of wells and tanks 
• Promotion of agriculture and animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries.

Apart from the above, they also manage promotion of village and cottage industries, providing electric power, construction and maintenance of Roads and Bridges, creating awareness regarding primary and secondary Education, maintenance of Public Health, general Sanitation, Welfare of the weaker section, maintenance of public properties and regulation and fairs and festivals and promotion of social and cultural activities.

Functions of gram panchayat. 

• Formulate plans for the development of Gram panchayat. 
• Preparation of Budget of Gram panchayat. 
• Collection and maintenance of necessary information and statistics relating to the panchayat. 
• Provide relief during natural calamities like floods, famine or earthquakes. 
• Encouragement to agriculture.
• Encouragement and development of poultry and pisciculture. 
• Support to khadi and cottage industries. 
• Protection of public health and support family welfare programmes. 
• Encouraging rural housing by providing houses and sites to weaker sections. 
• Promote cleanliness through underground drainage system. 
• Provide drinking water and prevent water pollution. 
• Construction and maintenance of roads, buildings, and bridges. 
• Rural electrification.Encourage primary and higher education. 
• Support and implement poverty alleviation programmes. 
• Support adult education and informal education. 
• Construction and maintenance of libraries and reading rooms. 
• Regulation of market and fairs.Strive for the welfare of women and children. 
• Strive for the welfare of weaker sections. 
• Preservation of Public distribution system Maintenance of public gardens and stadiums. 
• Maintenance of graveyards. 
• Strive and support welfare of physically challenged (handicapped) and mentally retarded. 
• Function as per directed by Panchayat Raj Act from time to time. 

• Ideology 
• Collective mobilization 
• Leadership and organization 
• Change orientation.

1. Flipcard. com 

2. Amazon.com

Social movement is an organised attempt on the part of a section of people to bring about either partial or total changes in society through collective mobilization and an ideology.

Panchayat Raj is a real democratic political apparatus, which would bring the masses into active political participation to establish a genuine political reign of rural India. Generally, it is also called as ‘Decentralization of Democracy’. Since 1959 Democratic Decentralization has been gradually extended throughout India.

After the implementation of the 73^rd Amendment Act of the Constitution 1992, Panchayat Raj has brought politics down to village level. Balawant Rai Mehta Committee recommended a three Tier Structure of the Panchayat Raj institution. Namely,

• Village Panchayat – at the village level. 
• Panchayat Samithi – at the Block level and 
• Zilla Panchayat – at the District level

Functions of Village Panchayat: The functions of the Village Panchayat are:

1. Provision of water supply 

2. Maintenance of minor irrigation 

3. School buildings, 

4. Family Planning 

5. Construction of wells and tanks 

6. Promotion of agriculture and animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries.

Apart from the above, they also manage promotion of village and cottage industries, providing electric power, construction and maintenance of Roads and Bridges, creating awareness regarding primary and secondary education, maintenance of Public Health, general Sanitation, Welfare of the weaker section, maintenance of public properties and regulation and fairs and festivals and promotion of social and cultural activities.

Mass Media is a means of communication that can reach a large number of people in a short time. The mass media includes a wide variety of forms like Newspapers, Magazines, Radio, Television and Social Networking sites.

In the context of the emergence of new social movements, the issues of values, culture, subjectivity, idealism, morality, identity, empowerment, etc., have got new coinage. Thus Bertaux adds the view that ‘subjectivity’ and ‘idealism’ are essential elements of social movement.

These are closely attached to the process of collective mobilization and new identity formation. Change in the form of these components brings tremendous change in the character of the social movements, and accordingly p social movements may also be categorized.

Yijaya Karnataka and Kannada Prabha.

Social problems and Agricultural and Economic problems.

Protection of members and economic advantage.

Stree Mukthi Sanghatana, Mumbai and Vimochana, Bengaluru.

Kannada Prabha and Vijaya kamataka.

The new form of marketing and transactions are taking place through online with the help of Information and Communication Technology. E-commerce, online purchase, online trading of stocks and shares are the latest in the market activities. Such transactions and activities are called as virtual activity of the market.

1. Economic Advantage: Joint family prevents property being divided, subdivision and fragmentation. Cooperation of all the members supports the economic activities. It is the best pattern of living that is most conducive to the growth.

2. Protection of Members: Joint family protects their members during childhood, adult and old age. It is capable of providing assistance at the time of pregnancy, sickness, death and other situations.

3. Provides Recreation: Joint family provides recreation to its members. Similarly in a joint family the children play together. As a result there grows the feeling of oneness.

