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C. celebrating the British rule over different parts of the world

(b) Bhagat Singh

(a) The Ali brothers

A. to oppose colonization

Tilak was sentenced and transported to Malaya.

C. the internal struggle amongst nations to expand their territory

(c) CR Das and Motilal Nehru

D. They were fighting against each other in the First World War.

(a) Dadabhai Naoroji

After Tilak's deportation which of the following extremist leaders was not similarly deported to Mandalay prison in Burma CR Das.

The correct answer is 1 AND 2 ONLY

• Treaty of Allahabad was signed between Robert Clive & Shuja-Ud-Daulah
• Shuja-ud-daulah had to surrender Allahabad and Kara to Shah Alam II
• He was forced to pay Rs 50 lakh to the Company as war indemnity
• He was also forced to give Balwant Singh (Zamindar of Banaras) full possession of his estate.
• Treaty of Allahabad was also signed between Robert Clive & Shah Alam-II
• Shah Alam was commanded to reside at Allahabad which was ceded to him by Shuja-Ud-Daulah under the East India Company’s protection
• The emperor also had to issue a Farman granting the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the EIC in lieu of an annual payment of Rs 26 lakh

A. popularising the local folk tales, songs, and plays

A. popularising the local folk tales, songs, and plays

(c) Dadabhai Naoroji

In Bengal, the company wished to appoint a puppet Nawab, who was intelligent and clever, and who could fulfill their self – interests. Mir Qasim wished to check the power of the British from increasing any further and to prevent his own power from decreasing.

For this, he tried to reorganize the administration, but due to British interference, he could not succeed. Now, difference began to increase between both in context to financial matters and facilities, which resulted into the Battle of Buxar. Reasons of the Battle of Buxar.

1. The desire of sovereignty of the Nawab was not liked by the Britishers. Nawab’s tasks such as changing the capital from Murshidabad and taking it to Munger, training the army with European characteristics, opening ammunition manufacturing and cannon and explosive making factories etc. increased the difference between the British and the Nawab.

2. The Britishers forced the Nawab to present a gift of 12 lakh rupees to Mughal Emperor Shah Alam, which the nawab took as a blow to his independence.

3. The Company and its officials were misusing the trading facilities provided to them in Bengal. The Nawab was facing financial losses due to this. The Nawab granted this rebate to Indian traders also. Due to this, the British became unhappy with the Nawab.

4. The Nawab demanded to get back the three districts – Burdwan, Midnapur and Chatgaon which were obtained by the Company during the treaty of 1760, in the form of military expenses and the revenue collected from there, because the army was being used against the Nawab.

5. Struggle between Mir Qasim and the Britishers – When the efforts of compromise between the Calcutta Council and the Nawab failed, a battle started between both of them. In June 1763, Major Andemaz was sent to fight against Mir Qasim.

Several battles were fought with the armies of the Nawab, among which, the most famous battles were that of Katwaha, Gherian, Sooti and Udhwanala. When Mir Qasim’s side weakened, he went off to Patna. The Britishers reappointed Mir Zafar as the Nawab.

6. Formation of alliance – After getting defeated, Mir Qasim saved his life and reached Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh for help. At that time, Mughal Emperor Shah Alam was also present in Awadh. All the three joined hands and made a plan of throwing the British out of Bengal.

This battle took place between the British and the joint armies of all the three (Mir Qasim the Nawab of Bengal, Shuja Ud Daula the Nawab of Awadh and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam) on 22nd October 1764. The British won this battle.

The correct option is: (b) 4 3 2 1

The important factors for the growth of Indian Nationalism were as listed below.

1. Political Unity and Uniform Administration: The British conquered the whole of India and brought it under a single administration. This made the people of India unite psychologically. Now they faced many common problems and a common enemy. The concept that “We are all Indians” was created in the minds of the Indian people. The British imperialism gave India political unity.

