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(a) Technology is an important cause of globalization.

(a) Technology is an important cause of globalisation.

(b) It originated in the US.

Globalization is a controversial issue. Therefore it is also criticised greatly. Here are some major criticisms.

1. The Left-leaning people argue that globalization represents a certain capitalist point of view. Moreover, it makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. Weak governments can’t look after the interests of the masses.

2. Those who support the political rights of the people think that changes may come in their social, cultural and political spheres.

They are worried about 3 things.

• They fear that globalization weakens the government.
• They want self sufficiency in economy, but they want to keep some things as their own. 
• They think it will harm their traditional culture.

(d) Globalisation is a multi dimentional phenomenon.

(a) Globalisation has been uneven in its impact on states and societies.

(d) Globalisation is about worldwide interconnectedness.

B) Liberalise international trade

Correct option is B) 1991

1. The Indian government, after independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment. 

2. This was necessary to protect from foreign competition.

3. Around 1991, the government decided that the time had come for foreign competition. 

4. So, barriers on foreign trade were removed to a large extent. 

5. Goods can be exported and imported easily. 

6. Foreign companies could set up factories and offices here. 

7. This removing of barriers set by the government is liberalisation.

(OR) 

Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government on foreign trade and foreign investment is known as liberalisation of foreign trade.

(a) Economic Implications of Globalisation (Positive) 

1. It involves greater economic flows among various countries. 

2. It has enhanced trade in commodities among countries. 

3. The restrictions on the imports and the movement of capital have also been reduced. 

4. This has spread internet and computer related services across national boundaries. 

(b) Negative Economic Implications 

1. Economic globalization has created diverse opinion all over the world as to benefit only a small section of society. 

2. It does not have equality at par the movement of people across the globe i.e. developed countries have carefully guarded their borders with visa policies to ensure job security to their own citizens. 

3. It has created disparities among states also by making the rich more richer and the poor more poorer. 

(c) Impact of Globalisation on India 

1. More new jobs have been created in the MNCs like cell phones, fast food etc. 

2. India is playing a crucial role among developing countries in trade and commerce by making some companies multinational themselves i. e. Tata Motors, Ranbaxy etc.

3. Foreign Direct Investment has also been increased. 

4. It has invited inflow of private foreign capital and export-oriented activities.

(b) Globalisation does not involve a conflict of values.

(d) Globalisation is about worldwide interconnectedness.

The worldwide interconnectedness implies to interlink the world through the free flow of goods and services, technology, ideas and people across the globe to extend globalization. 

This contains three components: 

1. Capital Flow: It is the flow of resources through loans or business investments among the countries. 

2. Trade Flows of Goods: It refers to an exchange of goods among countries. 

3. Labour Flow: It refers to ‘Brain drain’ by creating favorable conditions for employment.

C) The development of communication technologies

B) Satellite communication devices

1. The impact of globalization in India is not uniform.

2. It has benefited well-off consumers.

3. It has also benefited the producers with skill, education and huge wealth. 

4. Certain services enabled with technology have expanded. 

5. Some new jobs are created. 

6. Some large Indian companies have grown as M.N.C.s. 

7. On the other hand, most of the small producers and workers are not happy with globalization.

1. Flexibility in labour laws help companies to reduce the cost of labour for the company by negotiating the wages and other conditions. 

2. Governments allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract foreign investment. 

3. Instead of hiring workers on a regular basis, companies hire workers flexibly. 

4. That is for short periods when there is intense pressure of work. 

5. This is done to reduce the cost of labour for the company. 

6. Foreign companies are demanding further flexibility in labour laws.

A) Globalisation

B) Competition increases among countries

1. WTO-World Trade Organisation. It lays emphasis on the liberalization of foreign trade and foreign investments. 

2. It was established in 1995 with headquarters in Geneva – Switzerland.

There were raw materials, food stuff and finished products.

Correct option is B) i & iii

Correct option is D) W.T.O

C) Institutions of Global Governance

(c) Chernobyl – Nuclear disaster.

Correct option is D) 3, 4, 5

Political – c, f 

Economic -b, e 

Cultural – a, d

Taliban (terrorist outfit)

This statement is True.

1. Some analysts argue that in the age of globalisation, the State has become less important. It’s sovereignty is being challenged from both, outside and within.

2. External challenges come from rise of regional organisations, international laws, growing humanitarian concerns, etc. Internal challenges come from growth of ethnic nationalism, relevance of non State actors and a decline of national consensus.

(d) Globalisation is a multi dimensional phenomenon.

(b) both public sector and private sector played an important role.

This is an era of mutual cooperation. People and countries are mutually connected. People who live in different parts of the world feel that they are not citizens of just their country alone, but they are citizens of the world. This is globalization. In simple words, mutual dependence means the ow of capital, goods and people from one country to another without a lot of restrictions. The factors of worldwide connectedness are ideas, capital, goods and people.

