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One good effect of globalisation on India: Globalisation has resulted in greater competition among producers—both local and foreign. As a result, quality of the products has been improved. At the same time prices of goods have been lowered.

One bad effect of globalisation on India: 

For a large number of small producers and workers globalisation has posed a great problem. The small producers failed to compete and got perished. Several units have shut down rendering many workers jobless.

D) All of these

Correct option is A) 1991

B) to improve performance of producers.

D) Protection of domestic producers.

Globalisation is the integration of an economy with the other economies along with the free flow of trade and capital. 

Its cultural consequences can be summed up as follows: 

1. The rise of uniform culture as cultural homogenization. 

2. Global culture is an imposition of the western culture of the rest of the world. 

3. Sometimes, external influences enlarge the choices or modify over culture without overwhelming the traditions.

1. After Independence, it had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment.

2. Because to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition. 

3. Industries were just coming up, with foreign competition, they may not survive. 

4. Indian government levies tax on foreign goods. 

5. And because of tax, prices of those goods become high. 

6. Our goods will prosper. 

7. Tax on imports is thus a barrier. 

8. Around 1991, Indian government decided that the time had come for foreign competition. 

9. It believed competition would improve our goods’ quality. 

10. So it wished to remove these barriers.

D) Liberalisation of trade and investment

1. Globalisation has not generated much more employment opportunities because it needs highly skilled people only. 

2. The foreign companies focus on their profit orientation projects only in place of social welfare. 

3. It has widened income disparities by making the rich richer and the poor more poorer. 

4. Gradually, globalization is also a reason for depletion of flora and fauna in the country. 

5. Even farmers are supposed to be well educated if they want to use modern methods of cultivation.

The impact of changing role of the state in the developing countries in the light of globalization can be summed up as follows: 

1. Globalisation reduces the state capacity i.e. the ability of governments to do what they do. 

2. The market becomes the prime concern to set down economic and social priorities. 

3. Multinational companies effect on the decisions taken by a government because their own interest fulfillment also depends on government policies. 

4. The old welfare state is now giving way to more minimalist state to perform certain core functions as maintenance of law and order and the security. 

5. State also withdraws from many of its welfare functions take place at the level of economic and social well being. 

6. To some extent developing countries have received a boost as a result of globalization and became more strong and powerful clue to the emergence of new technology.

(a) Globalisation has been uneven in its impact on states and societies.

(b) Globalisation inevitably results in cultural homogeneity.

B) Liberalisation

The Indian Government had put barriers on foreign trade and investments after Independence. It was done to protect the interests of the producers and small industrialists in the country from foreign competition. It was feared that the producers will not be able to survive the wealthy foreign companies immediately after independence. 

In 1991, the government felt that the time has come to allow foreign companies to invest in Indian markets. This would also force Indian producers to improve the quality of their goods and services. Hence, the government removed barriers on foreign trade to a large extent.

1. Developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their foreign trade and foreign investment. 

2. As most of the MNCs are owned by these developed countries they can expand into developing countries. 

3. With huge wealths greater than the budgets of many developing countries, they can influence the power. 

4. They will see the decision of polity were made in their favour. 

5. Companies from developing countries may not be competing with MNCs in technology and marketing. 

6. MNCs can capture the entire marketing potential of developing countries.

7. This will result in decay of the economy of indigenous developing countries. 

8. They should demand proper share for their indigenous industries in marketing in their countries and in developed countries.

1. At times, MNCs set up production jointly with the local companies of other countries. 

2. The local companies benefit with additional investments and technology of MNCs. 

3. MNCs buy local companies and then to expand production. 

4. MNCs with huge wealth can quite easily do so. 

5. Large MNCs place orders with small producers.

6. They sell them under their brand.

1. The impact of globalisation has not been uniform in India. 

2. It is advantageous to well-off section in the urban areas. 

3. They enjoy improved quality and lower prices of several products.

4. Industries like cellphones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast food or banking in urban areas are developed. 