2. Impact of English Education: A wave of liberalism and individual freedom was passing through English politics and literature in the 19^th century. The enlightened Indians began to compare their existing conditions to that of Europe. By the study of English literature and history, educated Indians were filled with the spirit of democracy and national patriotism. English language was the language of comunication for the national leaders.

3. Discrimination against Indians: The British considered themselves to be racially superior to Indians. They had the feeling that Indians were incapable and unworthy of trust. Therefore, they denied higher posts to Indians. The British officers often berated Indians as Kutthe (dogs) Niggers (blacks) and Suvars (pigs).

The Queen’s proclamation in 1858 promised to Indians, that they would be appointed to higher posts on the basis of their merit, irrespective of their caste, religion or race, but this policy was never implemented. Indian culture and heritage were looked down upon by the British. This unjust policy created great discontent among the educated class.

4. Role of Indian press and literature: The Indian press contributed a lot to the national awakening. Newspapers openly criticised the political policy of the British Government. Newspapers like the Bombay Samachar, Indian Mirror, The Kesari, Hindu, Patriot, etc., greatly influenced the nationalist feelings.

Many articles and poems inspiring nationalism were being published both in English and the vernacular languages. Scholars like R. G. Bhandarkar, R. L. Mitra, Tilak, Swami Vivekananda, Max Muller, Monier Williams, and others conducted researches and brought to light the glorious cultural past of India.

The cultural heritage of India filled the nationalists with pride and self-confidence. For e.g. writings of Ravindra Nath Tagore and the inspiring song ‘Vandemataram’ by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee stirred the hearts of Indians.

5. The Economic Policy of the British: The British considered India to be only a colony which provided cheap raw materials and market for their finished goods. Their economic policy destroyed the economic structure that existed in India and the nation became poorer. The Indian cottage industries suffered severely. The economic deterioration of India was attributed to the British rule.

6. Network of Communication: The British followed reactionary policies like divide and rule, subsidiary Alliance, Doctrine of Lapse, annexing States quoting misrule, etc., to establish. political supremacy over India. Indian Rulers and common people were discontent with the British policies.

The introduction of the telegraph network, postal and railways looked like efforts to chain the country. The nationalist movement spread very quickly throughout India. It made inter-provincial relations and exchange of thoughts possible. The national leaders visited every nook and corner of the country and made propaganda.

Indian Nationalism is the offspring and outcome of the British rule. All the above factors directly or indirectly led to national awakening among Indians.

1. Early life of Ramanujacharya (1017-1137 C.E.) : Ramanuja was the great exponent of Vishishtadvaita or qualified monoism. He was born in 1017 C.E. at Sri Perambadur near Chennai (T.N.). His parents were Keshva Soinayaji and Kantimati. It is believed that Ramanuja was the incarnation of Adisesha. He studied in Ranchi under Yadhavaprakasha.

As per the wishes of his mother, he married Tangamma at the age of 16. His married life was very unhappy. As his wife did not co-operate with him in his spiritual exercises, he left his family and became a sanyasi. He went to Srirangam. Later Ramanuja became the head of Srirangam mutt and popularized Vaishnavism. This was not liked by Kulottunga-Chola, and Ramanuja left Srirangam and came to Karnataka.

2. Works of Ramanuja: Vedantha Saara, Vedantha Sangraha, Vedantha Sutra, Geetha Bhashya, Sree Bhashya, Sri Rangagadhya, Sharanagati Gadhya, Vykunta Gadhya, Nitya Gadhya, etc., were the important works of Ramanujacharya.

3. Srivaishnava or Vishishtadvaita (qualified monoism) Philosophy: This was propounded by Ramanuja. He differed from Shankaracharya’s views in many points. According to Ramanuja, the entire universe is divided into three parts. They are God (Brahma), individual Soul (Chit) and the world (Achit).

The universe was controlled by God.

1. Vishnu is the supreme God, Sri Lakshmi is the mediator between God and humans. (Universal Soul) Vishnu may be called Brahma.

