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(a) H₂O (due to intermolecular H - bonding)

[Hint : NH₃ molecules are stabilized by intermolecular H-bonding, while PH₃ by weak van der Waals’s forces.]

 (c) The differentiating electron enter in s subshell in case of He, hence it is s- block element. Its electronic configuration ls² makes it inert in nature hence it is placed with inert gases

 Hydrides has the lowest boiling point (b) H₂S

 Hydrides has the lowest boiling point (b) H₂S 

c. A is true R is false.

(a) No compound of Ar as yet been reported with F₂

• Systematic Desensitization: the therapist prepares a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli with the least anxiety-provoking stimuli at the bottom of the hierarchy. E.g., the fear of lifts.
• Each session is accompanied by relaxation exercises. Reciprocal inhibition principle -Wolpe. 
• Over sessions, the client is able to imagine more severe fearprovoking situations while maintaining the relaxation. The client gets systematically desensitized to the fear.

The below mentioned inert gas show abnormal behaviour on liquefaction

(b) He 

• Cognitive therapy
• Rationale– faulty or irrational thoughts

Correct option is A) Despite

Three factors which determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions:

-- The people’s perception of their identities

When this is singular, the accommodation of other identities becomes difficult.
-- Representation of a community by political leaders
While representing a community, if politicians raise demands that are constitutional, then it is easier to accommodate those demands.
-- The government’s reaction
If the reasonable demands of a community are suppressed by the government, then it leads to social divisions, which in turn threaten the integrity of the country.

A. Cognitive purchase decisions are thought-based whereas emotive purchase decisions are feeling based.

 For example – buying a home will be cognitive purchase decision and buying snacks is an emotive purchase decision  

B. First two stages of consumer purchase decision process: 

•  Problem Recognition – Here, consumer becomes aware of the difference between the actual state (where we are now and the ideal state (‘where we want to be’). This stage motivates the individual to initiate purchase decision process. 
•  Information Search – Here, the consumer gathers information related to his/her fulfillment of a desired state of affairs. High involvement purchases may invite large information searches, while low involvement purchases require little search activity. The search may include internal or external sources of information. During the internal search existing information feelings and experiences similar to the problem-solving situation are recalled from the consumer’s memory. An external search collects information from outside sources, such as family members, friends, store displays, sales personal, advertisements and product reviews.

Variables that can be identified under psychological factors affecting the consumers behaviour:  

1. Motivation - Motivation drives the consumers to develop a purchasing attitude. It works at a subconscious level and is often difficult to measure. For example - a buyer goes to a nearby restaurant and orders pizza for herself, because hunger was the motivating factor for her to purchase pizza. 

2. Perception - Individuals with the same needs might not purchase similar products due to difference in perception. For someone a Dell Laptop might be the best laptop while for others it could be just one of the best brands available. 

3. Learning - Learning comes only through experience. An individual comes to know about a product and service only after he/she uses the same. An individual who is satisfied with a particular product/service will show a strong inclination towards buying the same product again. 

4. Beliefs and attitudes - Consumers purchase products/services based on their opinions which they form towards a particular product or service. A product might be really good but if the consumer feels it is useless, he would never buy it. 

5. Personality - Personality traits of a person like dominance, self confidence, sociability or adaptability influence his buying decision making up to great extent.

Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions.

 Cross cutting social differences do not usually lead to conflicts.

The element of Marketing Mix talked about in the lines is PRICING.  

Different pricing strategies:  

1. Market Penetration Pricing: The objective of penetration price strategy is to gain a foothold in a highly competitive market. The firm prices its product lower than the others in competition to achieve an early breakeven point and to maximize profits in a shorter time span or seek profits from a niche. 

2. Market Skimming Pricing: Most commonly used strategy and refers to a firm’s desire to skim the market by selling at a premium price. 

3. Differential Pricing: It involves in a firm differentiate its price across different market segments. 

4. Geographic Pricing: It seeks to exploit economies of scale by pricing the product below the competitor’s in one market and adopting a penetration strategy in another. 

5. Product Line: These are a set of strategies which a multi-product forms usually adopt.

Yes, the combination of ​ politics and social division is very dangerous and explosive. For example,

1. The partition of India and the accompanying communal riots were a result of the fact that politicians exploited the Hindu and Muslim division in India.

2. In Northern Ireland, the mixture of politics and the division between Catholics and Protestants led to years of violence.

3. In Sri Lanka, the politics of the division between Sinhalese and Tamils led to civil war

But a positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate does not come about easily. People who feel segregated must fight this. This fight should take the democratic path, and the people should voice their demands in a peaceful and constitutional manner and seek a fair position through elections. 

1. Marginalised communities in the societies have various demands and they are also discriminated.
2. Such problems can be solved only when the government or political parties rise the demands.
3. This can be done in a democracy by using peaceful democratic path.
4. But, if the social inequality or discrimination is done at higher level then, these people tend to hold strikes marches and various activities which leads to violence and conflicts.
5. Democratic path is easier to accommodate and raise the demands of minority community

The Fall of Bastille.

• Withdrew from the First World War. 
• Seized the land owned by the lords and distributed them among the farmers. 
• Factories, banks, transport facilities and foreign trade were brought under public ownership.

The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 when the peasants and working class people of Russia revolted against the government of Tsar Nicholas II. They were led by Vladimir Lenin and a group of revolutionaries called the Bolsheviks. The new communist government created the country of the Soviet Union.

