InterviewSolution
Saved Bookmarks
InterviewSolution
This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your Class 11 knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 1301. |
Write a short note on the physiography, location, administrative and political features of dardistan |
| Answer» | |
| 1302. |
Source based question from ch 3 |
| Answer» | |
| 1303. |
What are the teachings of Islam? |
| Answer» Teachings of Islam:\tGod, i.e. Allah is one. He is omnipresent and omnipotent.\tPeople should lead a simple life. | |
| 1304. |
Write an essay on the rise of Islam in Arabia ? |
| Answer» A new religion emerged which drew widespread adherence amongst the Arab population. A new and vigorous state emerged bringing peace to the warring tribes of\xa0Arabia. Expansion provided a common task for the Arab community, which reinforced the fragile unity of the umma.\xa0Muslim\xa0conquests following Muhammad\'s death led to the creation of the caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area; conversion to\xa0Islam\xa0was boosted by missionary activities, particularly those of imams, who intermingled with local populations to propagate the religious teachings. | |
| 1305. |
Define Nation - state? |
| Answer» A Nation State refers to a country with well defined delineated boundaries, resided by people with a similar culture, shared history and ethnic character. It is also supposed to have a government of its choice. The people in a Nation State are supposed to have unity, strength and cooperation. | |
| 1306. |
Who was considered as the founder of writing system? How he wrote? |
| Answer» \tWriting began in Mesopotamia in 3200 BCE.\tWriting became as a records of transactions\t2600 BCE the letters became cuneiform and language was Sumerian\t\tCuneiform Script\t1. Meaning: It is a script of\xa0Mesopotamia. The word ‘Cuneiform’ is derived from the Latin words cuneus, meaning ‘wedge’ and forma, meaning ‘shape’.\xa0Cuneiform letters were wedge shaped, hence, like nails.\t2. Uses:\xa0By 2600 BCE or so, the letters became cuneiform,\xa0and the language was Sumerian.\xa0Cuneiform writing in the Akkadian language continued in use until the first century CE, that is, for more than 2,000 years.\t | |
| 1307. |
What is hitler |
| Answer» Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany’s Nazi Party, was one of the most powerful and notorious dictators of the 20th century. Hitler capitalized on economic woes, popular discontent and political infighting to take absolute power in Germany beginning in 1933. Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 led to the outbreak of World War II, and by 1941 Nazi forces had occupied much of Europe. Hitler’s virulent anti-Semitism and obsessive pursuit of Aryan supremacy fueled the murder of some 6 million Jews, along with other victims of the Holocaust. After the tide of war turned against him, Hitler committed suicide in a Berlin bunker in April 1945. | |
| 1308. |
Where is kaba |
| Answer» | |
| 1309. |
What is mari |
| Answer» Mari was a famous town of Mesopotamia. This city aourished between 2900 BCE to 1759 BCE. It was destroyed by Akkad ruler Sargon in 2350, but regained her lost glory after 2000 B.C.E. when it was made the capital of Amorite Empire. | |
| 1310. |
On the blank world map mark the following.1.tigris river, Euphrates river,ur,mari. |
| Answer» Tt | |
| 1311. |
What are the insurmountable changes that have taken play since the rise of cities |
| Answer» | |
| 1312. |
How many types of city were there in Mesopotamia? |
| Answer» Tnx gaurav<br>\tMesopotamia is a flat plain. The excavation work started here about 150 years ago. Sumer region was the lower part of the Mesopotamian civilization. It was the heart of the civilization. Sumerians were the first to develop a civilization in Mesopotamia. That is why the civilization has been named after them i.e. Sumerian civilization.\tAs per excavations, there were three types of cities in Mesopotamia. They were religious, commercial and royal cities. Ur, Lagash, Kish, Uruk and Mari were some of the most important cities of Mesopotamian civilization. | |
| 1313. |
Mesopotamia is modern |
| Answer» | |
| 1314. |
Write note on animal herders of mari |
| Answer» The royal capital of Mari flourished after 2000 BCE. Mari is situated much further upstream on the Euphrates; rather than on the fertile southern plain. Some communities in the kingdom of Mari had both farmers and pastoralists. Most of its territory was used for pasturing sheep and goats. Exchange of materials was the norm between herders and farmers. But access or denial of access to water resources often led to conflict between herders and farmers. Nomadic communities of the western desert often came to the prosperous agricultural heartland. Some of them also worked as harvest laborers or hired soldiers. Some of them became prosperous and settled down. A few gained power to establish their own rule. Akkadians, Amorites, Assyrians and Aramaeans were examples of such herders. | |
| 1315. |
Write the causes and impact of Abbasid Revolution ? |
