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D) all of the above

Impact of Globalisation on India: 

1. More new jobs have been created in the MNCs like cell phones, fast food etc. 

2. India is playing a crucial role among developing countries in trade and commerce by making some companies multinational themselves i. e. Tata Motors, Ranbaxy etc. 

3. Foreign Direct Investments have also been increased. 

4. It has invited inflow of private foreign capital and export-oriented activities. 

India in turn impacting: 

1. Through responding to the 1991 financial crisis, Indian economy was liberalized to attract foreign direct investment. 

2. India introduced new trade policy reforms to remove tariffs and restrictions imposed on imports. 

3. Under industries, it abolished the licensing system exempting few specified industries only. 

4. Banking operations by private sectors were permitted to expand in the country. 

5. To promote globalization, India has adopted an open economy.

C) Landless workers

(a) To attract foreign companies to invest in India

 (d) 149 countries

Foreign trade integrates the markets of different countries as: 

• It provides an opportunity for both producers and consumers to reach beyond the markets of their own country. 
• Producers now compete with markets located in other countries. 
• There is an expansion of choice of goods beyond the domestic market.
• For example, during the Diwali season, buyers in India have the option of buying either Indian or Chinese decorative lights and bulbs. The Chinese manufacturers get the opportunity to expand their business.

Advantages of globalisation for consumers: 

• They have greater choice. 
• Better quality of products are available for consumption due to competition. 
• It has reduced the cost of goods and services considerably. 

Advantages of globalisation to producers: 

• They now have access to international markets for their products. 
• They have easier access to foreign investment to enhance their production,
• Collaboration with MNCs have added up their performance and profits.

The most common route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies and then to expand production.

(c) World Trade Organisation

(a) U.S. and U.K.

The main aim of World Trade Organisation is to liberalise international trade. It says that all barriers to foreign trade and investment are harmful. There should be no barriers.

The main functions of World Trade Organisation are:

• It establishes rules regarding international trade and sees that they are obeyed. 
• It provides a platform to member countries to decide future strategies related to trade. 
• It administers the rules and processes related to dispute settlement. 
• It ensures optimum utilisation of world resources. . 
• It assists international organisations such as IMF and 1BPD for establishing coherence in Universal Economic Policy determination.

Globalisation and pressure of competition has affected the workers in following ways: 

• Casual workers are hired oh contract when demand is high and laid off when demand declines. 
• There is no job security among workers. 
• They have long working hours and work in the night shifts on a regular basis during peak seasons. 
• They are not given any benefits of pension, overtime, medical leaves etc.

The large companies manipulate the market in the following ways: 

• Sometimes false information is passed on through media and other sources to attract consumers. For example, a company selling powder milk for babies as the most scientific product claiming it to be better than mother’s milk which although was a false claim. 
• Some food items were consumed in India for many years although it is very harmful for the health of people. But through attractive and convincing advertisements in media, it was able to control the market such as Maggie noddles manufactured by Nestle was found harmful after testing in India in May 2015.
• They may also hide the essential information about the product like expiry date, contents, terms and conditions etc. to keep the consumers in dark.
• Sometimes, the expired products are packed in a new packing and again released in the market.
• It has also been evident that artificial scarcity is created by the producers and the product is hoarded for sale in future at a high price. 

The Indian government realised that its domestic industries had established themselves and it was the proper time to face competition and improve the quality of production. So, barriers on foreign trade and investment were removed.

 SAIL is not an MNC.

(d) rapid improvement in technology

MNCs are spreading their production across the globe by setting up partnerships with local companies, by using the local companies for supplies and by closely competing with local companies or buying them up.

The developing countries suffer due to trade barriers. WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all in practice. But the developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers. 

(i) WTO rules have forced the developing countries to remove trade barriers. 

(ii) Farmers in most developed countries receive money from their respective government for production. Due to this massive money, they are able to sell their farm products at abnormally low prices. 

(iii) Developed countries are asking governments of developing countries to stop supporting their farmers, but they are doing it themselves.

After India became independent, the Indian government put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment. The values that worked behind this are: 

(i) It was essential at that time to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition. Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s, and competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to emerge. 

(ii) Since industries were newly born during that period, it was necessary to make their foundation strong by providing them opportunities to flourish first within the country, then across the country. 