2. God is omniscient, permanent and possesses all the great qualities (God is Suguna) like mercy, beauty, justice, etc.

3. God is the creator of all things in the world. The individual Soul and the world are controlled by God.

4. According to Ramanuja, the Soul does not have independent existence. The individual Soul has limited power and it can never become identical with God All Souls are the creations of God. In a state of salvation, the individual Soul becomes free from birth and rebirth and enjoys eternal bliss in the presence of God.

5. Ramanuja condemned the illusion (Maya vada) of Shankaracharya For Ramanuja, the world is not an illusion but is real.

6. Ramanuja advocated Bhakti Marga as the only path for the attainment of Salvation. Through Bhakti, the individual Soul gets redemption and attains salvation.

7. Ramanuja advocated the worship of Vishnu accompanied by Lakshmi. His Philosophy is known as Srivaishnava or qualified monoism. There are two elements in Ramanuja’s Bhaktimarga.

a. Prapatthi – absolute surrender to God.

b. Acharyabhimana- Subjugation to guru. Ramanuja preached that irrespective of one’s caste, the sure way to salvation was through Bhakti. He was an enlightened saint who tried to wipe out the evils of the caste system. He was able to equate all human beings at par, by breaking down the artificial barriers of the caste system.

1. The Drain of Wealth : The British were not interested in the development of Indian agriculture. They were interested only in safeguarding their commercial interests. They forced Indian farmers to produce commercial crops like cotton, tea, Indigo, etc., which were in great demand in the European markets. They converted India into a source for raw materials and a market for their finished goods.

Indian handicrafts could not compete with the machine made products and the British had not started any industres in India. The impact of the Drain was that employment within the country was scarce and artisans and craftsmen turned into labourers. Hence the stability and development of Indian villages also suffered.

The British exported India’s enormous wealth to England through various means and that India did not get any economic and material benefit in return is known as drain of wealth. Dadabai Naoroji explained the drain theory in his book ‘Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India’ (1876 C.E.). He declared that drain was the basic cause of India’s poverty and fundamental evil of the British rule in India.

2. Source of the Drain : India’s enormous wealth flowed into England in the form of salaries and pensions of civil, military and railway officers, interest on loans, profits by British capitalists and expenditure on administration. Excess taxes were imposed on Indian export goods and less taxes were levied on British imports.

Results of the Drain :

• The most important results of the drain was that India became poor. 
• The impact of the drain on income and employment within the country was harmful.
• The drain produced shortage of capital in the country. This hindered Indian industrial development. 
• Since the drain was mainly paid out of land revenue, it hit the peasantry the most and made them poor. 
• Nearly 12% of interest (6,30,000 pounds) was being paid out of Indian resources, for the loans raised by the English to construct Railways and seaports. Loans on unproductive items were also included.

1. The period of the extremists 1905-1920: The Indian National Movement entered a new phase after 1905. The period between 1905 and 1920 is known as the period of the extremists. Extremists believed that reforms could not be secured by mere talk, only by action and they blamed the British rule in India for all the problems and economic backwardness.

They were also called radical nationalists. The prominent leaders of the extremists were Laia Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The trio were popularly known as Lal-BalPal. Extremists convinced the public that self- government was essential for the sake of the economic, political and cultural progress of the country, and they grew in self-confidence.

2. Causes for the rise of extremism:

a. The moderates failed to achieve any noteworthy results through their constitutional methods of prayers, petitions, and protests. This angered the extremists and the moderates themselves were disillusioned by the British attitude. The approach of the moderates towards the foreign invaders was termed by the extremists as ‘political mendicancy’.

b. The lethargy of the British Government in handling the terrible famine and plague attacks of 1896-1901 resulted in thousands of people becoming victims of starvation, disease, and death. The government took some measures to check the disease, but they were inadequate.