WSF is the World Social Forum, a global platform to bring together a wide coalition of human rights activists, environmentalists and women activists.

Globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity. All over the world, the old welfare state is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens. However, it withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions directed at the economic and social well being. In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes a prime determinant of economic and social priorities. The entry and the increased role of MNCs all over the world lead to the reduction in the capacity of government to take decisions on their own.

To some extent, globalization increases the activities of state to help in the development of the economy as well as state capacity has received a boost also with enhanced technologies available at the disposal of state to collect information about its citizens.

MNCs not only sell their finished products globally but more important, the goods and services are produced globally. As a result, production is organized in increasingly complex ways. The production process is divided into small parts and spread out across the globe.

Foreign trade is any kind of trade with other countries of the world.

Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets. They can sell their products in other countries also.

Correct option is C) 1%

(a) government regulations made investments difficult.

The strategy has helped India in creating a large industrial base and an increase in industrial production.

C) free without barriers

Correct option is C) 1991

(c) it sets down minimum standards for most forms of intellectual property regulation.

This statement is True.

1. In the age of globalisation, protection and promotion of human rights is very significant. The western approach to human rights focuses on civil and political rights while developing countries maintain that economic development must precede full enjoyment of individual rights. 

2. Countries have to interpret human rights in accordance to their history, culture, economic and political needs.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was signed on 30th October 1947 by 23 countries with the purpose to promote international trade by reducing/eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas. It came into force on 1st January 1948. It aimed to boost economic recovery after World War II through reconstructing and liberalizing global trade. It introduced the most favoured nation principle. GATT was refined over 8 rounds of negotiations, leading to creation of World Trade Organization (WTO) which replaced GATT on 1st January 1995.

WTO covers services and intellectual property also. It is the international agency overseeing the rules of international trade i.e., it promotes free trade agreements, organizes trade negotiations, settles trade disputes, etc. It’s headquarters is in Geneva. It has 123 member States. The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the GATT system and it’s rulings cannot be blocked.

This statement is False. 

1. Many analysts explain that the role of the State is slowly reducing in the economic as well as political sphere. Some of the State’s powers may have reduced due to international treaty obligations but the State’s authority remains the same.

2. The State still remains the key actor in the domestic as well as international sphere. The State remains relevant inspite of the emergence of global civil society and increasing levels of cross border trade and investment.

Globalisation refers to the rapid spread of goods and services, technology and information, ideas and culture, trade and interactions across the world. It is the connection of different parts of the world resulting in the expansion of international cultural, informational, economic and political activities. In the early 1990s, the term globalisation was used to include economic, political, socio-cultural, technological and ideological changes that occurred in the world in the post cold war era. The world has become more interconnected due to advances in technology and communication. Events in one part of the world have an impact on other parts of the world. Changes have taken place economically and culturally.

The economic issues in the context of globalisation are:

1. Free flow of finance and capital – Investments provide finance and help to build industries. Indian companies both private for e.g., Tatas and government e.g., ONGC have invested in many countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. Foreign companies have also invested in India in sectors like power plants, infrastructure projects, consumer food chains, etc. This free flow of capital is both ways i.e., India to foreign countries and vice-versa. Foreign investment especially in the infrastructure sector is essential.

2. Change in the concept of trade.

WTO – It was established in 1995 to replace GATT. The WTO is the only agency that oversees the rules of international trade, settles trade disputes and organises trade negotiations and agreements.

The scope of the term ‘trade’ has widened to include not only traditional commodities like fruits, grains, minerals, oil, etc., but also services like banking, insurance and intellectual property like trademarks.

Use of container cargo ships to carry huge amount of goods all over the world.

3. Rise of Transnational companies for e.g., Nestle, Unilever, etc., operate in India. Even Indian multinational companies like Wipro, Bajaj, etc are doing well. 

This affects the economy as follows:

• Labour market – MNC’s recruit skilled and semi-skilled employees for eg Indian labour is employed in West Asia, Europe, USA, etc in industrial and service sectors.
• Small shops and industries – Those stores which are efficient, continue to thrive while some industries either sell out to MNC’s or shut down.
• Agricultural sector- Many MNC’s have introduced new technology and opened up direct markets for Indian agricultural products for eg India exports spices, fish, etc. to many nations.

Option : (a) WTO

Globalisation refers to the rapid spread of goods and services, technology and information, ideas and culture, trade and interactions across the world. It is the connection of different parts of the world resulting in the expansion of international cultural, informational, economic and political activities. Events in one part of the world have an impact on other parts of the world. Changes have taken place economically and culturally.

Today a ‘global cosmopolitan culture’ has emerged i.e movement of people across the world and public awareness of global issues. This is noticed in matters like values eg secularism, clothing food choices, ways of celebrating festivals, etc. There is international awareness of India’s rich cultural and historical heritage. Similarly, westernisation and urbanisation have influenced Indian society eg breakup of the traditional joint family and rise of individualism and materialism in the country.

Gramophone (not functioning on modern technology).