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Explanation:

• In respect to patient data in database, the most important factor is security.
• Data security is an essential part of the healthcare industry for protecting confidential patient information and complying with regulations like those mandated by HIPAA.
• As such, better healthcare data security solutions are needed to help reduce the risks of malicious data attacks or technical failure.

Explanation:
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.

From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are:

1. Physiological (food and clothing)
2. Safety (job security)
3. Love and belonging needs (friendship)
4. Esteem
5. Self-actualization.

Concept:-

• According to the National Family and Health Survey-IV, couple violence for married women in India is 28.8%
• The main objectives of the NFHS program have been to strengthen India’s demographic and health database by providing information that is both reliable and relied upon.

• The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India was initiated in the early 1990s with the first NFHS being conducted in 1992-93.
• Since then, India has completed many rounds -
  • NFHS-2 in 1998-99
  • NFHS-3 in 2005-06
  • NFHS-4 in 2015-16
  • NFHS-5 in 2019-20
• All rounds of the survey were conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare(MoHFW), Government of India, with the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, as the nodal agency and technical assistance provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through ICF Macro (now called ICF)1.
• USAID has been the primary funder for the NFHS surveys, but in the two most recent surveys (NFHS-3 and NFHS-4), other development partners, such as DFID, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, UNICEF, UNFPA, and the MacArthur Foundation, as well as the Government of India, also supported the surveys in a major way.
• It includes High blood pressure, Diabetes, Registration of death, and others.

Concept:-

• The year 1921 is often referred to as the "Year of the Great Partition", the last period in which India's population declined drastically due to the effects of the famine.
• After 1921, India's population growth remained steady.
• The year 1921 is known as the demographic split because prior to this year, the population was not stable, sometimes it increased and sometimes decreased.
• Before 1921 the scale of population growth was generally low. But after this year there has been a considerable and continuous increase in the population.
• After that, it is growing rapidly. Hence the year 1921 is rightly called the Year of the Demographic Divide or the Great Divide.

• At the PHC (Primary Health Center) level, all vaccines are stored in the Ice Lined Refrigerator at a temperature of +2 0C to +8 0C for a period of 1 month.
• Ice-lined refrigerators are designed for storing vaccines, blood bags, etc.
• Ice Lined Refrigerator has a layer of ice packs.
• They can maintain an optimum temperature of 2 °C to 8 °C even at 43 °C.
• In Ice Lined Refrigerator administered measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine stored.

Explanation:

• User testing is a usability technique that helps you gain very valuable insights from your users regarding why and how they use your products.
• The very preparation for the tests will help you to better understand who your users are and what they are trying to achieve with your product.

Explanation:

• A Request for Information (RFI) is a standard business process used by customers to collect written information.

Explanation

• OCD is a disorder characterized by recurring, unwanted thoughts, ideas or sensations (obsessions) that make the patient feel driven to do something repetitively (compulsions).
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the major treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorders.​

Exposure therapy

• Exposure therapy is based up on a behavioral principle called habituation.
• Habituation is the process of diminishing of sensory and behavioral response over time when repeatedly exposed to a particular stimuli.
• It focuses on allowing repeated exposure to a fearful stimuli.

Response prevention

• Exposure therapy is always interconnected with response prevention.
• Also known as ritual prevention.
• Response prevention is based on operant conditioning theory of learning.
• This theory is suggests that when a behavior is no longer rewarded, it will diminish.

Explanation

• It is the method of arriving at decisions based on prior knowledge and reasoning.
• It is a cognitive process directed at achieving a goal.

 Steps

• Formation and appreciation of the problem.
• Data collection.
• Organization of data.
• Drawing of conclusion.
• Testing conclusion.

Inductive

• Universal to particular

Inductive

• Particular to universal

Analytic

• Breaks a general truth into its constituent parts.

Synthetic

• Making a reliable generalization about particular fact.

Concept:

• IgE mediates type I hypersensitivity.
• It is also known as an immediate reaction.
• It involves an exaggerated IgE immune response. The allergic response includes asthma, dermatitis, and rhinitis. The allergic response to foreign allergens includes anaphylaxis, urticaria, and drug allergies.
• Type I hypersensitivity occurs as a response to antigen. The response includes two stages:
  • Sensitization
  • Effect
• The sensitization stage is asymptomatic and leads to atopic immune response, that is effect stage,

Explanation:

"Correct Answer - Option 4 : Decrease platelet aggregation

CONCEPT:

• A transient ischemic attack (TIA), often referred to as a “ministroke,” occurs when part of the brain experiences a temporary lack of blood flow.
• This causes stroke-like symptoms that usually resolve within 24 hours. 