The British were interested only in the economic exploitation of India and not in the welfare of the people. The Plague Commissioner Mr. Rand was murdered and Bal Gangadhar Tilak was arrested for the same. This further increased the radical nationalism.

c. The Indian Council Act of 1892 did not satisfy the Congress, which expected more power. It was just an eye-wash. The act gave some additional powers to the elected representatives, but Viceroy was the final authority.

d. Viceroy Lord Curzon followed an anti-Indian racial policy and introduced many reactionary measures 1 like Calcutta Corporation Act (1899), Official Secrets Act (1904), Indian University Act (1904), Partition of Bengal (1905), etc. His actions curbed Indians and increased the dominance of the British.

He held that only Englishmen were fit to rule India. The intention of the British was to create a Hindu – Muslim divide under the pretext of making the partition for better administration. The angry reactions of the Indian population gave scope to extremist sentiments.

e. The efforts of leaders like Swami Vivekananda, Dayananda Saraswati, Aurobindo Ghosh, Tilak, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, and others, instilled confidence and self-respect among the Indians.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak initiated the public celebration of Ganesha festival and Shivaji jayanthi, which encouraged the nationalist sentiments.

f. International events like the nationalist movements in Egypt, Turkey, Persia, unification of Italy, Germany and China influenced the Indian thought process. Nationalists began to think that Indians too can unite and drive away the British.

1. Introduction : British and French were rivals in India, because the objective of the British which was to establish complete monopoly over trade and commerce in India brought them into conflict with the French. They fought for seventeen years (1746-1763) to establish their supremacy in the Deccan. This rivalry with the French led to the Carnatic wars.

2. First Carnatic war (1746-1748) : The first Carnatic war took place between the British and the French during 1746-1748 in the Carnatic area. This war was a part of the European war, between the two countries over the Austrian succession issue (1740-1748) in Europe.

3. Course of the war: British commander Burnett captured some French ships. At this juncture Dupleix appealed to Anwaruddin, the Nawab of Arcot to prevail upon the British to desist from hostile action. British did not take any action. In 1746, Dupleix (French Governor) besieged and captured Madras.

British sought the help of Anwaruddin who ordered the French to free Madras. Dupleix refused to free it. So, Anwaruddin sent an army against the French. A battle was fought at St. Thome (battle of Adyar), in which the French were defeated. The Austrian succession war came to an end in Europe by the treaty of Aix-laChaipel in 1748. Thus, the first Carnatic war also came to an end.

Result: Treaty of Aix-la-Chapel in 1748.

• The British and the French agreed to stop their hostilities in India forthwith. 
• The French agreed to return Madras to the British and prisoners of war were released from both the sides.

4. Second Carnatic war (1748-1754) : The second Carnatic war broke out due to two succession disputes – one at Hyderabad and the other at Arcot, for which the British and the French took sides. There were civil wars of succession between Anwaruddin and Chandasaheb at Arcot and Nasir Jung and Muzaffar Jung at Hyderabad.

Dupleix and the French supported Chandasaheb (Arcot) and Muzaffar Jung (Hyderabad) whereas the British supported Anwaruddin (Arcot) and Nasir Jung (Hyderabad) This struggle led to the second Carnatic war (1748-1754).

5. Course of the war : The French troup defeated and killed Anwaruddin in the battle of Amber. His son Mohammad Ali fled to Trichinapalli. Dupleix proclaimed Chandasaheb as the Nawab of Arcot. Dupleix was equally successful in Hyderabad. Nasir Jung was killed and Muzaffar Jung was made the Nizam of Hyderabad.

Dupleix and Chandasaheb besieged Trichinapalli to kill Mohammad Ali, The British were aware that Chandasaheb was an ally of the French and his succession to throne would adversely affect the British trade. Robert Clive (British) laid siege to Arcot. Chandasaheb rushed to protect his capital.

He was defeated and killed in the battle of Arcot in 1752. As a result, British crowned Mohammad Ali as the Nawab of Arcot. Dupleix was defeated in the war and was recalled by the French Government. The war ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry in 1754. Both the parties agreed not to interfere in the internal affairs of the Indian states. They also agreed to return the territories conquerred from each other.

4. Third Carnatic war (1758-1763) : The seven years war (1756-1763) was fought between the French and the British in Europe. The tension between the two in India also increased and ultimately took the shape of the third Carnatic war.