| Answer» When Marwan II won the civil war that led to his ascension as Caliph in 744, the Abbasids sensed their moment. Ibrahim sent Abu Muslim a black flag signaling the start of a revolt. The revolt began in June 747 in Merv, a city center of the Khorasan region. A rebel army 2,000 unleashed their discontent in revolution and their drove out the governor of the region Nasr bin Sayyar into hiding in Wasit, Iraq.As the revolution raged, the Umayyads imprisoned Ibrahim, where he would die in his cell years later. But even with the imprisonment of the head of the Abbasid cause, the revolt spread growing into a revolution against the Caliphate. In 747, they captured Herat and wrestled for the control of Persia. In 748, they advanced to Iraq capturing Kufa. Other major cities fell such as Istafan and Reyy. By the late months 749, Abu Muslim and the Abbasid revolutionaries controlled Persia and Mesopotamia. In November 749, with Ibrahim dead in prison in the same year, Abu Muslim and the revolution appointed the new head of the Abbasids, Abu al-Abbas, as\xa0Amir al-Muminin\xa0or commander of the faithful and Caliph.In 750, the Abbasids faced a threat from the Caliph Marwan II himself marching his army against the rebels. The Abbasid and the Umayyad armies met in the Great Zab River where the former dealt a decisive blow against the latter. The Abbasid victory forced Caliph Marwan II to flee, first to Harran, a city near the modern borders of Turkey and Iraq, and then to Egypt. In Egypt he was captured and executed by Abbasid supporters. Those responsible for Marwan II’s death sent his head, Caliphal staff and ring back to the new Abbasid Caliph Abu al-Abbas.With the death of the Marwan II, Damascus and other Umayyad strongholds in Syria surrendered. The tombs of the Umayyad caliphs desecrated. Caliph Abu al-Abbas, however, believed his position as precarious as long as other Umayyad princes remained.Tales recounted al-Abbas ended the threat through a banquet. A banquet where he invited the family members of the Umayyad. Then, he treacherously ordered the killings of the members while he enjoyed the food of the feast. The act cemented his nickname As-Saffah – the Blood-shedder. But 1 Umayyad prince escaped the slaughter, Prince Abdul Rahman ibn Muawiya.He fled Syria and then into North Africa before crossing the Strait of Gibraltar and into the Emirate of Cordoba. There he established a renegade Emirate and later Caliphate – the Cordoba Caliphate. Making the most western province of the Islamic Empire the last bastion of Umayyad Caliphate. | |
| 1316. |
Discuss the features of town planning in early Mesopotamia |
| Answer» Town Planning:\xa0The discovery of the Sumerian city of Ur has shed light on the lives of the early Mesopotamians. The Mesopotamian cities fell short in terms of town planning as compared to the Harappan centres but followed a uniform pattern nevertheless. The city was divided into three parts - the sacred area, the walled city on a mound and the outer town. The sacred area consisted of the temple tower or the\xa0ziggurat\xa0dedicated to the patron god of the city. There were also smaller temples of other gods. This area also had the storehouse as well as the offices. People resided in the walled city and the outer town areas. Houses were constructed along the streets, and each house had a central courtyard with rooms attached around it. | |
| 1317. |
presentation on chapter - 3 history |
| Answer» Ok | |
| 1318. |
Describe in detail about the third order |
| Answer» | |
| 1319. |
What were the features of the lives of the Bedouins in the seventh century? |
| Answer» The Bedouins were nomadic Arab tribes.i.They moved from dry to green areas (oases) of the desert in search of food (mainly dates) and fodder for their camels.ii. Some settled in cities and practised trade or agriculture. | |
| 1320. |
Who was Julius Caesar |
| Answer» Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman who lived between 100 BC to 44BC. His role in the demise of Roman Republic and rise of the Roman Empire is instrumental. After winning many wars, Julius Caesar became very popular and commanding. When he was offered the throne by Mark Antony; he refused the crown. Some people were jealous of Caesar’s growing power and feared that he might become a dictator. Cassius hatches a conspiracy to murder Caesar. He wins over Brutus in this conspiracy because Brutus is the most trusted and respected in Rome. After the assassination of Caesar, one of his friends; Antony; succeeds in motivating people to raise a revolt against Cassius and Brutus. | |
| 1321. |
State reason upon the importance of the senate and the army in the early list of Rome? |
| Answer» Senate:\xa0The body which had controlled Rome in the days when it was a Republic. Senate was composed of the wealthiest families of the Roman and Italian descent, mainly landowners. Senate was so powerful that emperors were judged by their behavior towards the Senate. | |
| 1322. |
Describe the expansion of territories under the first three calliphs |