4. Development of Personality: Joint family helps a person to build his/her own personality. They learn the lessons of generosity, patience, service, cooperation, and obedience. Here a sense of sacrifice replaces selfishness. As such the disciplines in a joint family are self- imposed on its members.

5. Socialism in Nature: Joint family is like a Cooperative Trust and in joint family each member works according to his capability and gets according to his need. In this sense to a larger extent achieves the socialistic order. The joint kitchen, naturally, runs on an understanding of mutual adjustment. Naturally, those who are benefitted by the generosity of others remain obliged and grateful.

The new form of marketing and transactions are of taking place through online with the help of Information and Communication technology. E-commerce, online purchase, online trading of stocks and shares are the latest in the market activities. Such transactions and activities are called as virtual activity of market.

Unity implies one-ness or a sense of we-ness. Meaning of integration wherein hitherto divisive people and culture are synthesized into a united whole, along with higher levels of cooperation, mutual understanding, shared values, common identity, and national consciousness.

It lightly holds together the various relationships of ethnic groups or institutions in a neatly combined through the bonds of planned structure, norms, and values. 

In India aspects of Diversity and Unity co-exist as follows:

1. Regional Unity: The Natural boundaries provide India a geographical unity. In ancient times India was known as Bharatavarsha, Bharathakanda, Jambudweepa. This symbolizes the significance of historical unity. The very name “Bharatavarsha” has occupied an important place in the minds of poets, political philosophers, and religious thinkers.

Each of them has conceived the country as a single expanse from the Himalayas to Kanyakumari, a country ruled by one king Bharatha. The concept of Mother India also indicates the realization of geographical unity.

2. Linguistic Unity: Despite the presence of a number of languages, India also possesses lingual unity. Sanskrit as a common base of Indian languages provides the basis of unity as a result of which the linguistic multiplicity has been solved. Simultaneously, Sanskrit became the language of Hindu culture and all classics were composed in this language, which demanded reverence and respect.

People may speak different languages in different regions but they have common language of English and Hindi to communicate with each other. The formation of linguistic states and using regional languages as medium of teaching at schools, colleges and universities are the products of Independence.

In 2004, the government Of Sbdiffjbeclared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the status of a classical language in India. Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005)7 Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013) and Oriya (2014) were declared as classical languages of India. Thus it is an effort to restore 1 linguistic heritage of India.

3. Religious Unity: In spite of the religious diversities, it possesses religious unity. The feelings of each religious groups are the same, each accepts the truth of immortality of soul, temporary nature of world, belief in rebirth, the doctrine of karma, salvation, contemplation, etc., There may be differences in the way these elements are treated but each religion preaches a fundamentally single religious faith and shares a belief in purity and values of life in respect of belief in unseen power, benevolence, piety, honesty and liberality, with every religious faith.

The worshippers may visit different centres of pilgrimage, but all have a common goal of ‘Earning religious merit by visiting a sacred place’. India is the sacred land not only for the Hindus but also for Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists. Muslims and Christians too have several sacred centres of pilgrimage in India.

4. Cultural Unity: In art and architecture, dress and food, literature, music and dance, sports and cinema, medicine and technology there is a fusion of style and the emergence of new forms which are the result of their combined efforts. Thus it becomes apparently clear from the above account, that running through various diversities. India has been helped both by nature and nurture, by her geographical condition and historical experiences, by her religious ethics, and political ideas.

To realize a unity to perceive, preserve and strengthen the thread of basic unity which makes India a fine example of unity in diversity, transcending birth, caste, language, ethnicity, and religious groupings to establish a big society and a big nation. Modern education, the development of a network of transport and communications, industrialization and urbanization have provided new bases for unity.

• Ideology 
• Collective mobilization 
• Leadership and organization 
• Change Orientation

Marx has given the concept of Marginal man.

M.S.A. Rao in his edited volume on Social Movements in India has highlighted the significance of ideology, collective mobilization, organization and leadership in social movements.

1. Ideology provides a broad frame of action and collective mobilisation in the social movement. It also provides legitimacy to the process of interest articulation and organized collective action.

2. Collective Mobilization The nature and direction of a social movement is widely shaped by the nature of collective mobilisation. Collective mobilisation may be radical, non institutionalized, spontaneous, large scale or it may be nonviolent, institutionalized, sporadic and restricted.

3. Leadership and Organization are closely linked to the process of collective mobilisation. A leader can be a charismatic figure or a democratically elected one.

Answer: R.K. Merton

M.S.A. Rao in his edited volume on Social Movements in India has highlighted the significance of ideology, collective mobilization, organization and leadership in social movements. 