6. Course of the war : Robert Clive (British) captured Chandranagore, a French settlement. The French were determined to end the British settlements in India and sent Count-de-Lally as Governor to India. He launched an attack on Madras and recalled Bussey from Hyderabad to help him.

The British attacked Hyderabad and captured it. Count-de-Lally was defeated by the British (Sir Eyrecoote) in the battle of Wandiwash in 1760. In 1761, the British captured Pondicheny and other French settlements in India. The seven years war came to an end by the treaty of Paris in 1763. The war in India also ended.

7. Treaty of Paris in 1763 :

• The trading centres of the French were returned with restrictions, that they would not fortify them. 
• The Anglo-French rivalry in India ended with the success of the British and failure of the French.

The correct answer is Lord Dalhousie.

• " Doctrine of lapse" is an annexation policy implemented by Lord Dalhousie.
• The policy states that any Indian princely state under the British East India Company would have this status abolished if the ruler is not able to compete or does not have any male heir.
• Some of the important princely states that were annexed under the doctrine of lapse were - 

1. Jhansi
2. Kurnool
3. Nagpur
4. Ramgarh
5. Surat

• Lord Dalhousie was born on 22nd April 1812.
• His full name was James Andrew Broun Ramsay.
• Some important organizations founded by him include -

1. Central public works department
2. Tamil Nadu public works department.

The correct answer is " Lord Dalhousie".

• Lord Dalhousie served as Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856.
• He introduced the passenger trains in railways in 1853, the electric telegraph in 1852, and uniform postage in 1854.
• He described all three as " Three great engines of social improvement".
• He has started engineering college in Roorkee.
• He made his summer capital Shimla.
• He is the founder of the " Public Works Department" or " PWD" in India.
• He has also served as " Governor General of Canada" or " Commander- in - chief" in India.

​

• Lord Wellesley introduced Subsidiary Alliance by virtue of which the Indian kingdoms lost their sovereignty to the English during 1798.
  • Fourth Anglo Mysore was fought during the governor-generalship of Lord Wellesley.
  • During this war, Tipu Sultan died in the battle of Seringapatam in 1799.
  • Fort William College was started by Lord Wellesley in the year 1800.
• Lord Canning served as Governor-General of India from 1856 to 1862.
  • He also served as the first Viceroy of India.
  • The Mutiny of 1857, which he was able to suppress successfully,
  • Passing of Indian Councils Act, 1861 which introduced a portfolio system in India.
  • Withdrawal of the “Doctrine of Lapse” was one of the main reasons for the mutiny of 1858.
  • Introduction of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
• The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878 by Viceroy Lord Lytton (1876-1880).

• The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy.
• The policy was applied by the British East India Company until 1859.
• Under this Doctrine, when the ruler of a protected state died without a natural heir, his state was not to pass to an adopted heir as sanctioned by the age-old tradition of the country.
•  It was to be annexed to the British dominions unless the adoption had been clearly approved earlier by the British authorities.

a. Subsidiary Alliance : The Indian rulers who had entered into this military alliance with the British had to keep a British army in their state and bear the expenses of the maintenance of that army. It was introduced by Lord Wellesley in 1798. Expansion of the British Empire in India was its main aim.

Conditions of the subsidiary Alliance :

1. The Indian state which joins it, must surrender its external relations to the care of the Company. They should not wage wars and their dealings should be conducted only with their the prior permission of the Company. 

2. If any ruler was unable to pay the expenses, he had to cede a part of his Kingdom. The protection of that state was the responsibility of the Company. 

3. A British Resident should be kept in the court of the King. The Company was not to interfere in the internal affairs of that state.

4. The Company should protect the Indian state against their enemies and no other European could be appointed in their administration without the permission of the Company.

Advantages to the Company :

1. The subsidiary Alliance disarmed the Indian states. They came under the mercy of the British. The grave consequences of the war were much reduced. 