(iii) The restrictions on foreign trade for a certain period proved to be a boon for domestic producers in the sense that they became self-sufficient. This self sufficiency made them able to face competitions.

Information and communication technology is closely connected with globalisation. In recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers, internet has been changing rapidly.

(i) Telecommunications facilities such as telegraph, telephone including mobiles, fax have brought the world closer. Now people can contact around the world easily. These developments are used to access the information instantly and communicate in the remote areas. 

(ii) Computer and internet have entered in almost all the fields. Internet allows one to share information on almost everything. We can send instant e-mail and talk through voice-mail across the world at almost negligible cost.

The factors that MNCs take into consideration to set up their production units in a particular place are: 

• where it is close to the markets.
• where the skilled and unskilled labour at low costs is available. 
• where the favourable government policies looking after their interest are , present. 
• where the other factors of production such as raw materials, water, electricity and transport are available. 
• where there are standard safety measures for assured production.

Globalisation: integrating the economy of a country with the economies of other countries under conditions of free flow of trade and capital and movement of persons across borders. MNCs play an important role in promoting globalisation process in the following ways: 

• They serve as agents for the transfer of superior technology. They have provided advanced technology, manufacturing process and improved skills to underdeveloped countries. 
• They help in the transfer of capital from countries where it is abundant to where it is scarce.
• They help in building up knowledge base and development of human resources, (id) They help in creating large scale employment opportunities by setting up their branches and subsidiaries. 
• The operations of MNCs have a favourable effect on the balance of payments account of the host country. 

In 1991, the Indian government decided that the time has come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the world. It felt that foreign competition would improve the quality of goods produced by Indian producers within the country. 

Thus, barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent. It meant goods could be imported or exported easily and foreign companies could set up factories and offices in India.

(a) World Trade Organisation

In the recent years, the Indian Government has taken special steps to attract foreign companies to invest in India: 

(i) The government has set up industrial zones called special Economic Zones (SEZs). SEZs provide world class facilities – electricity, water, roads, transport, storage recreational and educational facilities. 

(ii) Companies who set up production units in the SEZs do not have to pay taxes for an initial period of five years. 

(iii) The government has also allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract foreign investment. The companies can now lower workers ‘flexibly’ for short period when there is intense pressure of work. This is done to reduce the cost of labour for the companies.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are spreading their production in different ways. Some of them are:

• By buying local companies and, then expanding production. For example, Cargill Foods, a very large American MNC, purchased small Indian company, Parakh foods. Cargill Foods is, now, the largest producer of edible oil in India with a capacity making 5 million pouches daily. 
• By placing orders for production with small producers. Garments, footwears, sports items are examples where production is carried out by small producers for large MNCs around the world. 
• By producing jointly with some of the local companies. It benefits the local company in two ways. 

1. A MNC can provide money for additional investments. 

2. A MNC can bring latest technology for production. 

• For example, Ford Motors set up a large plant near Chennai, in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks. 

 The multinational companies manage to keep the cost of production of their goods low in the following ways: 

• They set up production jointly with some of the local companies of these countries. For example, Ford Motors spent Rs. 21700 crores to set up a large plant near Chennai in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra. In India, labour and transportation cost is very low which cuts down the cost of production. 
• They buy up local companies and expand production. For example, Cargill Foods, a large American MNC bought Parakh Foods. The company got ready made infrastructure. As production increases, cost comes down. 
• They place orders for production with small producers. They purchase garments, footwear, sports goods and sell them under their brand name.

With liberalisation of trade, business are allowed to make decisions freely about what they wish to import or export.

The impact of globalisation on Indian economy is as follows:

• It has created competition among producers, both local and foreign, which is advantageous to the consumers, particularly the well off. Now, there is a greater choice of goods before the consumers. 
• It has enabled many Indian companies to become multi-national companies such as Tate Motors, Infosys and Ranbaxy. 
• It has created new employment opportunities for companies providing services specially information technology. A lot of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks are done cheaply in India and exported to other countries.
• New jobs are created in industries such as electronics, cell phones, automobiles and fast food.
• It had a negative impact on small manufacturers. Due to competition, some industries has been hit hard such as batteries, capacitors, plastic toys, vegetable oil etc. A number of units have shut down and a lot of workers, have become jobless.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) usually set up production where it is close to the markets, where there is skilled and unskilled labour available at low costs and where the availability of other factors of production is assured. MNCs also might look for government policies that look after their interests. 

