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Bill Bryson expresses his genuine desire to be “suave”. He would love just once in his life time to rise from the dinner table as if he had not experienced an “extremely localized seismic event, get into a car without leaving 14 inch coat outride, wear light-coloured trousers without ever discovering at the end of the day that he had at various times and places sat on chewing gum, icecream cough syrup and motor oil. No, Bill Bryson was not successful in his mission.

Twice he spilled his drinks on a sweet nun who happened to sit next to him. He tried to show off his wisdom to another attractive lady. As usual, he was sucking his pep. His shirt, teeth and gum carried the unscrubbable navy blue stain for many days. He always did “liquid mischief’. His clumsy behaviour in the aeroplane made the saintly nun use abusive language. To avoid unsuave ways, he gave up air-travel with his family members. His wife and children supported him yet failed to refine his manners.

There are two basic types of central reservation system, 

a) Affiliate network and 

b) Non affiliate network

A) An affiliate network is a hotel chains network where all individual units are linked through the central network. Chain hotels link their operations to stream line the processing of reservations and reduce overall system costs; and at the same time, it also allows the non-chain properties to join the system as overflow facilities. Overflow facilities receive reservation requests only after all room availabilities in chain properties within a geographic area are been exhausted

B) A non-affiliated reservation system connects non chain properties and enables independent hotel operators to get the benefit of reservation which the units of chain get and this system also take care of the advertising of the properties.

Two CRS networks available in India. 

1. Amadeus – Hires 

2. Galileo –Room Master

Correct answer is b. Sir Isaac Newton 

After Mary Korn’s first silver medal in Pennsylvania in 2001, there was no looking back. Her medal haul continued even after her marriage putting an end to the speculation of family and friends that her marriage may slow down her career progression. She retained the world title in the third World Women’s Boxing Championship at Podolsk in Russia in 2005. She won her fourth gold also in 2006. She had won several golds for India from 2001 to 2004. She had won all the Senior Women’s Boxing Championships, Second Women’s Championship (2002), Second Asian Women’s Boxing Championship at Hisar (2003) and the Witch Cup Boxing Championship at Paes, Hungary.

There were a number of other International World Championships in Taiwan, Vietnam, Denmark and so on. But it was retaining her World title in 2006 by defeating Steluta Duta of Romania which was considered as Mary Korn’s greatest achievement in life. With this hat-trick of World Championship wins, the media has rightly christened her, “Queen of Boxing”.

Correct answer is d. Negative attitude

Correct answer is b. Uniform Resource Locator 

Correct answer is a. Computer Hardware 

Good self-motivation tips and techniques are:

• to find and list your motives (needs and desires); 
• find different sources of motivation and inspiration (music, books, activities); 
• think expansive thoughts; 
• live fully in the present moment; 
• dear to have big dreams; 
• dream often – every day; 
• remember that nothing is impossible.

(i) control unit (CU), 

(ii) arithmetic and logic unit (ALU),and 

(iii) memory unit (MU).

 Correct answer is b. ii and iii

The various benefits include the following: 

• Do what you are interested in: Entrepreneurship allows you to start and do something you like using your hobbies and skills. 

• Work for yourself, and not for others: As an entrepreneur, you can work for yourself and not for someone else. You can decide the kind of work you like to do and how you want to do it. 

• Make profits for yourself: As an entrepreneur, you can decide how much money you want to earn and how you want to earn it. 

• More risk, more profit: Even though there are risks in entrepreneurship, it allows you to decide how much risk you want to take. Usually, the larger the risk, the bigger could be the profit

1.Wet hands with water 

2.Apply enough soap to cover all hand surfaces 

3. Rub hands palm to palm 

4. Rinse hands thoroughly with water 

5. Use towel to dry

Correct answer is (a) uses less resources 

DIAL is used to measure chemical concentrations in the atmosphere.

Correct answer is (d) Writing

Correct answer is (c) Both of the above 

Correct answer is (a) smart 

Topology is geometric relation of point, line & area which is used for establishing spatial relationships.

Correct answer is (b) Microphone 

UTM is the most used international plane coordinate system developed by the US army.

Self-management skills definition refers to our abilities to control our feelings, emotions, and activities. They play a decisive role in our personal and business life

Self-Management skills are those characteristics that help an employee to feel more productive in the workplace. Such skills are problem solving, communicating clearly and strengthening memory.