1. Ideology: provides a broad frame of action and collective mobilisation in the social movement. It also provides legitimacy to the process of interest articulation and organized collective action. 

2. Collective Mobilization: The nature and direction of a social movement is widely shaped by the nature of collective mobilisation. Collective mobilisation may be radical, non-institutionalized, spontaneous, large scale or it may be non-violent, institutionalized, sporadic and restricted. 

3. Leadership and Organization: These are closely linked to the process of collective mobilisation. A leader can be a charismatic figure or a democratically elected one.

A market is one of the social institutions, whereby parties engage in exchange of goods and services. Markets rely on sellers offering their goods or services in exchange for money from buyers. It can be said that a market is the process by which the prices of goods and services are established.

In the field of Sociology, the concept of a market is a structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services, and information. The exchange of goods or services for money is a Transaction.

The features of Market are as follow;

1. Market is a place where things are bought and sold: In common usage, the word ‘market’ may refer to particular markets that we may know of, such as the market next to the railway station, the fruit market, or the wholesale market.

2. Market is not just a physical place, but the gathering of peoplebuyers and sellers: Thus, for example, a weekly market may be found in different places on different days of the week in neighbouring villages or ur6an neighbourhoods.

3. Market is a type of trade or business: Market refers to an area or category of trade or business, such as the market for cars or the market for readymade clothes.

4. Market includes the entire spectrum of economic activities and institutions: In this very broad sense, then, ‘the market’ is almost equivalent to ‘the economy’. We are used to thinking of the market as an economic institution, but this chapter will show you that the market is also a social institution. In its own way, the market is comparable to more obviously social institutions like caste, religion or family.

The term affirmative action refers to a policy aimed at increasing workplace or educational opportunities for underrepresented parts of society. These programs are commonly implemented by businesses and governments by taking individuals' race, sex, religion, or national origin into account.

Social problems of Indian villages are as follows:

a. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is a major social problem in Indian villages. Lack of educational institutions and poor quality education, coupled with high dropout rates has aggravated the situation. Majority of the educational institutions are suffering from lack of educational infrastructures like adequate buildings, libraries and reading rooms, sports grounds, etc. There is a great disparity among rural and urban regions of our society regarding educational opportunities. Further, basic facilities like drinking water, sanitation facilities, transport and communications facilities are not up to the mark.

b. Rural Poverty: On the basis of an empirical study in seven districts in Rajasthan in 1996 sponsored by the World Bank it has identified the following causes for poverty in rural areas: Inadequate and ineffective implementation of anti-poverty programmes, Low percentage of population engaged in nonagricuitural pursuits. Non-availability of irrigational facilities and erratic rainfall. Dependence on traditional methods of cultivation and inadequate modem skills. Non-availability of electricity for agriculture, Poor quality of livestock.

Imperfect and exploited credit CLI market, communication facilities and markets, Low level of education. Absence of dynamic community leadership. Failure to seek women’s cooperation in developmental activities and associating them with planned programmes. Inter-caste conflicts and rivalries. Spending a large percentage of annual earnings on social ceremonies like festivals, marriages, death feast, etc., People unwilling to discard expensive customs.

c. Health Problems: About 74% of the doctors are in urban areas, when it 70% of the total population living in villages, the extent to which provision of skilled medical care is lacking in the villages becomes quite obvious. Fertility and Birth rate as well as death rates are very high in villages.

Infant mortality and maternal mortality are also high. The problems of malnutrition, the sporadic outbreak of epidemic diseases like Cholera, Malaria. Plague, Dengue and other communicable diseases are quite common. The housings are very much unsanitary while the addiction to alcohol and nicotine drugs makes the state of health condition even worse. Pesticides like Endosulfan also have caused much health hazard in rural areas.

There are more than 5000 people affected by endosulfan in Uttara Kannada District alone. At the same time soil has been degraded rendering it infertile due to excessive use of chemicals and fertilisers and it affects not only the yield but also the health of the agriculturists.

a. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is a major social problem in Indian villages. Lack of educational institutions and poor quality education coupled with high rate of dropout rate has aggravated the situation. Majority of the educational institutions are suffering from educational infrastructures like adequate buildings, libraries and reading rooms, sports grounds, etc.

There is a great disparity among rural and urban regions of Indian society regarding educational opportunities. Further, basic facilities like drinking water, sanitation facilities, transport and communication facilities are not up to the mark.

b. Rural Poverty: On the basis of an empirical study in seven districts in Rajasthan in 1996 sponsored by the World Bank it has identified U. 

