Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

(i) The appliances connected in series need currents of widely different values to operate properly.

(ii) In a series circuit, if one component fails, the circuit is broken and none of the components work.

(iii) But in a parallel circuit current divides through the electrical gadgets.

(iv) This is helpful particularly when each gadget had different resistance and requires different current to operate properly.

In hydrostatic lubrication which is used in slow speed turbines, the lubricating oil is pressurised externally whereas in hydrodynamic system it forms oil film by its speed which pushes the lubrication oil to form film.  

Dearator removes non-condensable gases (O₂), which gets added in the steam and it, mixes steam with the condensed water for feed water heating. This is a contact type feed water heater.

Capacity factor can be defined as net power produced by the plant divided by perfect net power that can be produced in the plant. 

Capacity factor = Net power produced / Perfect net power produced. 

The methods of removing moisture from turbine are.

a. External method by moisture separator and reheater, which separates the moisture and reheates the steam. 

b. Internally by stainless steel mesh, which reduces moisture (water particles) to 1%. 

c. By main steam reheat.  

Non-return valves are provided because when the turbine trips there will be an instant drop in pressure inside the turbine. But there will be steam in feed water heaters, which is at high pressure. These will rush in to the turbine and overspeed will be there in turbine. So non-return valves are provided in steam extraction lines to prevent overspeeding of turbine. 

During startup the steam traps will bypass turbine drains.

When steam enters the turbine it suffers a change in direction and momentum, which gives rise to the rotation of the turbine. There will be no drop in pressure in impulse steam turbine. 

Oil purification is achieved by centrifugal operation.

Pegging steam is used to maintain dearator pressure after turbine trip.

In case of loss of seal oil to generator seals vacuum breaker is used to bring TG to rest very quickly. 

Over heating of last stage LP blades is avoided by exhaust sprays by CEP. 

Morpholine is used for pH control.

Gland sealing speed is supplied from main steam line.  

Speed raising beyond governor takeover speed upto full speed is achieved by raising and lowering the speeder gear.  

Condenser tubes are made up of aluminium brass.

In the inductive circuit,
Rms value of current, I = 15.92 A
Rms value of voltage, V = 220 V
Hence, the net power absorbed can be obtained by the relation,

P=VI cosϕ

Where,
ϕ= Phase difference between V and I.

For a pure inductive circuit, the phase difference between alternating voltage and current is 90° i.e., ϕ= 90°.
Hence, P = 0 i.e., the net power is zero.
In the capacitive circuit,
rms value of current, I = 2.49 A
rms value of voltage, V = 110 V
Hence, the net power absorbed can be obtained as: 

P=VI cosϕ 

For a pure capacitive circuit, the phase difference between alternating voltage and current is 90° i.e., ϕ= 90°. 

Hence, P = 0 i.e., the net power is zero.

(a) In headlights of a car, type of mirror used is concave as the light of the lamp, under goes divergence from reflector surface and cover a large area in the front.
(b) Side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle is a convex mirror as it gives a diminished, Virtual and an erect image of the side or rear with wider field of view . A convex mirrors enable the driver to view much larger area than would be possible with a plane mirror
(c) Solar furnace is a concave mirror as Sun rays after reflection from its surface, get converged at focus with much intense heat.

Answer is (3)

Two monomers in maltose are α- D-glucose & α-D-glucose.

Answer is (3)

Maltose on hydrolysis gives 2 molecule of α–D–glucose.

Answer: c) a and b

Given :

d = \(\cfrac1{2620}\) per inch

d = \(\cfrac{1}{\cfrac{2620}{0.0284}}\)

d = \(\cfrac1{10314}\) per meter.

using n\(\lambda\) = d sin θ 

θ  = 90°

n\(\lambda\) = d

n = \(\cfrac d{\lambda}\)

n = \(\cfrac1{5000\times10^{-9}\times10314}\)

n = \(\cfrac{1000000}{51570}\)

n = 19.39

[Hint : (a) The combination of the two layers of opposite charges around the colloidal particles. E.g., AgI/I-K⁺.
(b) The potential difference between the xed layer and diffused layer of opposite charges is called zeta potential.]

