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(d) 51% of paid up capital – Foreign company

Employees should be motivated due to the following reasons: 

a. Motivated employees contribute maximum towards the goals of the company. 

b. Motivated employees enhance their knowledge and skills which leads to improvement in the productivity. 

c. Motivated employees develop a sense of belongingness with the organization. 

d. Highly motivated employees have higher job satisfaction. 

e. Employee motivation improves the inter-personal relations.

Generally , Universality means equally overall apply of any knowledge . But Universality of Management means universal application of Principles , Techniques , methods and Functions of Management . i.e. management equally applies to all the Institutions (Business , Social , Religious , Political etc) ; Industry (Big , Small , Cottage etc) ; Head of the family and President of any Committee , Trade Union and any country etc. Not only these , even in the War Fields , the Army Commandents requires planning in management of their arms , which is Management Function .

Grading is the process of classification of products into different groups, on the basis of some of its important characteristics such as quality, size, etc.

Two Primary Functions of Insurance are :

 (i) To Provide Certainty against the Probabole Risks :The primary objective of function of insurance is to provide protection against future risks , accidents and uncertainty . The Insurance cannot check the happening of risk in future , but it can surely provide for Losses at the happening of the Risk . The Insurer gives certainty of payment of loss to Assured by charging premium . 

(ii) To Provide Security : The next primary function of Insurance is to provide security to the insured person . The insured person feels fully secured just after insurance with the insurer , like a moth with an infant kid in her lap to secure him / her against any probabile losses . Insurance is a Security against economic loss by sharing the risk with others and is the protection against economic loss . Thus any person can secure his property and valuables and other goods and machines and employees by doing insurance.

Business and society are related to each other. As business fulfill the needs of the society and the society gives business the resources required to it. A business provides consumers with products and services and employment.

Management itself expand are -

(i) Perform a “Deep Dive” Due Diligence

(ii) Develop a Strategy and Business Plan

(iii) Establish a Beachhead Team

(iv) Product Readiness

(v) Organizational Readiness

(vi) Establish a Go-to-Market Strategy

(vii) Legal Readiness

(viii) Tax and Finance Readiness

(ix) Prepare Your Final Budget Preparation

(x) Establish Close Relationships with Local Businesses

Financial Risk refers to a position when a company is unable to meet its fixed financial charges like interest payment etc.

Money market is the market for short-term funds meant for use for a period of upto 1 year. Money market provides means fir raising fund, for meeting short-term requirements of cash on one hand and the deployment of surplus funds for shun periods (of one year or less), on the other hand.

The important money market instruments are: 

(a) Call Money. It is a method by which commercial banks borrow from each other and able o maintain the minimum cash balance called as Cash Reserve Ratio as required by RB!. It is a short-term finance repayable on demand with a maturity period of one to fifteen days. The interest rate paid on call money loans is known as call rate, It is a highly fluctuating rate that changes from day-to-day and sometimes even from hour-to-hour. 

(b) Treasury Bill(T-Bills). Treasury bills are issued by Reserve Bank of India on behalf of the Government of India to meet its short-term requirements of funds. The issue period ranges from 14 to 364 days. T-Bills are negotiable instruments, i.e., they are freely transferable. T-Bills are available for a minimum amount of 25,000 and in multiples thereof. These are also called Zero Coupon Bonds.

(c) Commercial BilI\Trade Bills. A commercial bill is a bill of exchange used of finance the working capital requirements of business firms. It is a short- term negotiable and selfliquidating instrument. When goods are sold on credit. the seller (drawer) draws a bill of exchange and the buyer (drawee) accept it. On being accepted, the bill becomes a marketable instrument and is called a trade bill. when a trade bill is accepted by a commercial bank. it is known as commercial bill. 

(d) Commercial Paper. A commercial paper is an unsecured promissory note, issued by a corporate with a fixed maturity period which varies from 15 days to 2 months. Since a commercial paper is unsecured, it is issued only by a highly creditworthy, reputed leading firms. Proceeds from, the commercial paper is to be raised only for working capital purposes. 

(e) Certificate of Deposit. These are unsecured, negotiable, short-term instruments in bearer form, issued by commercial banks and development financial institutions. They can be issued to individuals, corporations and companies during periods of tight liquidity when the deposit growth of banks is slow but the demand for credit is high. The time period of certificate of deposits ranges from 91 days to one year. 