The following causes of poverty in rural areas:

1. Inadequate and ineffective implementation of anti-poverty programmes. 

2. Low percentage of population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits. 

3. Non-availability of irrigational facilities and erratic rainfall. 

4. Dependence on traditional methods of cultivation and inadequate exposure to modern skills. 

5. Non-availability of electricity for agriculture. 

6. Poor quality of livestock. 

7. Imperfect and exploited credit market, communication facilities and markets. 

8. Low level of education. 

9. Absence of dynamic community leadership.

10. Failure to seek women’s cooperation in developmental activities and associating them with planned programmes. 

11. Inter-caste conflicts and rivalries. 

12. Spending a large percentage of annual earnings on social ceremonies like festivals, marriages, death feast, etc., and people unwilling to discard expensive customs.

c. Health Problems: About 74% of the doctors are in urban areas while 70% of the country’s population live in villages. This shows the extent to which skilled medical care is lacking in the rural areas. Fertility and Birth rate, as well as death rates, are very high in the villages. Infant mortality and maternal mortality are also high.

The problems of Malnutrition, the sporadic outbreak of epidemic diseases like Cholera, Malaria, Plague, Dengue and other communicable diseases are quite common. The housings are very much unsanitary’ while the addiction to alcohol & nicotine drugs makes the state of health condition even worse.

Pesticides like Endosulfan also have caused much health hazards in rural areas. There are more than 5000 people affected by endosulfan in Uttara Kannada District alone. At the same time soil has been degraded rendering it infertile due to excessive use of chemicals and-fertilisers. It affects not only the yield but also health of the agriculturists.

1. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is a major social problem in Indian villages. Lack of educational institutions and poor quality education coupled with high rate of dropout rate has aggravated the situation. Majority of the educational institutions are suffering from educational infrastructures like adequate buildings, libraries, and reading rooms, sports grounds, etc.

There is a great disparity among rural and urban regions of Indian society regarding educational opportunities. Further, basic facilities like drinking water, sanitation facilities, transport and communication facilities are not up to the mark.

2. Rural Poverty: On the basis of an empirical study in seven districts in Rajasthan in 1996 sponsored by the World Bank it has identified the following causes of poverty in rural areas:

• Inadequate and ineffective implementation of anti-poverty programmes. 
• Low percentage of population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits. 
• Non-availability of irrigational facilities and erratic rainfall. 
• Dependence on traditional methods of cultivation and inadequate exposure to modern skills. 
• Non-availability of electricity for agriculture. 
• Poor quality of livestock. 
• Imperfect and exploited credit market, communication facilities and markets.
• Low level of education. 
• Absence of dynamic community leadership. 
• Failure to seek women’s cooperation in developmental activities and associating them with planned programmes. 
• Inter-caste conflicts and rivalries. 
• Spending a large percentage of annual earnings on social ceremonies like festivals, marriages, death feast, etc., and people unwilling to discard expensive customs.

3. Health Problems: About 74% of the doctors are in urban areas while 70% of the country’s population live in villages. This shows the extent to which skilled medical care is lacking in the rural areas. Fertility and Birth rate as well as death rates are very high in the villages. Infant mortality and maternal mortality are also high. The problems of Malnutrition, the sporadic outbreak of epidemic diseases like Cholera, Malaria, Plague, Dengue and other communicable diseases are quite common.

The housings are very much unsanitary while the addiction to alcohol & nicotine drugs makes the state of health condition even worse. Pesticides like Endosulfan also have caused much health hazards in rural areas. There are more than 5000 people affected by endosulfan in Uttara Kannada District alone.

At the same time soil has been degraded rendering it infertile due to excessive use of chemicals and fertilisers. It affects not only the yield but also health of the agriculturists.

1. Appointment of a National Commission for the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Tribes: A National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been set up by the Central Government to safeguard the interests of the SCs and STs. It functions as an advisory body on issues and policies related to the development of the SCs and STs.

2. Educational Opportunities: Due attention is paid to extend the educational opportunities of SCs and STs and hence special provisions have been made in this regard. Free education, free distribution of books, stationery, uniform, etc. giving scholarships, educational loan facilities, providing mid-day meal, arranging for free boarding and lodging facilities, reserving seats for SCs and STs in all the government and government-aided g institutions, etc.

3. Expansion of Economic Opportunities: The government has taken up economic programmes also for the benefit of SCs and STs. Examples: Landless SC labourers are allotted land. Land reforms have been undertaken to bring benefits of land ownership for them. Poor SC farmers are supplied with seeds, agriculture implements, fertilizers, pesticides, interest-free loans, pair of bullocks for ploughing, subsidy for developing dairy farming, poultry farming, piggery, animal husbandry, handicrafts, spinning, and weaving.

