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Articles of Association: 

The Articles of Association is the second important document of a company. The Articles define the rights, duties and powers of the officers and the Board of directors. It contains the rules regarding internal management of the company. It shows the relationship between the company and its members.

Contents of Articles of Association:

1. The share capital of the company and its division. 

2. Rights of each class of shareholders. 

3. Details of contracts made with different parties. 

4. Procedure for making allotment of shares. 

5. Procedure for issuing share certificate. 

6. Procedure for transfer and transmission of shares. 

7. Procedure for forfeiture and reissue of shares. 

8. Procedure for conducting meetings, voting, proxy and poll 

9. Procedure for appointing, removal and remuneration of directors. 

10. Procedure for declaration of and payment of dividend. 

11. Keeping books of account and audit of the company. 

12. Procedure regarding alteration of share capital.

13. Procedure regarding winding up of the company.

Table A: 

A public limited company may adopt Table A which is a model set of articles given in the Companies Act. Table A is a document containing rules and regulations for the internal management of a company. If a company adopts Table A, there is no need to prepare separate Articles of Association.

Memorandum of Association is the magnacarta of the company.

1. National emergency 

2. Presidential rule on states 

3. Financial emergency

Correct option is B) get up to

Correct option is B) might

Correct option is  B) seriously

Articles of Association

Certificate of incorporation

1. Must be a citizen of India. 

2. Must have attained the age, of 30 years. 

3. Must not hold any, office of profit. 

4. Must not be md, lunatic and criminal 

Correct option is  B) Possibly

Correct option is B) to get

3. Articles of Association

Correct option is C) will you go

The collected information of both I and II statements is necessary

Given:

I: Katir read the last 50 pages of the book on Sunday morning.

II. The book contains 450 pages, of which two-thirds of the pages were read before Saturday.

Concept Used:

Simplification

Calculation:

From statement II:

The book contains 450 pages and two-thirds of the pages were read before Saturday.

Page read before Saturday (2/3) × 450

⇒ 300

Remaining pages (450 - 300) = 150

From statement I:

Read last 50 pages on Sunday morning.

Pages read in Saturday is (150 - 50) = 100

∴ From the above, it is clear that we need two statements together to get the desired result.

Correct option is B) go over

Correct option is C) stops listening

Correct option is A) breaks down

Given:

Two horses P and Q are running from a certain point at the speed of 15 km/hr and 17 km/hr respectively.

Formula:

If the speed of the two trains is x km/hr and y km/hr respectively if x > y.

Relative speed, if opposite directions = (x + y) km / hr

Speed = Distance / Time

Calculation:

Relative speed of both horses = 17 + 15 = 32 km/hr

Correct option is B) to use

Calculations:

Let the speed of the stream be x km/h

∴ Rate upstream = 15/2 – x

And rate downstream = 15/2 + x

Let's also assume the time taken downstream and upstream is 1 hr and 2 hrs respectively. 

Distance = Speed × Time

∴ (15/2 + x) × 1 = (15/2 – x) × 2

⇒ 15/2 + x = 15 - 2x

⇒ 15 + 2x = 30 - 4x

⇒ 6x = 15

⇒ x = 2.5 km/h

The speed of stream is 2.5 km/h.

Correct option is C) account for

Rs. 3200 for 20 students for 30 days so per student per day expenditure is 3200/(20×30) = 5.333 Rs.

So one day's expense for 30 students= 5.333×30= 160 Rs.

So number of days to use 2400 Rs. = 2400/160=15 days

His sense of gratitude to his mother.

Correct option is C) acquainting / with

Correct option is B) let

The girl examined the pitcher that night, after the Wrong Man gave her the Painted Pitcher. She saw new possibilities open up for her. The next morning when she went to the torrent to fill her picture her feet were not so hurried.

Correct option is A) catch up with

Shopping has become more than a need because it has now become the chief form of entertainment. It has become an obsessive compulsion on which shoppers have little control. It has become an end in itself.

Correct option is D) dictates

Correct option is D) cheating / stay / to do

Correct option is B) to be filled

Correct option is D) by

Correct option is B) am going / will post

Correct option is C) of / on

Correct option is C) in

Correct option is B) While

The correct answer is Kumaragupta.

• The Gupta Kings were well known for their adoption of pompous titles.
• The Gupta empire was founded by the king Sri Gupta.
• The first two kings of this dynasty- Srigupta and Gatotkacha were satisfied with the title of Maharaja.

• List of the Titles of Gupta Kings:

  KING	TITLES
  Chandragupta I	Maharaja Dhiraj
  Samundragupta	Kaviraja, Ashmedha, Dharma Prachar Bandu, Param Bhagavat
  Chandragupta II	Vikramaditya, Sakari Devagupta/Devashri/Devraja, Param Bhagavata
  Kumar Gupta	Mahendraditya
  Skandgupta	Vikramaditya, Kramaditya, Devraja

• Chandra Gupta (I) was the first king of the Gupta empire.
• Gupta Empire’s period is called the golden age of India.
• Samudragupta (330-380 AD) was the successor of Chandragupta (I).
  • Samudragupta got the name of Indian Napoleon due to his military achievements.
• Chandragupta (II) (380-415 AD) was the son of Samudragupta.
• The Huns attacked the Gupta Empire at the time of Skandagupta, the successor of Kumargupta and the last illustrious king of the Gupta empire, but were defeated.