5. Several top Indian companies benefit from increased competition. 

6. Some large Indian companies emerged as MNCs. 

7. Wide opportunities for IT, data entry, accounting etc. fields. 

8. Thousands of small producers closed their units and met losses.

9. Many employees lost their employment and workers saw their rights erode.

1. The Globalization has benefited both the customers and the industrialists. 

2. There are greater choices for the customers, who now enjoying quality items at lower prices. 

3. As such, their standard of living is improved. 

4. Among producer and workers, the influence has not been uniform. 

5. The MNCs have invested in Indian Companies. 

6. New jobs have been created and local companies supplying raw materials etc. to these companies prospered.

7. Top Indian companies have been benefited as new technology is implemented. 

8. Some large Indian companies emerged as MNCs. 

9. The Globalization has also created new opportunities for companies providing services. 

10. Besides, a host of services, such as data entry, accounting, engineering etc. are now done cheaply in India.

B) Placing orders for production with small producers and selling it under their brand name.

This statement refers to the cultural implications of globalization in the form of fear of a defense group about the imposition of western culture to lead a shrinkage of rich cultural heritage.

I strongly oppose the setting up of Special Economic Zones: 

The reasons:

1.  Accumulation of land for SEZs disturb the livelihood of agricultural dependents. 
2. SEZs are not offering as much employment as they have assured. 
3. They disturb the ecological balance in certain cases.

(OR) 

I support the setting up of Special Economic Zones: 

The reasons: 

1. They provide more employment opportunities. 
2.  They provide world-class infrastructural facilities in a particular place. 
3. They attract foreign investments and help to the establishment of industries.

Globalisation leads to both: 

1. Though cultural homogenization is an arena of globalization the same process generates the opposite effect also which prompts each culture to dominate over other culture resulting in heterogenization. 

2. Globalisation leads to the rise of uniform culture known as cultural homogenization i.e. the influence of western culture. 

3. The differences among powers remain the same despite the exchange of cultures. Hence it may be said that cultural exchange is only one of many processes.

Positive Effects 

1. Increase in the volume of trade in goods and services. 

2. It attracts private foreign capital investment. 

3. It creates new job opportunities. 

4. It raises the standard of living.

5. It increases production efficiency and healthy competition. 

6. It attracts foreign Direct Investment also. 

Negative Effects: 

1. It has widened income disparities by making the rich richer and the poor more poorer. 

2. Gradually, globalization is also a reason for depletion of flora and fauna in the country.

Multi-National Corporations are large companies established in a particular country and has offices, markets and produces and sells its products in many countries. MNCs increase and decrease their investment based on the demand for their commodities in the global market. In recent times, the demand for automobiles (especially cars), communication devices like mobiles and fast food chains have the greatest demand thus encouraging the firms to invest more in these sectors.

1. The government has a role in making these facilities available. 

2. If the government makes these facilities available, then many small Indian producers develop themselves. 

3. They would be able to compete with foreign MNCs.

4. As governments are nowadays welfare states, they have a role in making these facilities available.

The government can play a major role in ensuring a fair globalisation in India: 

(i) Its policies must protect the interests, not only of the rich and the powerful, but all the people in the country. 

(ii) The government can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented and workers get their rights. 

(iii) It can support small producers to improve their performance till the time they become strong enough to compete. 

(iv) If necessary, the government can use trade and investment barriers. 

(v) It can negotiate at the WTO for ‘fairer rules’. 

(vi) It can also align with other developing countries with similar interests to fight against the domination of developed countries in the WTO.

1. The MNCs definitely are not interested in investing in these.

2. Always MNCs invest with the aim of getting more profits, they won’t think of providing infrastructure. 

3. If they try to provide these things, it would be useful to small Indian producers. 

4. So, they do not show any interest in investing in these.

C) creating opportunities for all.