EXPLANATION:

• Aspirin slows the blood's clotting action by reducing the clumping of platelets. Platelets are cells that clump together and help to form blood clots. During a heart attack, blood clots form in an already-narrowed artery and block the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
• When taken during a heart attack, aspirin slows clotting and decreases the size of the forming blood clot. Taken daily, aspirin's anti-clotting action helps prevent a first or second heart attack.
• Aspirin, which thins the blood and thereby prevents clots. Hence, the correct answer is aspirin decreases platelet aggregation.

"

Concept:

• Hallucination refers to misperception in the absence of external stimuli
• It is a common symptom of schizophrenia.
• Example: An individual is able to hear voices that others can't.

Explanation:

• There are five types of hallucinations:
  1. Auditory
  2. Visual
  3. Olfactory
  4. Tactile
  5. Gustatory
• Auditory hallucinations are the common type of hallucination.

• Illusion is the misperception of the presence of external stimuli.
• For example, perceiving rope as a snake in the dark.

• Depersonalization: An individual feels detached from body and thoughts.
• Deja vu: It refers to the feeling that you have already experienced things but happening for the first time.

Explanation:

• Nonverbal communication types include facial expressions, gestures, paralinguistics such as loudness or tone of voice, body language, proxemics or personal space, eye gaze, haptics (touch), appearance, and artifacts.

Concept:

• Oxytocin is a hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland.
• The main of oxytocin is involved in uterine contractions during childbirth and lactation after childbirth.
• Other functions involve influence on the stress response, anxiety, and bonding.

Explanation:

• Oxytocin is synthesized in hypothalamic magnocellular neurons and released from the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream.
• Gq coupled G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) is the oxytocin receptor.
• The receptors' activation leads to the influx of calcium ions that lead to smooth contraction.
• Therefore, it causes contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus.
• These contractions also reduce the bleeding.
• Oxytocin also acts on myoepithelial cells in the breast, resulting in the contraction of muscles and ejection of the milk.

Concept:

• Conversion is a defense mechanism where an individual expresses conflicts in the physical disability.
• Conversion includes neurological symptoms such as seizures.
• It affects movements and senses.
• The emotional conflict causes anxiety.
• The defense mechanism acts to reduce anxiety by expressing the conflict in the form of physical pain.

Explanation:

• Dissociation refers to the loss of connection between one's thoughts, memories, and emotions. The person experiences detachment that the individual is outside of the body.
• Compensation refers to the defense mechanism of excelling in an area to cover the weak area of life.

• Psychosomatic disorders refer to any physical symptom such as pain without any medical condition.
• The difference between the conversion and psychosomatic is the involvement of the movement and sense.

Explanation:

• Non-therapeutic communication is the type of communication that involves the usage of some, actions and tones that make patients uncomfortable.
•  It will increase the tension of the patient.
• Worsen the overall mental and even physical wellbeing.

 Types

• Overloading.
• Value judgments.
• Incongruence.
• Underloading.
• False reassurance.
• Invalidation.

Concept:

• In case of overactivity, use a firm, consistent and caring approach.
• It is necessary to be assertive and consistent with the client to control the behavior.
• A warm or caring approach gives a positive message and helps to modify the behavior.

Explanation:

• The staff should not physically control the hyperactivity. Physical control is only used in case of violence or life-threatening situation.
• In case allowing the client to choose the activity will lead to acceptance of negative behavior.
• The staff members should make sure that they do not trigger the client.

Concept:

• Client-oriented nursing care is based on the needs of the patient.
• The client is involved in the decision-making process.
• The care is provided according to the identified needs of the patient.
• It is also called person-centered care.

Explanation:

• Goal-oriented care is a form of patient-centered care. It involves four goals:

1. Prevention of premature death or disability
2. Maximization of current health-related quality of life
3. Optimization of personal growth and development
4. Improving the chances of a good death

• Hegar sign refers to the softened lower uterine segment. It is a positive sign in pregnancy. It is not a definitive test of pregnancy.
• Prioritization refers to prioritizing the needs of the patient.

Concept:

• Organic brain deterioration refers to the group conditions with reduced or deteriorated neurologic functions.
• It is known as organic brain syndrome.
• It includes the following disorders:
  • Alzheimer's disorder
  • Parkinson disease
  • Creutzefeldt-Jakob disease
  • Hungtion's disease
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Myasthenia gravis

Explanation:

• The main aim of the nursing care plan is to maintain mental and psychological function.
• The client will have the maximum functional ability with the modifications required with the deterioration.
• Therefore, an extensive re-education program about disease conditions, modifications in behavior, and alterations in an environment is required.

"Correct Answer - Option 4 : Increased pupillary reaction

CONCEPT: 

• Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure exerted by fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the skull and on the brain tissue.
• ICP is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg) and at rest, is normally 7–15 mmHg for an adult. 

EXPLANATION:  

• Mannitol exerts its ICP-lowering effects via two mechanisms; an immediate effect because of plasma expansion and a slightly delayed effect related to its osmotic action.
• Together, these effects result in an increase in regional cerebral blood flow and compensatory cerebral vasoconstriction in brain regions.