Having assured themselves of these conditions, MNCs set up factories and offices for production. At times they set up production jointly with some of the local companies of these countries. They provide money to these local companies for additional investments like buying new machines for faster production. They also buy up local companies and then expand production. MNCs with huge wealth can quite easily do so.

There is another way in which MNCs control production. Large MNCs in developed countries place orders for production with small producers. The products are supplied to MNCs, which then, sell these under their own brand names to the customers. Thus, we see that there are a variety of ways in which the MNCs are spreading their production and interacting with local producers in various countries across the globe.

Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalisation process. For instance, the past fifty years have seen several improvements in transportation technology. This has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs. 

Even more remarkable have been the developments in information and communication technology. In the recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunication, computers, Internet has been changing rapidly. Telecommunication facilities (Telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax) are used to contact one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas. This has been facilitated by satellite communication devices. Computers have now entered almost every field of activity. Internet allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voicemail) across the world at negligible costs.

Globalisation: integrating the economy of a country with the economies of other countries under conditions of free flow of trade, capital and movement of persons across borders. 

Globalisation interconnect different countries by:

• Foreign trade. It leads to integration of markets across countries due to which the latest models of goods like digital cameras, mobile phones and televisions etc. are available in one country. 
• Foreign investment. MNCs invest capital in different countries by 
• jointly producing with local companies. 
• buying the local companies. 
• placing orders for production like garments footwear, sports goods etc. with small producers of other countries.

The impact of globalisation on India are: 

• It has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as MNCs such as Tata Motors, Infosys. 
• It has also created new opportunities for companies providing services like information technology. 
• Greater competition among producers has been of special advantage particularly to the welloff sections of consumers in the urban areas. They have greater choice and enjoy improved quality and lower prices for various products. Thus, they are enjoying a higher standard of living. 
• In these industries and services, new jobs have been created and also the companies supplying raw materials to these industries have prospered. 
• Several of the top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition. They have invested in new technology and production methods and raised the standard of their products. Some of them have gained from successful collaboration with foreign companies.

Technology has stimulated the process of globalisation in the following ways: 

• Transportation technology has witnessed several improvements in past fifty years. This has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs, such as use of containers have led to huge reduction in port handling costs and increased the speed with which exports can reach markets. Also, the cost of air transport has fallen. Ultimately, it has stimulated the globalisation process. 
• Telecommunication has also shown remarkable development. Computers, internet, e-mail, voice-mail, etc. are used intensively to contact one another around the world. 
• There has been a remarkable development in information and communication technology. It has enabled to access information instantly and communicate even in the remotest areas. Call centres use this to satisfy their customers abroad or provide outsourcing services from anywhere.

Information and communication technology has stimulated the globalisation process as: 

• In recent years, technology in the areas of computers, telecommunication and internet has been changed rapidly. 
• Telecommunication facilitates including telegraph, telephone, mobile phone, fax are used to contact one another around the world and to get information instantly and to communicate from remote areas. 
• All this has been facilitated by satellite communication devices. 
• Computers and internet have enabled people to obtain and share information on any subject.

Globalisation means integrating the economy of a country with the economies of other countries under conditions of free flow of trade, capital and movement of persons across borders.

Transportation technology has stimulated the globalisation process in the following ways: 

• Faster trains connecting every nook and corner of a country and faster planes that cover the distance within a few hours have enabled the faster delivery of goods.
• Improvements done in transportation technology in the past fifty years have also helped in the quick movement of goods. For example, containers carrying goods have led to huge reduction in port handling costs and an increased speed, with which exports can reach markets.
• Reduced cost of air transport has enabled much greater volumes of goods being transported by airlines.

Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalisation process. For instances, the past fifty years have seen several improvements in transportation technology. This has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.

Even more remarkable have been the developments in information and communica-tion technology. In the recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunication, computers, Internet has been changing rapidly. Telecommunication facilities (Telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax) are used to contact one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas. This has been facilitated by satellite communication devices. Computers have now entered almost every field of activity. Internet allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice-mail) across the world at negligible costs.

Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as liberalisation: 

(i) The Indian government, after Independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment. This was considered necessary to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition. Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s and competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to come up. Thus, India allowed imports of only essential items. 

(ii) In 1991, the government decided that the time had come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe. It felt that competition would improve the performance of producers within the country. Since they would have to improve their quality. 