(i) Notes:
1. Women’s rights fight
1.1. not new for India
1.2. gained momentum globally.
1.3. secured international recognition
1.4. present in the Indian political system

2. Steps were taken to protect and remove inequalities
2.1. Included mother’s name with that of father
2.2. made several changes in personal laws.

3. Measures to help and support
3.1. formed Rashtriya Mahila Kosh
3.2. started Mahila Samakhya programme
3.3. Formed self-help groups

4. Results:
4.1. financial independence
4.2. freedom from the clutches of money lenders

5. Support by women in literacy programme
5.1. build atmosphere
5.2. teach illiterates
5.3. appreciated by government
5.4. get Akshar Mitra awards

6. Role of media in the campaign
6.1. shape and remould the attitudes of the populace
6.2. highlight the success stories of women.

(ii) Summary
Women’s right is to give voice to them. It is not new to India but it has secured recognition internationally now. Several steps have been taken for their rights such as including the mother’s name with the child and making several changes in the personal laws. Various groups of women are formed for their financial help. They have made them independent. Women have helped in the literacy programme in Rajasthan. Media can also help a lot in the fight of women’s right.
Title – Women’s Rights – Human Fights

Correct option is A) for

Correct option is A) out of

Women’s Role In Society

Respected Principal, teachers and my schoolmates, I’m going to express my views on women’s role in society. Napoleon had once said, “Give me good mothers and I’ll give you a good nation.’ Not only as mothers but in all other roles too, women are great benefactors of society.
Earlier, their prime role in society was of a home-maker but nowadays, they are bearing dual responsibilities. Besides being home-makers, they are bread earners too. Their qualities of love, kindness, sympathy etc., make the society a better place to live in. Let me conclude with the words that women make society worth living.

आदरणीय प्रधानाचार्य महोदय, शिक्षकगण व मेरे विद्यालय के साथियों, मैं समाज में महिलाओं की भूमिका पर अपने विचार व्यक्त करने जा रहा हूँ। नेपोलियन ने एक बार कहा था, ”मुझे अच्छी माताएँ दीजिए और मैं आपको एक अच्छा राष्ट्र दूंगा।” न केवल माँ के रूप में बल्कि अन्य सभी भूमिकाओं में भी महिलाएं समाज का महान उपकार करती हैं।
पहले समाज में इनकी भूमिका मुख्य रूप से एक गृहिणी की थी परन्तु आजकल वे दोहरे उत्तरदायित्वों का निर्वहन कर रही हैं। ग्रहिणी होने के अलावा वे धनार्जन भी कर रही हैं। प्रेम, दयालुता, सहानुभूति इत्यादि के उनके गुण समाज को रहने के लिए एक अधिक अच्छा स्थान बनाते हैं। मैं इन शब्दों के साथ अपनी बात समाप्त करता हूँ कि महिलाएँ समाज को रहने योग्य स्थान बनाती हैं।

The correct answer is a - I, b - II, c - III, d - IV.

• In the early Vedic age, the fundamental unit of power lied within the realm of the patriarchal family which was called Kula.
• In the Vedic age, the concept of state emerged and the idea of Kingship evolved gradually from clan chieftainship.
• There are five types of State System during the Vedic period:
  1. Rajya (Central kingdom): Ruled by the Raja.
  2. Bhojya (Southern kingdom): Ruled by the Bhoja.
  3. Swarajya (Western kingdom): Ruled by the Svarat.
  4. Vairajya (Northern kingdom): Ruled by the Virat.
  5. Samrajya (Eastern kingdom):  Ruled by the Samrat.

Ratnis and Officials of Vedic Period:

The correct answer is Alauddin Khilji.

• ​​Alauddin Khilji:
  • ​After murdering his father-in-law Jalaluddin Khalji treacherously Alauddin Khalji seated upon the throne of Delhi.
  • He controlled the nobles, intelligence system, liquor selling effectively in order to make hi reign free from rebellions.
  • He destroyed the dominance of Ulemas in the State.
  • He was a mighty warrior and a successful general.
  • Reforms of Alauddin Khalji includes dagh (branding of hoses) and huliya (detailed list of soldiers), market reforms, paying salary in cash to soldiers
  • Four separate markets in Delhi included each for grain cloth, sugar, dried fruits, butter and oil, horses, slaves and cattle and last for miscellaneous commodities.
  • Each market was under the control of an officer called Shahna-i- Mandi.
  • The supply of food grain was ensured by holding stocks in government store-houses. Fix price system of all commodities were adopted. A separate department called Diwani Riyasat was created under an officer called Naib-i-Riyasat. Every merchant had to register under the Market department.
  • Secret agents called munhiyans were installed to sent reports to the Sultan regarding the functioning of these markets.
  • Measurement of land was done first time during his reign.
  • Military Campaigns includes against Mongols, Rajput kings of Ranthambore and Chittor, even he extended his reign up to far south in Deccan.
  • He patronized poets like Amir Khusrau and Amir Hasan.
  • He also built a famous gateway known as Alai Darwaza and constructed a new capital at Siri. 