Hence, the correct answer is Increased pupillary reaction.

"

Explanation:

• Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced by the kidney and used to make red blood cells.
• Erythropoetin-stimulating agents are used often for people with long-term kidney disease and anemia.
• Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys, with small amounts made by the liver.
• EPO plays a key role in the production of red blood cells (RBCs), which carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. 

CONCEPT:

• Myocardial infarction is a serious medical emergency that occurs due to the blockage of one of the arteries which are supplying blood to the heart.
• A myocardial infarction occurs when there is cell death, this can be estimated by measuring by a blood test for biomarkers.
• Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB.

EXPLANATION:

• Creatine kinase (CK), formerly known as creatine phosphokinase, is an intracellular enzyme present in the greatest amount in skeletal muscle, myocardium, and brain; a smaller amount occurs in visceral tissues. 
• Following the onset of symptoms of Myocardial infarction CK and CK-MB increase in the serum within 3-6 hours. 

CONCEPT:

• Furosemide belongs to a group of medicines called diuretics.
• Lasix Injection is used in the treatment of hypertensive emergency, edema.  

EXPLANATION:

• Lasix (furosemide) is a loop diuretic (water pill) that prevents your body from absorbing too much salt. This allows the salt to instead be passed in your urine.
• Long-term use of Lasix can cause Hyponatremia, a condition where sodium levels in the blood are abnormally low. 

• Hyperkalemia is an elevated level of potassium (K⁺) in the blood.
• Urine-specific gravity is a measure of urine concentration.
• Metabolic acidosis: A condition in which there is excess acid in the body fluids.

Concept:

• The prescriber's order gives the initial information for the prescribed medication.
• It may vary according to hospital policy but the route is described by the prescriber's order.

Explanation:

• The same medication can be given different routes. So, the route is mentioned with the medication's prescription.
• The client's muscle mass is specifically important for intramuscular injection.

Concept:

About the Thiamine:

Another Name: Vitamin B1

Functions:

1. Helpful in the body's cells i.e. it changes carbohydrates into energy.

2. Carbohydrates main work is to provide energy for the body (Majorly in the brain and nervous system).

3. Muscle contraction and conduction of nerve signals.

Important Point:

Vitamin B1 is used to treat low thiamine, diseases like beriberi, certain nerve diseases, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS).

Additional Information:

• Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is a type of brain disorder caused by a lack of vitamin B-1, or thiamine.

• Symptoms:  Confusion and loss of mental activity that can progress to coma and death. Loss of muscle coordination (ataxia) that can cause leg tremor.

• Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: If someone drink alcohol heavily for a long period of time, it may have both mental and physical problems. This is called alcohol withdrawal. 

• Symptoms: headaches, nausea, tremors, anxiety, hallucinations and seizures

• Alcoholic dementia: It is a form of dementia related to the excessive drinking of alcohol. This affects memory, learning and other mental functions

• Symptoms: Effect on brain cells, resulting in poor judgment, difficulty making decisions, and lack of insight

• Huntington's disease: Huntington's disease is a progressive brain disorder caused by a single defective gene on chromosome 4

·        Symptoms: Involuntary jerking or writhing movements (chorea), Muscle problems, such as rigidity or muscle contracture (dystonia), Slow or abnormal eye movements, Impaired gait, posture and balance, Difficulty with speech or swallowing.

Explanation

• The cytotoxic drugs are included in the genotoxic waste.
• Genotoxic waste is highly dangerous to humans and to the bio-environment.
• They are called genotoxic because toxic to the DNA.

 Hazards from cytotoxic waste.

• Spontaneous abortion.
• Malformation in children.
• Ecological consequences like land, water, and air pollution.
• Nausea, headache, dizziness.
• Local irritations.

Method of disposal

• Return to the supplier.
• Incineration at 1200 degrees celcius.
• Chemical degradation.
• Encapsulation.
• Inertization.
• Alkaline hydrolysis.

Chemical degradation of cytotoxic drugs

• It is the separation of chemical compounds into their basic units of lesser particles.
• It also changes the chemical nature of the drug.

Types of Chemical degradation

• Hydrolysis.
• Oxidation.
• Decarboxylation. 
• Isomerization.
• Polymerization.

Concept

About the Pleural

Features: It is a serous membrane lined by mesothelium (flat epithelium)

Definition: It is a serous membrane that folds back on itself to form a two-layered membranous pleural sac.

The inner layer is called the visceral pleura and covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi. There is no anatomical connection between the right and left pleural cavity.

Layers: there are two layers of pleural sac

1. Parietal pleura: it is the outer layer of parietal.

2. Visceral pleura: it is the inner layer of pleura. Also known as pulmonary pleura.

Note: Both layers are continuous with each other around the hilum of the lung.