(iii) Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent. Now, goods could be imported and exported easily and also foreign companies could set up factories and officers here. 

(iv) With libralisations of trade, businesses are allowed to make decisions freely about what they wish to import or export.

Before setting up a company or a factory an MNC takes into account the following things. 

(i) Availability of cheap labour and other resources: MNC’s set up offices and factories for production in various regions of the world where cheap labour and other resources are available in order to earn greater profit. For example: MNC may spread its production activities to the following countries – USA for designing a product, China for manufacturing components etc. By doing so it is able to reduce the cost of production. 

(ii) Favourable government policy: If the government policies are favourable it helps MNCs. For example: Flexibility of labour laws will reduce cost of production. MNCs are able to hire worker on casual and contractual wages for a short period instead of a regular basis. This reduces the cost of labour for the company and increases its margin of profit.

 The improvement in technology has stimulated the globalisation process as: 

• There has been many improvements in transport technology in the recent years that have enabled faster delivery of goods across the world. 
• Development of information technology in the areas of telecommunication like internet has revolutionised the world. 
• Use of telegraph, mobiles, fax have enabled faster and easier access to information anywhere at any point of time. 
• All these developments have further decreased the cost of their operations favouring the consumers around the world. 
• It has opened up horizons for further advancement, research and development of existing means.

Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalisation process. For instance, the past fifty years have seen several improvements in transportation technology. This has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs. 

Even more remarkable have been the developments in information and communication technology. In the recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunication, computers, Internet has been changing rapidly. Telecommunication facilities (Telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax) are used to contact one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas. This has been facilitated by satellite communication devices. Computers have now entered almost every field of activity. Internet allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voicemail) across the world at negligible costs.

The process of globalization is the result of: 

1. Historical factors. 

2. Role of international organizations like JMF and WTO. 

3. Liberalisation and privatization. 

4. Technological innovations.

The improvement in technology has stimulated the globalisation process as: 

• There has been many improvements in transport technology in the recent years that have enabled faster delivery of goods across the world. 
• Development of information technology in the areas of telecommunication like internet has revolutionised the world. 
• Use of telegraph, mobiles, fax have enabled faster and easier access to information anywhere at any point of time. 
• All these developments have further decreased the cost of their operations favouring the consumers around the world. 
• It has opened up horizons for further advancement, research and development of existing means.

Correct option is B) Media

The Arab Spring refers to a series of anti- government protests and uprisings that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in Tunisia and spread to Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and to a smaller extent to Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan, Morocco, etc. It’s main goals were regime change, economic progress and human rights. In Egypt, it began on 25th January 2011 when millions of protestors all over Egypt protested against President Hosni Mubarak’s regime. This was in response to a ‘Day of Revolution’ organized on Facebook on 25th January. It lasted till 11th February 2020.

Arab Spring was a series of protests and uprisings against the governments that spread across large parts of the Arab world in the early 2010s. (i.e. December 2010 to December 2012). It began with protests in Tunisia and spread quickly to other countries like Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Bahrain. There were riots, civil wars and the main slogan of protestors was "the people want to bring down the regime".

There were sustained street demonstrations in Iraq, Algeria, Morocco, Jordan, Lebanon, etc.

The social media i.e. facebook, etc. was the driving force behind the swift spread of the revolutions. The results of these movements were that regimes of Tunisia (Abidine Ben Ali), Egypt (Hosni Mubarak) Libya (Gaddafi), Yemen (Abdullah Saleh) were ousted while in Syria, Iraq, etc., a full scale civil war resulted. Only in Tunisia, there was a transition to constitutional democratic government.

Globalisation refers to the integration between countries through foreign trade and foreign investments by multinational companies. 

• It means integrating our economy with world economy. 

• Under globalisation a country becomes economically interdependent at the global or international level. 

• This happens at various levels. 

• Producers from other countries can come and sell their goods and services in India. 

• Similarly, Indian goods and services can be sold in other countries.

Two factors that have enabled Globalisation:

(i) Information Technology — Telecommunication facilities like mobile, internet fax have helped us at negligible cost. Now a new magazine published for London readers can be designed and printed in Delhi.

(ii) Liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment – In India, trade barriers that were imposed after independence to protect producers’ interests in the country from foreign competition were removed after 1991. Businessmen were allowed to import or export freely.

(d) None of the above