Levels of Social Responsibility of Management :

(i) Lower Level  - Social Binding or Duties : On this level , Manager obeys his duties and liabilities towards the society according to existing Laws and economic system . In this manager accomplishes social responsibilities due to boundness of legal rules , legal needs or own interest (Under Companies Act , 2013 Section 135) . 

(ii) Middle Level - Social Norms : On this level , management accomplishes his responsibilities due to social norms , values and expectations . They do not think about their Profit / Advantages and does social needs , some more than legal needs . They do from the spirit trustship and as good corporate citizens . But on this level they do not think on public problems (Skill Development Programme) .

Management is an intangible force because it cannot be seen or touched . But its existence can be felt in the form of good or bad results of its efforts , like ñ satisfaction of employees , appropriate conditions of work and mutual relations between the employees etc. Skill of management is evaluated only by achievement of the objectives and adequate satisfaction of all sections , concerned with the business . Sometimes , existence of management is also felt by its absence where there is mis- management .

Types of Communication hurdles:

Language Hurdle 

The language used by the sender may not be understood by the receiver. Also, the two-people communicating may speak the same language but the jargon used to pass the information may breakdown communication if the receiver doesn’t fully understand it. 

Emotional hurdle 

The emotional as well as mental state of mind of the communicators can hinder the delivery of information. If the receiver is having issues they are likely to be less attentive, which could lead to poor communication.

Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce subordinates to work with confidence and goal.

MEANING OF CONTROLLING 

Controlling refers to comparison of actual performance with the planned performance and taking corrective actions, in case of deviations between actual and planned performance. Controlling cannot prevent deviations. But it can minimize them by taking actions and decisions that reduce their recurrence. 

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROLLING 

1. Controlling is a goal-oriented function: Controlling means ensuring that activities in an organisation are performed as per the plans. The essence of control lies in managerial action taken to correct the performance. Mere measurement of performance and finding deviations does not achieve control. An effective control system facilitates timely corrective action so that deviations do not occur again and standards are accomplished. Thus, controlling is a goal-oriented function. 

2. Pervasive Function: Control is pervasive function in the sense that it is required at all levels of management in every type of organisation. It is applicable to production, finance, marketing and organisational activities. Every manager performs the controlling function irrespective of his status and the nature of his job. 

3. Continuous Process: Controlling is a continuous process in the sense that it involves review of performance and revision of standard operations on a continuous basis. As long as an organisation exists, control continues to exist. Controlling is not an activity to be pursued in the end only, it has to be on a continuous basis. Activities should be supervised on continuous basis. 

4. Backward and Forward Looking Process: Control is backward looking process in the sense that it compares actual performance which has been or is being carried out with the planned performance. Control is a forward looking process in the sense that it improves future planning by suggesting revision of existing plans and targets and adoption of new plans on the basis of information derived from past experience. It looks at future through the eyes of past. Therefore, control is both a backward and forward looking process.

Yes we agree with this statement , 

"Entrepreneurship is a Practice", since practice makes a man perfect . The person gains more and more Entrepreneurship , by making more anc more practices . One becomes fast by performing enterprising activities and also attains high achievements through enterprising practices .

Zimmerer and Scarborough Writes , "Although many people come up with great business ideas , most of them never act on their ideas , Entrepreneurs do .

(b) Should be performed by A and B along with C’s legal representative.

The Correct Answer is Arunachal Pradesh.

• The Bomdi-La pass connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet.
• It is located in the Northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh.

• Passes in Arunachal Pradesh

Void Agreement : An Agreement not enforceable by law is said to be Void and there is no legal effect of such an agreement .

Scope of E-business: 

a. Business to Business: It means electronic exchange of products, services or information between businesses rather than between businesses and consumers. 

b. Business to Consumer: Business-to-consumer (B2C) refers to a financial transaction or online sale between a business and consumer. 

c. Intra Business: In this type of e-business model, parties involved in the electronic transactions are from within a business firm, hence, the name Intra business.

Preliminary Screening.

The functions of a financial market are : 

(a) Mobilisation of savings and channeling them into the most productive uses: It is a forum which facilities the flow of capital from investors to borrowers and, thus, funds are utilised for productive purpose. 

(b) Facilitating price Discovery: Price for the financial assets is determined by the equality of demand (business firms) and supply (households) forces in the financial market. 