Mobile GIS are inaccuracies of the satellite’s reported location.

Economic data GIS is a system that is integrated through an entire organization.

Life cycle of Bombyx mori: The adult of Bombyx mori is about 2.5 cm in length and pale creamy white in colour. Due to heavy body and feeble wings, flight is not possible by the female moth.

This moth is unisexual in nature and does not feed during its very short life period of 2 – 3 days. Just after emergence, male moth copulates with female for about 2 – 3 hours and if not separated, they may die after few hours of copulating with female.

Just after copulation, female starts egg laying which is completed in 1-24 hours. A single female moth lays 400 to 500 eggs depending upon the climatic conditions.

Two types of eggs are generally found namely diapause type and non-diapause type. The diapause type is laid by silkworms inhabiting the temperate regions, whereas silkworms belonging to subtropical regions like India lay non – diapause type of eggs..

The eggs after ten days of incubation hatch into larva called as caterpillar. The newly hatched caterpillar is about 3 mm in length and is pale, yellowish-white in colour. The caterpillars are provided with well developed mandibulate type of mouth-parts adapted to feed easily on the mulberry leaves.

After 1^st , 2^nd , 3^rd and 4 moultings caterpillars get transformed into 2^nd , 3^rd , 4^th and 5^th instars respectively. It takes about 21 to 25 days after hatching. The fully grown caterpillar is 7.5 cm in length. It develops salivary glands, stops feeding and undergoes pupation.

The caterpillars stop feeding and move towards the comer among the leaves and secretes a sticky fluid through their silk gland. The secreted fluid comes out through spinneret (a narrow pore situated on the hypopharynx) and takes the form of long fine thread of silk which hardens on exposure to air and is wrapped around the body of caterpillar in the forms of a covering called as cocoon.

It is the white coloured bed of the pupa whose outer threads are irregular while the inner threads are regular. The length of continuous thread secreted by a caterpillar for the formation of cocoon is about 1000 – 1200 metres which requires 3 days to complete. The pupal period lasts for 10 to 12 days and the pupae cut through the cocoon and emerge into adult moth.

► Safe Practice - To adhere to safety norms, following things must be followed diligently : 

1. We must have a comprehensive and thorough knowledge of the tools and equipment that we need. 

2. During actual work, the tools and equipment should be handled carefully and safely 

3. As far as possible, avoid wearing loose clothes while at work. Clothing like scarf, veil may get trapped in a machine leading to fatal accident. 

4. While undertaking work like drilling, cutting, welding, threading, keep your face, especially eyes, away at a safe distance from the job. This helps to protect the face and eyes from the granular dusty metal hot particles while at work. 

5. Keep the workplace clean and tidy. Keep unnecessary things away, at an appropriate place. 

6. Switch off the main switch once the task is accomplished. Keep all the tools and equipment properly at an appropriate place.

► Safety Gear - Using the right safety gear is essential while at work. 

1. Intense heat and radiations generated during welding may harm your eyes. So, always use a goggle or welding glass. 

2. Use hand gloves while drilling. 

3. While dealing with any electrical appliance, it is advisable to wear rubber sole boots/slippers. 

4. Power tools should be properly insulated (electrically insulated)

Transistor 

1. Transistor plays a vital role as a semi-conductor in many electronic gadgets. It is used as an amplifier switch in many equipment. 

2. Due to its small size, it is used in place of electron tubes in modern electric gadgets. 

For example: the vacuum tubes from the old radios have been replaced by transistors, hence making them smaller in size.

Capacitor 

1. Capacitor stores and regulates the fluctuation in current and transfers it to the electric circuit. 

2. Capacitor is used to temporarily store electric energy. There are two electric conductors in a capacitor. These are separated by an insulator. Glass, vacuum air, paper or plastics may be used as an insulator in the capacitor. 

3. In an electric connection or circuit, capacitor is used to block direct current in order to allow flow of alternating current.

Urinary tract infection: Female’s urethra is very short and its external opening is close to the anal opening, hence improper toilet habits can easily carry faecal bacteria into the urethra. The urethral mucosa is continuous with the urinary tract and the inflammation of the urethra (urethritis) can ascend the tract to cause bladder inflammation (cystitis) or even renal inflammation (pyelitis or pyelonephritis).