Power should be handed over to the Soviets They propagated that only Proletarian’s government can eradicate economic back wardness and inequality, Withdraw from the First World War, Factories should be made public property, Land should be distributed among farmers.

i. Russian revolution, 

ii. Latin American revolution, 

iii. Mao Zedong, 

iv. Russia.

Correct answer is (ii) Chettur Sankaran Nair 

Correct option (B) American War of Independence

1. Ottappalam Conference

2. Formation of the Travancore State Congress 

3. The formation of Kochi-Rajya Prajamandalam 

4. United Kerala Convention

• The goods to and from the colonies must be carried only in British ships or ships built in the British colonies. 
• Import tax must be paid for the import of tea, glass and paper. 
• Products of the colonies like sugar, wool, cotton, tobacco, etc. could only be exported to England.
• British stamp must be affixed on all the legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets and license. 
• The colonial people opposed these exploitations which resulted in American War of Independence.

First Continental Congress, Second Continental Congress, Declaration of Independence, Paris Treaty.

• All are equal 
• Everyone has certain rights 
• Rights should be secured 
• Govt, with the consent of governed 
• Right of the people to abolish govt. 

(c) Buddhists

• Restrictions on the cargo ships 
• Control over export 
• Stamp duty 
• Colonies should support the British troops 
• Import duty. 

American War of Independence was a historic struggle launched by the English settlers of the colonies of North America against the mother country. It was a mass movement of the people against denial of fundamental rights, denial of freedom, high taxes and denial of representation in the government. 

The historic American Declaration of Independence contains many provisions for the enforcement of rights and freedom. Its main provisions were All are equal, Everyone has certain rights, People have the right to change the governments that deny them their rights’. 

This declaration became a model for the protection of human right activities. It also put forward the concepts of republican form of government and federal state to the world. Its yet another important noble idea was the concept of a written constitution to rule the nation.

By the 18^th century, England had established 13 colonies in the eastern coast of North America. The British treated these colonies as centres for collecting raw materials for their industry and as market for selling their products. The policies of the mother country England led to the freedom struggle in the colonies.

Mercantalist Laws:

• The policy adopted by the British merchants with the help of their motherland in the American colonies is known as Mercantilism. 
• The goods to and from the colonies must be carried only in British ships or ships built in the colonies. 
• British stamps must be affixed on all the legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, license, etc. 
• Import tax must be paid for the import of tea, glass, paper, etc. 
• Products of the colonies like sugar, wool, cotton, tobacco, etc. could only be exported to England. 
• Colonies must provide food and quarters for the British troops which were maintained in the colonies.

Influence of thinkers:

The ideologies of thinkers like John Locke and Thomas Paine stimulated the people of the colonies to fight against the exploitative laws of the British. John Locke said : ‘Everyone has some fundamental rights. No government has the right to suspend them.’ Thomas Paine said : ‘There is something absurd, in supposing a continent (North America) be perpetual ly governed by a foreign power (England).

No taxation without representation: This was a slogan framed by James Ottis that thundered along different parts of North America in the 18th century. The slogan showed the desire for freedom and the hatred towards the mother country nurtured by the colonial people.

Boston Tea Party: The high tax levied by the English government on tea fired up strong protest in America. On 16 December 1773, a group of people disguised as the Red Indians, boarded the ships at night in the Boston Harbour and threw 342 chests of tea into the sea. This protest is known as the Boston Tea Party.

Continental Congress:

The delegates of all the colonies except Georgia met at Philadelphia in 1774 to protest against the policies and rules imposed by England. It is known as the First Continental Congress. Subsequently, people of the colon ies submitted a petition to the king of England.

They demanded the revocation of the regulations enforced on industry and commerce and not to impose tax without the approval of the people. But the king sent a military force to suppress the people. This led to the war between England and the colonies. The Second Continental Congress held at Philadelphia in 1775 elected George Washington as the Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.

The American Continental Congress issued the famous Declaration of Independence on 4 July 1776: The war between England and the colonies in North America that began with the Declaration of Freedom, ended in 1781.

By the Treaty of Paris in 1783, England ratified the freedom of 13 colonies. George Washington became the first President of USA. The United States of America came into being with the first written constitution in the world.

Correct option (B) George Washington

National Assembly

Clergy and Nobles

(d) Guru Ram Das

Various ideologies could be seen in the constitution of India put forward by American War of In dependence. The concept of a republican form of government is the prominent one. Also, the first written constitution, the concept of federal system that ensured freedom and authority of states in the Union too are important.

Third estate

The great religious thinker and philosopher Shankaracharya was born in Kerala at Keladi.

Napoleon defeated the European alliance which was formed under the leadership of Britain against France. He seized the power in France in 1799. Though an autocrat, he instituted several reforms in France. In France, nationalism strengthened during the time of Napoleon. Napoleon invaded the European countries one by one. The European countries feared that the reforms of Napoleon would spread all over Europe. It was the ideals of French Revolution and not Napoleon that they were afraid of. 

Role of Simon Bolivar in Latin American Revolution: 

Simon Bolivar took up the leadership of Latin American Revolution from Miranda. He dedicated his life for the freedom of Venezuela, He defeated Spain in many battles after taking up the leadership of Columbian army. 

He organized revolutions in Venezuela, Equador, Columbia and Peru and liberated them from Spain. He is reverently called the ‘Liberator’ 

in these countries. He is also known as the j George Washington of South America.

Correct option (A) Rousseau 

Correct option (C) Louis XIV