4. Expansions of Employment Opportunities and Reservation: In order to enhance the economic position of the SCs and STs, the Constitution has provided for the reservation in services. Reservation exists in all these for the SCs and STs to the extent of 15% and 7.5% respectively.

5. Upliftment of Scheduled Castes through Five Year Plans: The welfare of the Scheduled Castes has been given special attention in the Five Year Plan. The Central Government sponsored a comprehensive three strategies for the development of the SCs during the 6^th Five Year Plan [ 1980-85].

This consisted of three schemes: 

a. Special Component Plan [SCPs] 

b. Special Central Assistance [SCA] 

c. Scheduled Development Corporation (SCDCs).

a. Special Component Plan [SCP]: The main objective of this plan is to assist the SC families to improve their income substantially. This plan envisages identification of schemes of development which would benefit SCs, quantification of funds from all programmes of specific targets as to the number of families to be benefited from these programmes.

b. Special Central Assistance [SCA]: The main purpose of this scheme is to provide additional assistance to the States from the Centre to help the economic advancement of the maximum possible number of Schedule Caste families living below the poverty line.

c. Scheduled Caste Development Corporation (SCDC): These SCDCs provide money and loan assistance to SC families and help them to increase the. flow of funds from financial institutions to SC families. These Corporations established in the States are expected to act as interface between the SC families and financial institutions including banks. Both the Central and the State Governments contribute grants to these SCDCs.

A market is one of the social institutions, whereby parties engage in exchange of goods and services. Markets rely on sellers offering their goods or services in exchange for money from buyers. It can be said that a market is the process by which the prices of goods and services are established.

In the field of Sociology, the concept of a market is a structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services, and information. The exchange of goods or services for money is a Transaction.

The features of Market are as follow;

1. Market is a place where things are bought and sold: In common usage, the word ‘market’ may refer to particular markets that we may know of, such as the market next to the railway station, the fruit market, or the wholesale market.

2. Market is not just a physical place, but the gathering of people – buyers and sellers: Thus, for example, a weekly market may be found in different places on different days of the week in neighbouring villages or urban neighbourhoods.

3. Market is a type of trade or business: Market refers to an area or category of trade or business, Such as the market for cars or the market for readymade clothes.

4. Market includes the entire spectrum of economic activities and institutions: In this very broad sense, then, ‘the market’ is almost equivalent to ‘the economy’. We are used to thinking of the market as an economic institution, but this chapter will show you that the market is also a social institution. In its own way, the market is comparable to more obviously social institutions like caste, religion or family.

Small in size and Social Homogenity.

1. Small in Size: Indian villages are small in size. Due to that, the density of population is less in Indian villages.

2. Importance to Primary Relations: A small number, of people, share a common and Face to face relationships are common in village.

3. Social Homogeneity: Village is more homogeneous in language, belief, mores, and pattern of behavior. In their occupation villagers participate together and share common interests.

4. Informal Social Control: Individual behaviour is controlled by family, traditions, customs, religion, etc.

5. Agriculture and It’s Allied Occupations: Agriculture is the main source of livelihood. Along with agriculture, animal husbandry, floriculture, fishing, mining and apiculture, and cottage industries are the other occupations.

6. Role of Neighborhood and Simplicity of Life: Neighborhood relation plays important role in social life of village people and simple way of life is common. There is an interdependent neighbourhood relations.

7. Village Autonomy: Each village is relatively self¬sufficient and independent. Charles Metcalfe called “Indian villages as Little Republics”. Recent studies proved that the Indian villages were never self-sufficient and Republic.

Micro finance is defined as, financial services such as saving account, insurance fund and credit provided to poor and low in come clients, so as to help them to rise their income and thereby improve their standard of living.

Formal Demography and Social Demography.

• Hindu Marriage Act of 1955. 
• Domestic Violence Act of 2005.

• The bulge in the middle age group indicates that majority of Indians belong to the working population providing the opportunity called demographic dividend. 
• The average age is also is less than that of most other countries thus the changing age structure could offer a demographic dividend for India. 
• Thus, the dependency ratio is low and provides the opportunity for economic growth. 
• This dividend arises from the fact that the current generation of working age people is relatively large and it has only a relatively small preceding generation of old people to support. 
• This potential can be converted into actual growth with the increased level of education and employment. 
• Thus, these benefits have to be utilised through planned development. 

The programme was launched during 2000-01 and it is being implemented throughout the state to empower rural women and make them self reliant is called as Stree Shakthi.