| Answer» The Caliphate:\xa0After Muhammad’s death in 632, there was nobody who could legitimately claim to be the next prophet of Islam. So, his political authority was transferred to the umma with no established principle of succession. This gave rise to the institution of caliphate. As per this system, the leader of the community became the deputy (khalifa) of the Prophet.<hr />The first four caliphs (632-61)After Muhammad’s death, many tribes broke away from the Islamic state. Some even raised their own prophets to establish communities modeled on the umma. Abu Bakr, the first caliph, suppressed the revolts by a series of campaigns. Umar, the second caliph, shaped the umma’s policy of expansion of power. It was not possible to maintain the umma out of the modest income from trade and taxes. So, the caliph and his military commanders mustered their tribal strength to conquer the lands belonging to the Byzantine Empire in the west and the Sasanian Empire in the east.On the eve of the Arab invasions, these two empires had declined in strength due to religious conflicts and revolts by the aristocracy. In three successful campaigns (637-42), the Arabs brought Syria, Iraq, Iran and Egypt under the control of Medina. The success of the Arabs was contributed by military strategy, religious fervor and the weakness of the opposition. The third caliph, Uthman, launched further campaigns and extended the control to Central Asia. Within a decade of the death of Muhammad, the Arab-Islamic state controlled the vast territory between the Nile and the Oxus.<br>The Islamic\xa0Caliphate\xa0became one of the largest unitary states in history, and one of the few states to ever extend direct rule over three continents (Africa, Europe, and Asia). The Umayyads incorporated the Caucasus, Transoxiana,\xa0Sindh, the Maghreb, and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world.\xa0Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires. During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). | |
| 1323. |
Examine the steps taken by the roman empire to increase slave labour? |
| Answer» | |
| 1324. |
Explain 3 differences by comparing the town planning of Mari nagar with harrapa city . |
| Answer» | |
| 1325. |
After first century slaves are not found in agriculture in Roman empire why |
| Answer» Because they were busy in Playing PUBG MOBILE<br>Thats it dear?<br>Caz there supply tend to.be decline after the establishment of peace in the 1st century and slowly people give up.the practise of keeping slaves because they needed to be fed and maintained throughtout the year so instead of slaves people started apponting labours | |
| 1326. |
Important terms of this chapter.. |
| Answer» Sources:\xa0There is a rich collection of sources to study Roman history, like -\xa0texts,\xa0documents and\xa0material remains.\xa01.\xa0Archaeological :\xa0a) Amphitheater,\xa0b) Amphorae,\xa0c) Colosseum,\xa0d) Statues,\xa0e) Aqueducts2.\xa0(Literary) Written :\xa0(A)\xa0Texts - Histories written by Contemporary Historians (B) Documents3.\xa0Aerial PhotographsDocumentary sources include mainly inscriptions and\xa0papyri. Inscriptions were usually cuton stone, so a large number survive, in both Greek and Latin.The ‘papyrus’ was a reed-like plant that grew along the banks of the Nile in Egypt and was processed to produce a writing material that was very widely used in everyday life.Thousands of contracts, accounts, letters and official documents survive ‘on papyrus’ and have been published by scholars who are called ‘papyrologists.Boundaries of Roman EmpireThe ancient Roman empire which was spread across the three continents namely - Europe, Asia and Africa.\xa0To the\xa0North, the boundaries of the empire were formed by two great rivers - the\xa0Rhine and the Danube.To the\xa0South, by the huge expanse of desert called the\xa0Sahara.To the\xa0East river Euphrates\xa0and to the\xa0West Atlantic Ocean.This vast stretch of territory was the Roman Empire. That is why Roman Empire is called\xa0an Empire across Three Continents.The Mediterranean Sea is called the heart of Rome’s empire.Division of Roman Empire:\xa0The Roman Empire can broadly be divided into two phases, ‘early’ and‘late’, divided by the third century as a sort of historical watershed between them.In other words, the whole period from the beginning of Roman Empire to the main part of the third century can be called the ‘early empire’, and the period from the third century to the end called the ‘late empire’ or \'late\xa0antiquity\'.THE EARLY EMPIREAdministration:\xa0i. The Army -\xa0ii. The Senate -\xa0iii. the Aristocracy - iv. The Emperor -\xa0v. Republic - vi. Provincial Territory -\xa0vii. TaxationMany languages were spoken in the empire, but for the officially\xa0Latin and Greek were the most widely used.The regime established by\xa0Augustus, the first emperor, in 27 BCE was called the ‘Principate’ (which means he was ‘leading citizen’, \'Princeps\' in Latin, not the absolute ruler). He ruled till 14 BCE and brought to an end the chaotic condition prevailing in Roman empire.The\xa0Principate was advised by the Senate, which had