• Muhamad Tughlaq:
  • An attractive character in the history of medieval India due to his ambitious schemes and novel experiments.
  • Tughlaq introduced the token currency system.
  • Takkavi loans were given to farmers to extend agriculture.
  • A department for agriculture, Diwan- i- Kohi was established.
• Qutubuddin Aibak:
  • He was the slave of Muhammad Ghori, who made him the Governor of his Indian possessions.
  • After the death of Ghori, he formed slave dynasty by declaring himself independent from Ghori dynasty and made Lahore his capital.
  • Great scholar Hasan Nizami was patronised by him.
• Altamash (Iltutmish):
  • The most magnificent building of the 13th century, the Qutub Minar was founded by Aibek and completed by Iltutmish.
  • Iltutmish came from the Ilbari tribe and hence his dynasty was named as Ilbari dynasty.

Correct option is C) out of

The correct answer is Samudragupta.

• Samudragupta: 
  • The most important source for the reign of Samudragupta is the Allahabad Pillar inscription.
  • Asvamedha sacrifice was performed by Samudra Gupta.
  • His gold coins and inscriptions suggest that he was an accomplished poet, and also played music.
  • Samudragupta’s rule extended over the greater part of modern U.P., a portion of central India and the southwestern part of Bengal and some tributary states were also administered by him in the south.
  • Samudragupta was a patron of many poets and scholars, one of whom was Harisena.
  • Vincent Smith praises him as the 'Indian Napoleon'. 
    • This comparison was done by European historians because he was actually influenced by Napoleon's rise to power from a soldier. 

• Harisena:
  • Allahabad Pillar inscription also consists of 33 lines composed by Harisena. 
  • Samudragupta was a patron of many poets and scholars, one of whom was Harisena.
• ​Kanishka:
  • Kanishka was the most important ruler of the Kushana dynasty.
  • He was the founder of the Saka era which starts in 78 A.D. 
  • He was not only a great conqueror but also a patron of religion and art.
  • The empire of Kanishka was very vast extending from Gandhara in the west to Benares in the east, and from Kashmir in the north to Malwa in the south. His capital was Purushapura or modern-day Peshawar.
  • He adopted tolerant aptitude towards not only Buddhism but also against Hindu and other religions. 
• Chandragupta Maurya: 
  • Kautilya’s Arthasastra, who was contemporary of Chandragupta provides detailed text about his rule.
  • Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Mauryan Empire.
  • He, at the young age of 25, captured Pataliputra from the last ruler of the Nanda dynasty, Dhanananda. In this task, he was assisted by Kautilya.
  • The northwestern frontier was demarcated by Chandragupta Maurya.
  • He had embraced Jainism and is said to have starved himself to death according to the Jain tradition at Shravanabelagola.

Child Labour

Dear friends: Today I am going to speak on a very relevant topic ‘Child Labour’. According to the statistics given by the Indian government, there are 20 million child labourers in the country.
The government of India has tried to take some steps to lessen the problem of child labour in recent years by invoking a law that makes the employment of children below 14 illegal, except in family-owned enterprises.
However, this law is rarely adhered to due to practical difficulties. In villages, there is no law implementing mechanism and any corrective action for commercial enterprises violating these laws is almost absent. In the end, I request all of you to discourage child labour. Thanks.

प्रिय मित्रो: आज मैं एक बहुत ही प्रासंगिक विषय ‘बाल-श्रम’ पर बोलने जा रहा हूँ। भारत सरकार द्वारा दिये गये आँकड़ों के अनुसार, देश में दो करोड़ बाल श्रमिक हैं। भारत सरकार ने बाल-श्रम की समस्या में कमी लाने हेतु हाल के वर्षों में कुछ कदम उठाने का प्रयास किया है। भारत सरकार ने एक कानून बनाया जो 14 वर्ष से कम आयु वाले बच्चों के नियोजन को, परिवार के स्वामित्व वाले उद्यमों में छोड़कर, अवैध बनाता है।
यद्यपि यह कानून कुछ व्यावहारिक कठिनाइयों के कारण मुश्किल से ही लागू होता है। गाँवों में कानून को लागू करने वाला कोई तन्त्र नहीं है और इन कानूनों का उल्लंघन करने वाले व्यापारिक संस्थानों के विरुद्ध किसी सुधारात्मक (दण्डात्मक) कार्यवाही का पूर्णतया अभाव है। अन्त में मैं आप सबसे निवेदन करता हूँ कि बालश्रम को हतोत्साहित करें। धन्यवाद।

Correct option is A) before

Correct option is B) After

Answer:  c) Enjoyment

Control + N command is used to creating a New Workbook.