2. Indian states practically lost their independence and became financially weak. 

3. The Kings neglected the welfare of their people. So Kings also lost their credibility. The Kings were protected by the Company. 

4. The Company was able to check the influence of the French over the Indian states. The Company gradually. brought the whole country under its control.

The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to sign the Alliance. Later the rulers of Mysore, Oudh, Travancore, Baroda, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bharatpur, Nagpur, and Gwalior also signed the Alliance.

b. The Doctrine of Lapse : According to this policy, when the Ruler of the protected state died without a natural heir, then that state would pass on to the British Empire, which was called the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’, (or) According to this policy, if a King died without a son or daughter, his estate lapsed. It should be noted that the King had no right to adopt a son under any circumstances.

The Doctrine of lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie. His aim was the expansion of the British Empire in India. By following this policy, the British annexed Sitara, Jaipur, Sambhalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Nagapur, Bhagatpur. Coorg, etc.

Conclusion: The doctrine of lapse was unjustified both on legal and ethical grounds, Whether right or wrong, two-third of the Indian territories came under the British rule by 1856. These factors contributed to the outburst of. the Indian anger in 1857 in the form of First war of the Indian Independence.

p = 0.5 H.P.

t₁ = 2 min

p₂ = ?

t₂ = t_1/2

Power p₁ = w/t₁

p₂/p₁ = t₁/t₂

p₂ = p₁ x t₁/t₂

p₂ = p₁ x t₁/t₂

p₂ = 0.5 x 2/1

p = 1 HP

Maya thought that Mr Nath was a crook because he had a strange appearance. He did not work but always had money to order his meals from restaurants, and even gave tips. The tenants at Shankar House said that he was mad, strange and unfriendly. He sat in his room all day, and nobody except a spectacled, fair, fat man visited him. He had no friends and she thought that it was so because he feared someone might recognise him and inform the police. She thought that the Sunday visitor was his accomplice in crime. She said that the visitor perhaps kept all the loot, and would come now and then to give a part of it to his partner for expenses.

Correct option is B) prettiest

Correct option is B) is ours

He did not want the king to know that the village had such fools as Mara.

Correct option is A) Did he go

Groover was perceived as an angry lady who would not allow children to wander in her garden. But the boy went to her garden at midnight because he was so desperate to get the tennis set.

Correct option is C) will get / stolen

Correct option is A) keep

Correct option is D) back

Correct option is A) get

Correct option is C) check

Correct option is B) succeed

Correct option is A) give in

Correct option is A) look

Correct option is D) go

Correct option is C) in at

Given:

Total distance = 60 km

Formula used:

Speed = Distance/Time

Time = Distance/Speed

Calculation:

(1/5)th of the distance = 12 km

12 km travels in 1 hour

Remaining distance = 60 - 12

⇒ 48 km

So, 48 km covers in 4 hours (i.e. 5 -1) hour

∴ Speed = 48/4 = 12 km/h

Calculation:

Let the speed of a motorcycle be a and speed of cyclist be b

There are 45 motorcycles reaches at 11 am

⇒ Last motorcycle reached B at 11 am

⇒ Last motorcycle left A at 10:15 am

Now the speed of cyclists is doubled.

⇒ Now it will reach point B at half time

⇒ Now the last cycle left A at 10:30 am 

From 10:01 to 10:15, the number of motorcycles that can be left for B is 15

∴ Maximum 15 motorcycles will reach at the time of cyclist.

The poet uses the word ‘delicate’ to describe the bangles as they are made of glass and hence can break easily.

1. It helps you gain personal control of your life
2. It helps to make the world a better place
3. If gives you the skills required for employment
4. It gives you increased earning power
5. Education allows you to turn your dreams into a reality
6. It gives you confidence and staying power
7. Education sharpens your financial intelligence
8. Education helps you channel your energy

R = \(\frac{\rho l}A\)

\(\rho = \frac{RA}l\) 

\(\rho=\frac{0.04\times1.4\times10^{-6}}2\) 

\(\rho = \) 0.028 x 10^-6 \(\Omega\)m