existed in Rome for centuries. This body which had controlled Rome earlier, in the days when it was a Republic, and remained a body representing the aristocracy, that is, the wealthiest families of Roman and, later, Italian descent, mainly landowners.Next to the emperor and the\xa0Senate, the other key institution of imperial rule was the army. Rome had professional conscripted\xa0army, which was forcibly recruited. Military service was compulsory for certain groups or categories of the population for a minimum of 25 years.The emperor, the aristocracy and the army were the three main ‘players’ in the political history of the empire. The success of individual emperors depended on their control of the army, and when the armies were divided, the result usually was\xa0civil war.\xa0Except for one notorious year (69\xa0CE), when four emperors mounted the throne in quick succession.Emperors: a)\xa0Nero, b)\xa0Julius Caesar,\xa0c) Octavian Augustus,\xa0d) Tiberius,\xa0e) TrajanRoman empire made unprecedented growth in the field of literature during Augustan age.\xa0Augustus\xa0played a significant role in expansion of Roman empire.\xa0The ‘Augustan age’ is remembered for the peace it ushered in after decades of internal strife and centuries of military conquest.Augustus appointed\xa0Tiberius, his adopted son, as his successor who ruled from 14-37 CE. The empire he was already so vast that further expansion was felt to be unnecessary.Trajan was a famous Roman emperor who ruled from 98-117 CE. He made an immense contribution in expanding Roman empire. The only major campaign of expansion in the early empire was Trajan’s fruitless occupation of territory across the Euphrates, in the years 113-17 CE abandoned by his successors.Territories:\xa0The Roman Empire had two types of territories -\xa0dependent kingdoms and provincial territory. The Near East was full of dependent kingdoms but they disappeared and were swallowed up by Rome. These kingdoms were exceedingly wealthy, for example Herod’s kingdom yielded 5.4million\xa0denarii\xa0per year, equal to over 125,000 kg of gold per year.A city in the Roman Empire was an urban centre with its own magistrates, city council and a ‘territory’ containing villages which were under its jurisdiction. Thus, one city could not be in the territory of another city, but villages almost always were included.THE THIRD CENTURY CRISIS: The first two centuries were free from\xa0civil war,\xa0therefore, it was known as period of peace, prosperity and economic expansion.\xa0External warfare\xa0was also much less common in the first two centuries. But the third century brought in the first sign of internal conflict.\xa0From the 230s, the Roman Empire found\xa0itself fighting on several fronts simultaneously. An aggressive dynasty called\xa0the ‘Sasanians\', emerged in 225 which expanded rapidly just within 15 years in the direction of the Euphrates. Shapur I, the Iranian ruler, claimed he had crushed Roman army of 60,000 and even captured the eastern capital of Antioch.\xa0Simultaneously, a whole series\xa0of Germanic tribes or rather tribal confederacies began to move against the Rhine and Danube frontiers,\xa0and the entire period from 233 to 280 saw repeated invasions of a whole lone of provinces that stretched from the Black Sea to the Alps and Southern Germany. The Romans were forced to abandon much of the territory beyond the Danube.There was a rapid succession of emperors\xa0in this century (25 emperors in 47 years!) is an obvious symptom of the strains faced by the empire in this period.Gender, Literacy, CultureThe system of nuclear family in the Roman society was one of its modern feature. The family used to be patriarchal in nature. Slaves\xa0were\xa0included in the family.\xa0Marriages were generally arranged, and there is no doubt that women were often subject to domination by their husbands.The literacy rate was casual and varied greatly between different parts of the empire.The cultural diversity of the empire was reflected in many ways. Numerous languages that were spoken in Roman Empire were - Aramaic, Coptic,Punic, Berber and Celtic. But many of these linguistic cultures were purely oral, at least until a script was invented for them. Among the above mentioned languages Armenian began to be written as late as the fifth century.A. Sources of EntertainmentColosseum - Huge place where gladiators fought\xa0with beast.