Symptoms include dysuria (painful urination), urinary urgency, fever and sometimes cloudy or blood tinged urine. When the kidneys are inflammed, back pain and severe headache often occur. Most urinary tract infections can be treated by antibiotics.

Renal Failure (Kidney Failure): Failure of the kidneys to excrete wastes may lead to accumulation of urea with marked reduction in the urine output. Renal failure are of two types, Acute and chronic renal failure.

In acute renal failure the kidney stops its function abruptly, but there are chances for recovery of kidney functions. In chronic renal failure there is a progressive loss of function of the nephrons which gradually decreases the function of kidneys.

Uremia: Uremia is characterized by increase in urea and other non – protein nitrogenous substances like uric acid and creatinine in blood. Normal urea level in human blood is about 17 – 30mg/100mL of blood. The urea concentration rises as 10 times of normal levels during chronic renal failure.

Renal calculi: Renal calculi, also called renal stone or kidney stone or nephrolithiasis, is the formation of hard stone like masses in the renal tubules of renal pelvis.

It is mainly due to the accumulation of soluble crystals of salts of sodium oxalates and certain phosphates. This result in severe pain called “renal colic pain” and can cause scars in the kidneys. Renal stones can be removed by techniques like pyleothotomy or lithotripsy.

Glomerulonephritis: It is also called Bright’s disease and is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli of both kidneys and is usually due to post-streptococcal infection that occurs in children. Symptoms are haematuria, proteinuria, salt and water retention, oligouria, hypertension and pulmonary oedema.

Safe Practice - To adhere to safety norms, following things must be followed diligently :

1. We must have a comprehensive and thorough knowledge of the tools and equipment that we need. 

2. During actual work, the tools and equipment should be handled carefully and safely 

3. As far as possible, avoid wearing loose clothes while at work. Clothing like scarf, veil may get trapped in a machine leading to fatal accident. 

4. While undertaking work like drilling, cutting, welding, threading, keep your face, especially eyes, away at a safe distance from the job. This helps to protect the face and eyes from the granular dusty metal hot particles while at work. 

5. Keep the workplace clean and tidy. Keep unnecessary things away, at an appropriate place. 

6. Switch off the main switch once the task is accomplished. Keep all the tools and equipment properly at an appropriate place.

Safety Gear - Using the right safety gear is essential while at work. 

1. Intense heat and radiations generated during welding may harm your eyes. So, always use a goggle or welding glass. 

2. Use hand gloves while drilling. 

3. While dealing with any electrical appliance, it is advisable to wear rubber sole boots/slippers. 

4. Power tools should be properly insulated (electrically insulated)

Reproductive system: The male frog has a pair of testes which are attached to the kidney and the dorsal body wall by folds of peritonium called mesorchium. Vasa efferentia arise from each testis. They enter the kidneys on both side and open into the bladder canal. Finally, it communicates with the urinogenital duct that comes out of kidneys and opens into the cloaca.

Female reproductive system consists of paired ovaries, attached to the kidneys, and dorsal body wall by folds of peritoneum called mesovarium. There is a pair of coiled oviducts lying on the sides of the kidney. Each oviduct opens into the body-cavity at the anterior end by a funnel like opening called ostia.

Unlike the male frog, the female frog has separate genital ducts distinct from ureters. Posteriorly the oviducts dilated to form ovisacs before they open into cloaca. Ovisacs store the eggs temporarily before they are sent out through the cloaca. Fertilization is external.

Within few days of fertilization, the eggs hatch into tadpoles. A newly hatched tadpole lives off the yolk stored in its body. It gradually grows larger and develops three pairs of gills.

The tadpole grows and metamorphosis into an air – breathing carnivorous adult frog. Legs grow from the body, and the tail and gills disappear. The mouth broadens, developing teeth and jaws, and the lungs become functional.

Working of a solar water heater: 

The solar heater system is generally installed on the roof tops, terraces or in huge grounds. The solar panels face the direction of sunlight and the system is constantly provided with a flow of water. Water gets heated with the help of sunlight. Since the storage tank is made of a material which can trap heat, the water in the tank stays hot throughout the night and can be ready for use in the morning.