The capacity of a women bear children.

XXY individuals can arise due to non-disjunction of XX chromozomes at meiosis during the formation of female gamatos. Non-seperation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is termed as non-disjunction. In human, non-disjunction of X-chromosome in female parent result in the egg with autosomes and two sex chromosomes (22 + XX). In such an egg is fertilized by an endosoperm (22 + X), the zygote will have (44 + XXY). It develops into klinefelter syndrome with 47 chromozomes.

Pathogen:-

Disease causing micro-organism such as bacteria, protozoans, worms etc. called pathogen.

Amniocentesis:-

Transapdominal aspiration of liquid from the amriotic sac of the foetus is called amniocentesis.

Amniocentesis is a parental dignostic technique to determine the genetic disorders, if any, and sex of the foetus.

The Tender open officials shall  prepare on the spot report for tendering in the case of Emergency.

1. Tenders which can be participated by companies from any country of the world, generally known as global tenders.
2. Open tendering is the main tendering procedures employed by both the government and private sector. open tendering allows anyone to submit  a tender to supply goods or services required and offers an equal oppurtunity to any organisation to submit tender.
3. proprietary tendering is only for patented material ,specification or process that can be obtained only from one manufacturer.

(i) Oxygen gas is evolved in this experiment. 

(ii) If the burning splinter is kept near the mouth of the test tube, it burns brightly.

Grass can reproduce asexually via spreading root systems, but they can also spread sexually via flowers. Those fluffy tops you see when you don't cut the lawn are grass flowers. They don't look much because they are wind pollinated and do not need to attract insects. Once those fluffy tops have been pollinated, they grow into seed heads. We usually don't see any of this because we keep our lawns mowed.

(1) Use Biofuel – Reduce Fossil Fuel. 

(2) Use alternative resources – Save the environment.

(A)Kidney, Nitrogenous waste substance. 

(B)Waste molecules, nutrient molecules and water

(1) Save paper – Save the planet. 

(2) Tree plantation is the best option against pollution.

(3) Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. 

(4) Prevent environmental health hazards.

Continued inbreeding results in inbreeding depression which decreases fertility and productivity of plants.

(i) If producers are more in number, then tertiary consumers are less in number. 

(ii) If secondary consumers disappear the primary consumers increase in number and the tertiary consumers found no food to live. It leads to death.

1. Sewage discharge, pollutes the water and makes it unfit for human use, decomposers in the aquatic ecosystem, decompose these pollutants and makes the water foul smelling. 

2. The organic substances present in sewage are decomposed by decomposers aerobically as a result the oxygen content of the water decreases. This leads to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). It kills large number of aquatic organisms. 

3. Agricultural runoff Or excess wash from agricultural fields, carry pesticides and fertilizers to water bodies like lakes. The nutrient enrichment of lakes promotes the enormous growth of algae. This is called algal bloom; it blocks the free flow of water and O₂ content and eventual death of aquatic organisms. 

4. Industrial effluents discharged into ponds or lakes contain toxic substances, like mercury, DDT, etc. It is neither excreted nor metabolized, gradually they tend to accumulate in organisms through food chain. This is called biomagnification. Biomagnifieation of DDT disturbs calcium metabolism in birds, which lay eggs with thin egg shell, it results in premature breaking and decline in bird population. 

5. Oil slicks formed as a result of leakage of oils from ships carrying huge quantities of crude oil via sea routes, spread to several kilometers. It does not allow oxygen to penetrate into water and causes mass death of aquatic organisms. 

6. The hot water discharged from thermal power stations or nuclear power stations into water bodies, increases the temperature; this results in evaporation of oxygen from the water surface leading to death of aquatic animals like fishes. 

7. Sewage water contains many undesirable pathogenic microorganisms, when this water is discharged into nearby water bodies without proper treatment may cause outbreak of serious diseases like Jaundice, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, etc. 