(c) Providing liquidity to functional assets: Convertibility of financial assets into cash is done easily through mechanism of the financial markets. 

(d) Reducing the cost of transactions: Financial markets save a lot of time and efforts of the buyers and sellers by providing a forum through which they can meet each other to fulfill their needs.

Void Contract : A Contract which ceases to be enforceable by law becomes Void when it ceases to be enforceable . 

Difference between an Agent and a Servant .

• An Agent brings the principal into legal relations with third person or represents the principal in dealing with third person . But a Servant does not create such relations .
• An Agent gets his remuneration in the form of commission or fees , while the Servant gets his remunarations in the form of salary .
• An Agent may work for several principals at a time , but a Servant ordinarily serves only one master . 
• An Agent is not a Servant but a Servant is generally for some purposes or so is deemed as the masterís Implied Agent , depending on the duties or position of the Servant . It is for this reason that an Agent is sometimes described as a Superior Servan

Different methods used for motivating employees: 

a. Financial Incentives Financial incentives also known as monetary incentives are needed for meeting the basic needs of the employees. The usual incentives given to employees are discussed below: 

1. Pay and Allowances: Pay and allowances include salary and allowances in form of dearness allowance, house rent allowance, etc. 

2. Bonus: Some organisations have a tendency to distribute bonus to the employees. 

b. Non Financial Incentives The management also uses non-financial incentives to motivate the employees. These are explained as follows :

1. Praise: Praise is more effective than any other incentive. However, this incentive should be used with great care because praising an incompetent worker would create resentment among competent workers. 

2. Group Incentives: At times, group incentives act as more effective than individual incentives to motivate the employees.

Delegation of authority means the granting of authority to subordinates to operate with prescribed limits.

Non-financial Techniques of Motivation are those which are not associated with financial rewards . Such techniques are mainly Psychic in nature . Some of the Non-financial techniques of motivation are 

• Status : Every person wants self respect . Reputation of a man increases by his wealth , post and acts of goodness . A sufficient wealth may be obtained by good post ñ higher or increase in the status of a person . Good salary and high post adds to the reputation in the society . Hence the Manager should motivate the employees , by keeping in view , the reputation of the employees . 
• Praise and Recognition : Praise and Recognition for work done is a good method of motivation . It satisfies self-esteem and ego needs of the employees . It increases a feeling of personal worth , self-respect and self-confidence among employees . 
• Participation in Management : Participation in management affairs like - strategies , goals , important functions , determination of policy and decisions of an organization) iss a strong method of motivating employees because it makes people ego-involved and creative . It gives employees a chance to express their ideas and it gives them psychological satisfaction that their voice is being heard . 
• Feeling of Accomplisiment and Achievement : Employees are motivated to work better if they have a feeling of Accomplishment . This feeling can be inculcated by providing more Authority , Autonomy , Applying the MBO Technique , Better Career Planning and Development and so on . Also employees must be given an Opportunity to grow and mature on the job and to feel pride to work 

Benefits by companies to society:

1. Supplying goods and service to the customers. 

2. Creating jobs for suppliers, co-workers, customer and distributor. This people make money to support themselves as well as their families, use their wages to purchase goods and service and pay taxes. 

3. Continually developing new processes, goods and service. 

4. Investment in new technologies as well as in the skills of employees. 

5. Building up as well as spreading international standards, for example environmental practice. 

6. Developing good practice in different areas such as environment and workplace safety.

A green collar worker is one who is employed in the environmental sectors of the economy. Green collar workers include professionals, such as green building architects, environmental consultants, waste management.

Controlling is a systematic process involving the following steps: 

1. Setting performance standards 

2. Measurement of actual performance 

3. Comparison of actual performance with standards. 

4. Analysing deviations 

5. Taking corrective actions

Planning is deciding in advance what to do and how to do it.

Indra Nooyi, Kiran Majumdar

Difference between Autocratic Leaders and Democratic Leaders

Management of work.

3. Co-operating

Interest rates is an example for Economic environment environment.

Following is the detailed discussion on theories of motivation: 

1. Content theories 

Content theories emphasize on the idea that motivation depends upon the individual needs. These theories are also referred as needs theories, because they are focused on the significance of determining 'what' motivates us. Different types of content theories are Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs and Herzberg two-factor theory. 