In a typical solar water heater, water is heated by solar thermal energy absorbed by the collectors. The hot water with lower density moves upwards and cold water with higher density moves down from the tank due to gravity head.

Advantages of solar energy:

• It is pollution free. Solar energy is the most important form of non-conventional energy today. 

• It is Easy to handle and has less maintenance. 

• It is freely available in the environment. 

• It is important for long-term benefit. 

• Its instruments are easy and simple to handle.

During embryonic development, the tissues and organs of animals originate from two or three embryonic germ layers. On the basis of the origin and development, 

animals are classified into two categories: Diploblastic and Triploblastic.

Animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers, the external ectoderm, and internal endoderm are called diploblastic animals. In these animals the ectoderm gives rise to the epidermis (the outer layer of the body wall) and endoderm gives rise to gastrodermis (tissue lining the gut cavity). An undifferentiated layer present between the ectoderm and endoderm is the mesoglea. (Corals, Jellyfish, Sea anemone)

.Animals in which the developing embryo has three germinal layers are called triploblastic animals and consists of outer ectoderm (skin, hair, neuron, nail, teeth, etc), inner endoderm (gut, lung, liver) and middle mesoderm (muscle, bone, heart). Most of the triploblastic animals show organ system level of organisation (Flat worms to Chordates).

1. It increases the rate of conception 

2. It avoids genital diseases 

3. Semen can be collected from injured bulls which have desirable traits

4. Superior animals located apart can be bred successfully

The different components of nursery are as follows – (Students can write any four components of the following)

1. Land- The area available must be considered before planning the nursery and the products. Soil sample testing should be done to avoid problematic and unmanageable soils. 

2. Irrigation Facilities- Required land with sufficient and assured supply of irrigation is the most important basic resource. Quality of irrigation water should be at prescribed level. 

3. Labor- Skilled as well as unskilled man power is necessary for grafting, budding, weeding, irrigation, spraying, dusting, training, pruning 

4. Electricity- The availability of power or electricity is also very important and is in accordance with the man power available. Regular supply of electricity is very essential. Electricity is required for water pumps, spraying, dusting and many other operations. 

5. Road and Transport - These facilities are also required for timely importing of stock and other material for the nursery. 

6. Mother Plants - Mother plants should be authentic and selected from Government nurseries or from Agricultural Universities. Mother plants should be selected very carefully as the sale of the nursery stock depends on the mother plants used for the propagation. 

7. Propagation Structures- Propagation structures are very essential for production of grafts or seedlings. They are useful for multiplication of grafts and seedlings. Hardening of plants is done with the help of propagation structures. 

8. Hedges and Compound - Thorny plants like Chilar (thorny creeper), golden Durante (thorny shrub), and agave are used as hedges in nurseries. Hedges protect the nursery plants from wild and stray animals, theft, etc.

9. Space for Hardening of Nursery Plants - Small shade net houses are required for hardening of nursery plants. Young, pampered seedlings that were grown either indoors or in a greenhouse will need a period to adjust and acclimatize to outdoor conditions, prior to planting. This transition period is called "hardening off 

10. Store and Office - Garden tools, implements, raw materials, insecticides, fungicides, manures, fertilizers, boards, polythene bags etc. are stored in store house. An ideal nursery has at least one well managed office for keeping all registers, notebooks, information books and for instructing the team.

11. Marketing - Marketing of plants and planting materials is the most crucial and important part of the nursery business. The production of high quality true to the type and attractive planting materials is absolutely necessary.

Following are the important components of nursery – 

Seed bed/ Nursery bed, Mother plant, pot yard, office, store, water & electricity supply unit, tools & raw material, shed for packing saplings, warehouse, greenhouse etc.

B. RGB

RGB is the other name of Multispectral image.

Panchromatic images are black and white, Multispectral are colored. Single and RGB histograms.

Typhoid is Communicable type of diseases.

1. Use of relative position of stars and constellations. 

2. Use of compass and sextant.

Point is considered as the polygon with no area information.

Correct option: d. All of the above

Chloroplast (i), is a membrane bound structure containing of 3 membranes. The third layer forms stacked sac like structures called Grana (ii). It is the site for trapping solar energy.

Buffer analysis. Used for identifying areas surrounding geographic features. To be explained with diagrams.