Explanation:

Concept:-

• Humans dispose of the excreta and lack adequate personal and household hygiene participates in the transmission of many infectious diseases including- cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, polio, cryptosporidiosis, ascariasis, and schistosomiasis.
• The minimum level of proper excretory disposal and personal and household sanitation is essential to protect public health.

• Handling functions as a primary barrier to safe fecal disposal and prevention of escaping pathogens entering the environment.
• Once pathogens are introduced into the environment, they can be transmitted either through the mouth (eg through drinking).
  contaminated water or eating contaminated vegetables/food) or skin (as in the case of hookworms and schistosomes) & Contaminated Soil.

Explanation:

​Aneurysm

• Aneurysm, widening of an artery that develops from weakness or destruction of the medial layer of the blood vessel. 
• With the constant pressure of the circulating blood within the artery, the weakened part of the arterial wall becomes enlarged.
• Enlargement leads ultimately to serious and even fatal complications from the compression of surrounding structures or from rupture and hemorrhage.
• Aneurysms may occur in any part of the aorta or major arteries. 

• Atherosclerosis, sometimes called "hardening of the arteries," occurs when fat, cholesterol and other substances build up in the walls of arteries.

Concept:-

• Sulabh International non-government organizations have constructed and maintained “pay and use” toilets for temporary populations or places such as bus stands, markets, and parks.
• In Darbhanga, Bihar,​ Sulabh International launched the cheapest drinking water project 'Sulabh Jal'.
• The price of the one-liter bottle will be 50 paise as per the 'Sulabh Jal' project.
• The project converts contaminated pond and river water into safe drinking water.
• Sulabh International introduced the concept of 'Sulabh Sauchalya' in India.

Concept:

• Intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells of gastric glands in the stomach.
• It helps in better absorption of Vitamin B₁₂ from the ileum in the small intestine.
• Vitamin B₁₂ is necessary for red blood cells maturation. Inadequate intrinsic factor leads to vitamin B12 deficiency.
• Vitamin B₁₂ leads to pernicious anaemia.

Explanation:

Explanation

• Eugenics is the beliefs and practices that focus to improve the genetic quality of the human population.
• It was practiced in ancient times and examples state that the ancient Brazilian population kills babies born with physical disabilities.

 History and Development

• Historic evidence reveals that it was performed in ancient Greece, Brazil, Sparta, and other civilizations.
• The idea of the modern project of selective breeding was developed by Francis Galton.
• He was inspired by Darwinism and its theory of natural selection.
• Charles Darwin was Galton's half-cousin. 
• Eugenics became an academic discipline in many universities.
• Eugenics education society was established in 1907 and American eugenics society was established in 1921.

Types

• Positive Eugenics: Measures to increase reproduction in families with desirable traits.
• Negative Eugenics: Measures to limit reproduction in families with undesirable traits.

Explanation

• Inhibin is a gonadal hormone that has a negative role in the secretion of FSH from the pituitary.
• The activin and Inhibin hypothesis was formulated in the late 1970s.

 Secretion

• In females, it is secreted by the Corpus luteum, placenta, gonads and pituitary. 
• In males, it is secreted by Sertoli cells in the testes. 

Action

• Inhibits FSH production. The exact mechanism is unknown.
• Regulates spermatogenesis.

•  Elevated inhibin A suggests a fetus with down syndrome. 
• Inhibin A is a marker in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
• Positive test for Inhibin B in males suggestive of azoospermia.

Explanation:-

• The nutritional status of an individual reflects the extent to which their physiological needs of nutrients have been covered at a particular life stage.
• Dietary assessment and nutritional status are traditionally measured by means of dietary intake data, such as 24-h dietary patterns.
• Biochemicals provide a more proximal measure of nutrient status than dietary intake. So by, Generally speaking, a nutritional biomarker is a characteristic that can be objectively measured in different biological samples and can be used as an indicator of nutritional status with respect to the intake or metabolism of dietary constituents 

Concept:-

• An index was developed to assess the countries on the basis of “Human development” is known as The Human Development Index (HDI)
• This index shows that a country is developed, is developing, or is underdeveloped.

• It captures three major dimensions of human development that are access to knowledge, long and healthy life, and a proper standard of living.
• HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq.
• The HDI report was first released in 1990.
• This report is published every year.
  • Life expectancy- It denotes the number of years a person is to be alive. It is an estimate of the average age of members of a group.
  • Gross enrolment ratio for three levels of schooling. It is the ratio for three levels means enrolment ratio for primary school, secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school.
  • National Income- All goods and services produced in a year by a country are valued. The higher the national income, the better the growth of any economy or country. From the national income figures, it can be known how fast the growth of a country is increasing.

Explanation:

• Clinical information, such as order sets and patient education material, should be reviewed annually.