8. Industrial effluents released into surrounding land or into pits, percolate along with its chemicals into soil and contaminate ground water.

(1) There are two major phases found in photosynthesis. They are light reaction and dark reaction. 

(2) Light reaction : The light reaction takes place in chlorophyll containing thylakoids called grana of chloroplasts. 

(3) The chlorophyll on exposure to light energy becomes activated by absorbing photons. 

(4) The energy is used in splitting the water molecule into its two component ions. 

H₂O → H⁺ + OH^-

This is known as photolysis of water

(5) OH^– ions through a series of steps produce water and oxygen. 

(6) ATP and NADPH are formed at the end of the light reaction are called assimilatory powers. 

(7) Dark reaction : Dark reactions do not depend on light. These reactions occur in stroma of chloroplast. 

(8) H⁺ ions produced in photolysis are immediately picked up by special compound NADP to form NADPH. 

(9) In the dark phase, the hydrogen of the NADPH is used to combine it with CO₂ by utilising ATP energy and to ultimately produce glucose. 

(10) The synthesis of glucose occurs in number of steps using certain special intermediate compounds (mainly ribulose biphosphate) and enzymes. 

(11) Finally the glucose is converted to starch.

Process of double fertilization : 

(1) At the time of fertilization there will be a total of 7 cells arranged in three groups in a mature embryo sac. 

(2) They are one egg (female gamet) two synergids, one central cell (secondary or polar nucleus) and three antipodals. 

(3) While all the cells are in haploid (n) condition only the polar nucleus is diploid (2n). This is due to the fusion of two nuclei. 

(4) The synergids are also known as helper cells. 

(5) After pollination pollen grain received by the stigma, germinate and give rise to pollen tubes. The pollen tube has two male nuclei. 

(6) Usually the pollen tube enters the ovule through microphyle and discharges the two male gametes into the embryo sac. 

(7) One male nucleus (gamet) approaches the egg and fuses with it to form diploid (2n) zygote this is called first fertilization. 

(8) The other male nucleus reaches the secondary nucleus (2n) (polar nucleus) and fuses with it to form endosperm nucleus which will be triploid. This is second fertilization. Thus double fertilization occurs in embryosac.

Changes after double fertilization : 

(9) After double fertilization, the ovule increases in size rapidly as a result of formation of endosperm tissue by mitosis and the development of new embryo. 

(10) The embryo consists of cotyledons an epicotyl and a hypocotyl. The cotyledons become greatly enlarged because of stored food for the seedling. 

(11) The zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule. The ovule develops a tough coat and is converted into a seed. The ovary grows to form a fruit.

Applications of tissues are : 

1. Micropropagation: 

It is used for the propagation/production of a large number of plants in short durations. Micropropagation produces somaclones (plants genetically identical to the original/parent plant). 

2. Virus – free plants : 

Meristems of plants are grown by tissue culture to get virus – free plants. By this method, healthly plants can be recovered from diseased plants. 

3. Somatic hybridization: 

Somatic hybrids obtained from somatic hybridization (fusion of naked protoplasts isolated from two different varieties og plants) can be further grown to form new plants by tissue culture.

(1) Law of Dominance : Among a pair of closely related 'alleles' or factors, only one expresses itself. In the first generation as one of the allele is dominant over the other. This is called as Mendel's Law of dominance. 

(2) Law of Seggregation : The law of seggregation states that every individual possesses a pair of alleles for any particular trait that each parent possess a randomly selected copy only one of these to its off - spring. 

(3) Law of Independent assortment : In the inheritance of more than one pair of characters (traits), the factors for each pair of characters assort independently of the other pairs. This is known as 'Law of Independent assortment'. 

Mendel has chosen garden pea as material for his experiment because :

(i) It has well developed characters. 

(ii) It is a bisexual flower. 

(iii) Predominently self pollinating. 

(iv) Suitable for cross pollination. 

(v) It is an annual plant.