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(c) Radio carbon dating

(b) Chandragupta Maurya

(c)   Mauryan.

The concluding portions of the Brahmanas are called the Tantras.

The Mahajanapada that acquired prominence to become an empire was that of Magadha. 

According to the Mimansa School of Philosophy, liberation is possible through Karma.

During the period of Hiuen Tsang's visit, the city most famous for the production of cotton cloth was Mathura.

(c) Agriculture

(c) Senguttuvan

Horse was common to both the Harappan society and the Rigvedic society.

(c) Hymns and rituals

(c) Brahmanas

Kapila founder of the Sankhya School of philosophy.

The largest urban centre in ancient India had been Kannauj.

(c) Worship of Murugan

Rigveda the famous Gayatri mantra.

(d) Atharvaveda

(b) St Thomas

(c) Kusumapura

The founder of the Achaemenian Empire was Cyrus.

(d) All the above

The Vedic Aryans first settled in the region of Saptasindhu. 

(c) Bindusara

Bana was the court poet of Harsha-Vardhan.

(d) Silapadikaram or Manimekalai

(d) Chandragupta Maurya

(d) Both (b) and (c) above

(c) Roman World

Pallava was not one of the ruling dynasties of South India in the Sangam Age.

(c) (i), (ii) and (iii)

(c) Sungas, Kanvas, Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Parthians and Guptas

(c) Hiuen Tsang

(b) Harshvardhana

(b) Brahmanism

Gautam Buddha as a prince was known as Siddhartha.

Architectural developments In India manifested themselves In their full glory during the period of the Guptas.

(c) both (a) and (b) above

(d) Pertaining to several different earlier births of the Buddha

Outside India, Buddhism was first accepted in Sri Lanka.

(b) Buddha's previous lives

Months after Independence as being Gandhiji's "finest hours 

(i) He plead for cooperation and communal harmony. 

(ii) He urged that the two parts respect and befriend one another 

(iii) He tried to build a spirit of mutual trust and confidence between the communities. 

(iv) He was worried for the displaced people in India and Pakistan. 

(v) Any other relevant point

(d) Santhal Rebellion in Bihar (1855-56)

Role of Dr BR Ambedkar in the Constituent Assembly of India. 

(i) He served as Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution. 

(ii) He plead for the abolition of untouchability 

(iii) He wanted “a strong and united Centre’ 

(iv) He asked for equal rights. 

(v) He was in favour of Parliamentary Democracy 

(vi) Any other relevant point

OR 

Policies adopted by the British towards Paharias during 18th century. 

(i) British adopted policy of extermination. 

(ii) British proposed policy of pacification with Paharia chiefs to ensure proper conduct.

(iii) Paharia went into mountains and deep forests and continued their war against outsiders 

(iv) Many Paharia chiefs who accepted allowances came to be perceived as subordinate employees or stipendiary chiefs so they lost their authority within the community. 

(v) Any other relevant point

Rumours and Prophecies in the Revolt of 1857. 

(i) There was a rumour that the new cartridges were greased with the fat of cows and pigs which would pollute their castes and religion. 

(ii) The rumours about the British trying to destroy the religion of Indians by mixing the bone dust of cows and pigs into the flour 

(iii) There was fear and suspicion that the British wanted to convert Indians to Christianity. 

(iv) There were rumours that British had mixed the bone dust of cows and pigs into the flour that was sold in the market. 

(v) Prophecy: The response to the call for action was reinforced by the prophecy that British rule would come to an end on the centenary of the Battle of Plassey, on 23 June, 1857. 

(vi) Any other relevant point

(a) Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh

Critically analyse the Fifth Report of 1813.

(i) It was the fifth series of report on the administration and activities of the East India Company in India. 

(ii) . It ran into1002 pages of which over 800 pages were appendices that reproduced petitions of zamindars and riots, reports of collectors and districts. 

(iii) It contained information on company’s misrule and maladministration. 

(iv) Many British traders wanted a share in Company’s trade in India and emphasised for openness for British manufactures in India 

(v) Any other relevant point

OR 

Policies adopted by the British towards Paharias during 18th century. 

(i) British adopted policy of extermination. 

(ii) British proposed policy of pacification with Paharia chiefs to ensure proper conduct.

• City development everywhere has been at the expense of ecology and environment. To accommodate factories, housing and other institutions, natural features are either transformed or flattened out.
• Large quantities of refuse and waste products pollute air and water and excessive noise becomes a feature of urban life. In the late 19th century, use of coal in homes and industries raised serious problems. 
• For example, in Calcutta, inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in winter. Since Calcutta was built on marshy land, the fog and smoke combined to generate a thick black smog. 
• High levels of pollution were a result of the huge population using dung and wood as fuel in their daily life. Main polluters were the industries that used steam engines run on coal. The introduction of the railway in 1855 brought a new dangerous pollutant – coal from Raniganj. It had a high content of ash. 
• Calcutta became the first Indian city in 1863 to get smoke nuisance legislation. In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygunge began to burn rice husk instead of coal, and people complained of “black soot falling like drizzling rain” causing bad tempers, dirty clothes and smokerelated illnesses. The inspectors of Bengal Smoke Nuisance Committee finally managed to control industrial smoke, but found controlling domestic smoke more difficult.

Trade reform programs have two main objectives. The first is to help raise economic growth and employment generation by improving resource allocation and economywide efficiency. The paper finds that trade policy reform when implemented well, has contributed to improved economic performance in developing countries.

People are considered as resources because they have skills, mind and knowledge to do various things. They invent different things and through this there is a progress and we become technologically advanced. This helps us to utilize other resources effectively instead of wasting them.

The police play various roles as follows:

• To investigate any complaint they receive regarding crime.
• To record statements of witnesses.
• To collect different kinds of evidence.
• To form an opinion after the investigation.
• To file a chargesheet in the court if the evidence collected points to the guilt of the accused person.