Government can play an important role in making globalisation fair in the following ways: 

• Policies should be made in such a way that they protect the interests of not only the rich and prosperous producers but also the workers. 
• Labour laws should be properly implemented favouring the workers so that their basic rights like sustainable wages, better working conditions, health etc. are not hampered. 
• Efforts should be made to protect the small producers from international competition and prepare a stage for their survival. 

Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all, and also ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better. 

1. Many decisions that affect large parts of the world are taken by institutions of global governance. 

2. They believe that the same set of rules and regulations are followed by all countries. 

3. But, in practice, developed countries are not abided by them and still forcing the developing countries to follow those rules. 

4. To avoid this, the institutions of global governance shall see that all countries are in same plane. 

5. The developing countries should come together to resist the inequality meted out to them by other countries. 

6. Then only the trade between countries will be fairer.

Correct option is C) 5 years

1. Ravi’s small production unit produced capacitors. 

2. In 2001 government allowed imports of capacitors. 

3. MNCs forced his clients to buy capacitors from them at half of the price of capacitors of Ravi. 

4. Ravi now produces less than half the capacitors he produced previously.

A) Special Economic Zone

• Globalization has benefited well-off consumers and also producers with skill, education, and wealth.
• Thousands of small producers and workers have seen their employment and worker’s rights erode.

In India labour cost is very low when compared to rest of the world. So, many MNCs are making investments in India.

Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as liberalization.

Chinese toys are comparatively cheaper and have new designs. So they are popular in the world.

1. According to the paragraph given, the government has to put barriers on Chinese toys.

2. Thus the prices of the Chinese toys rise. 

3. Automatically Indian toys will have positive market. Indian toy makers will get benefits. My comments on this paragraph are as follows. This is only an example.

 4. Like Chinese toys, there are so many goods coming from abroad and making good business. 

5. They are getting good profits. 

6. The same Indian manufacturers face many troubles. 

7. In conclusion, I would like to say that the government should take necessary steps to strengthen the Indian companies and small scale industries along with artisans and handicrafts.

The criteria for selecting a site for operations of MNCs are proximity to the markets, availability of skilled and unskilled labour at low costs, assured availability of other factors of production, government policies that protect their interests,

Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalization process.

1. In recent years China has been importing steel from India. 

2. Indian cement producers found market outside our country. 

3. Chinese have now got a choice of opting for cement produced beyond their state. 

4. Thus it results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in these two countries.

A) (ii) is influenced by (i)

No, globalization is not only an economic dimension because it is a multi dimensional concept having political, economic and cultural manifestations. Globalisation is the process of exchange of ideas, capital, commodities, and people.

Globalization is a process associating with increasing openness, growing economic independence and deepening economic integration with the world economy. In other words, it means opening up of the domestic economy for foreign countries.

Impact of globalization:

Positive effect:

1.  Several of the top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition. 
2.  They have invested in newer technology and production methods and raised their production standards. 
3.  Some have gained from a successful collaboration with foreign companies. 

Negative effect: 

1.  Some of the small industries have been hit hard due to competition. 
2.  Several units have been shut down rendering many workers jobless.

1. Globalization is a major change that occurred across the globe in the late 20th century. This has political, cultural as well as economic dimensions. 

2. An MNC does different operations related to its business at different locations across the globe. 

3. An MNC is able to take advantage of cost benefit and also of easier access to important markets. 

4. There is a greater choice before the consumers who now enjoy the improved quality and lower prices for several products. 

5. Competition held between local producers and foreign companies.

Globalisation is the integration of an economy with other economies along with the free flow of trade and capital. 

The process of globalization is the result of: 

1. Historical factors 

2. Role of International Organisations like IMF and WTO. 

3. Liberalisation and Privatisation 

4. Technological innovations.

Globalisation refers to the integration of an economy with the other countries based on interdependence. It is a multidimensional concept having political, economic, cultural manifestations. It is the process of exchange of ideas, capital commodities and people.

(b) real development will take place only when infrastructure is prevalent.

(a) Technology is an important cause of globalization.