2. Process theories 

Process theories concentrate on “how” part of motivation. They describe and analyze how behavior is energised, directed and sustained. The different process theories are Expectancy theory and Equity theory. 

3. Reinforcement Theory 

Reinforcement theory is the process of influencing behavior by controlling the consequences of the behavior. The theory is based upon “law of effect” which means an individual tends to repeat behavior which is rewarded while the behavior which gives punishment is not repeated. 

4. Behavioral theories 

For understanding and improving the human behavior, McGregor and William Ouchi suggested Theory X and Y and Theory Z respectively for understanding and improving the human behavior. Theory X emphasize on the importance to supervision, while theory Y stresses on rewards and recognition.

Leadership style can also be referred as the behavior pattern exhibited by a leader for influencing his followers. 

Following are the popular leadership styles adopted in the organizations: 

a. Authoritarian or Autocratic Leadership 

An autocratic leader also known as authoritarian leader exercises complete control over the subordinates. He keeps power and authority with himself. He takes all the decisions without consulting the subordinates. It is generally a negative form of leadership as there is a lot of dominance from the leader 

b. Laissez-Faire or Free-Rein Leadership 

Free Rein leaders give responsibility of setting goals and finding methods to achieve them to the group members. They allow group members to carry out the work on their own. The leaders play a minor role in achieving the group goals. The free-rein leader exercises little control over his group and let the group members handle their problems and find solutions on their own.

Powers of National Company Law Tribunals (NCLT)

The power of the tribunal is enshrined under the section 242 (1). Under the said section tribunal is empowered to make any order as it may think deem fit and with a view to end any matters complained in section 241 of the Companies Act, 2013.

There are certain things which tribunals need to satisfy before passing any order. They are as follows:

1. The companies affair have been/being subjected to a manner prejudicial/ oppressive to any member(s) or the interest of the company

2. To wind up the company would affect the member(s) but that otherwise the fact would justify the winding-up order on the ground that it was fair and equitable that the company should be wound up.

Difference between Delegation and Decentralization.

2. Mining Engineer.

2. Mining engineer

The mission, vision, and values statements are the guiding forces behind an organization. The mission statement communicates the purpose of the organization. The vision statement provides insight into what the company hopes to achieve or become in the future. The values statement reflects the organization’s core principles and ethics. Together, these statements provide strategic direction for an organization, informing current and future business strategies.

Potential benefits a firm can reap by being socially responsible are discussed below: 

a. Various customers these days strongly believe that all businesses must be socially responsible. Products and services of socially responsible companies are preferred. 

b. In a socially responsible company, employees also feel empowered to start contributing to the society. They might come up with new ideas about products or internal processes or innovate new problem-solving solutions. 

c. Socially responsible companies usually focus on reducing resource use, waste and emissions. This way they can help the environment as well as save money resulting in saving costs. 

d. As the socially responsible companies are able to gain trust amongst different stakeholders, it is observed that they have higher customer base than the companies which don’t believe in social responsibility.

Integrity is the practice of being honest and showing a consistent and uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethical principles and values. In ethics, integrity is regarded as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of one's actions.

Supervision is an element of directing. It means overseeing what is being done by subordinates and giving instructions to them. It is also considered an important function to be performed by supervisor.

Relative market share can be calculated in terms of revenues or market share. It is calculated by dividing your own brand's market share (revenues) by the market share (or revenues) of your largest competitor in that industry.

The market growth rate is this years industry sales minus the past years industry sales. The y-axis of the graph/matrix represents rate of market growth while the x-axis represents a products overall market share.

Budgetary control is a technique of managerial control in which all operations are planned in advance in the form of budgets and actual results are compared with budgetary standards.

Marketing is a social process whereby people exchange goods & service for money or for something of value to them. Anything that is of value to the other can be marketed e.g.
1. Physical Products - T.V., Mobile phone etc.
2. Services - Insurance, education etc.
3. Person - Selection for different posts.
4. Place-visit - Agra, Taj Mahal, etc.
5. Events - Fashion show, Films Festivals

The work of Gang Boss is being described in the given sentence. Gang boss is assigned the task of keeping the machines and tools ready for operations. That is, he has to take care of the materials which are to be used by the working people. On the other hand, repair boss ensures that these machines are in proper working condition. Route clerk is there to watch over the route of production and instruction card clerk assigns the duties of the workers.