\xa0It could accommodate 60,000 people.Amphitheatre - It was used for military drill and for staging entertainments for the soldiers.Urban populations also enjoyed a much higher level of\xa0entertainment, for example, one calendar tells us that\xa0spectacula\xa0(shows) filled no less than 176 days of the year!B. CRAFT & INDUSTRYMintingMiningAmphoraeMaking Papyrus scrollsPublic baths\xa0were a striking feature of Roman urban lifeEconomic expansion\xa0The empire had a substantial economic infrastructure of harbours, mines, quarries, brickyards, olive oil factories, etc. Wheat, wine and olive-oil were traded and consumed in huge quantities, and they came mainly from Spain, the Gallic provinces, North Africa, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, Italy, where conditions were best for these crops.Liquids like wine and olive oil were transported in containers called ‘amphorae’.Spanish producers succeeded in capturing markets for olive oil from their Italian counterparts. This would only have happened if Spanish producers supplied better quality oil at lower prices.The Spanish olive oil of this period was mainly carried in a container called ‘Dressel 20’.The empire included many regions that had a reputation for exceptional fertility. Italy, Sicily, Egypt and southern Spain were all among the most densely settled or wealthiest parts of the empire. The best kinds of wine, wheat and olive oil came mainly from numerous estates of these territories.Diversified applications of waterpower around the Mediterranean as well as advances in water-powered milling technology, the use of hydraulic mining techniques in the Spanish gold and silver mines and the gigantic industrial scale on which those mines were worked.The existence of well-organized commercial and banking networks and the widespread use of money are\xa0all\xa0indications of Roman economy.A strong tradition of Roman law had emerged by the fourth century, and this acted as a brake on even the most fearsome emperors.WORKERS:Slavery was an institution deeply rooted in the ancient world, both in the Mediterranean and in the Near East, and and not even Christianity when it emerged and triumphed as the state religion (in the fourth century) seriously challenged this institution. Under Augustus there were still 3 million slaves in a total Italian population of 7.5 million.With establishment of peace in the first century, the supply of slaves tended to decline and the users of slave labour had to turn either to slave breeding or\xa0to cheaper substitutes.The Roman agricultural writers paid a great deal of attention to the management of labour.\xa0Columella, a first-century writer who came from the south of Spain, recommended that landowners should keep a reserve stock of implements and tools, twice as many as they needed, so that production could be continuous, ‘for the loss in slave labour time exceeds the cost of such items’.The position of slave in Roman Empire was miserable as they were forced to work on the estate for 10 to 18 hours.\xa0SOCIAL DIVISION(A)\xa0Presbyterian(i) The Aristocratic class(ii) Second Class(B) Plebeian(i) The lower Class(ii) SlavesThe social structures of the empire as follows: Senators,\xa0Equites (horse men and knights), the respectable section of the people (middle class), lower class and finally the slaves.In the early third century when the Senate numbered roughly 1,000, approximately half of all senators still came from Italian families. By the\xa0late\xa0empire,the senators and the Equites had\xa0merged\xa0into a unified and expanded aristocracy.The ‘middle’ class now consisted of the considerable mass of persons connected with imperial service in the bureaucracy. Below them were the vast mass of the lower classes known collectively\xa0ashumiliores\xa0(literally- ‘Lower’).They comprised a rural labour force.The late Roman bureaucracy, both the higher and middle echelons, was a comparatively affluent group because it drew the bulk of its salary in gold and invested much of this in buying up assets like land. There was a great deal of corruption, especially in the judicial system and in the administration of military supplies. | |
| 1327. |
Describe the teaching of Islam in brief? |
| Answer» The teachings are:\xa01. There is one all powerful God, ‘Allah’ and Muhammad is his Prophet.2. Idol worship is a sin.3. All the Muslims are equal and should regard\xa0themselves as brothers.4. A Muslim must not eat Pork.5. He must not lend money on interest.6. He must follow certain rules laid down regarding marriage and divorce.7. He should have faith in the revelations of ‘Quoran’ which is the holy book of the Muslims.\xa0 | |
| 1328. |
Causes of decline of feudalism |
| Answer» \t\xa0\t\t<font face="Arial"><font color="#404040">Reasons for the Decline of\xa0</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#404040">Feudalism</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">The reasons for the decline of Feudalism during the Medieval period of the Middle Ages included:</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">The Crusades and travel during the Middle Ages opened new trade options to England</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">England started to move from land based economy to a money based economy</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">The Black Death - this reduced the population of England by one third. Labour became a valuable commodity</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">The Peasants Revolt - Peasants realised their worth and demanded changes. Charters were granted but ignored by nobles</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">More trade saw the growth of more towns</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">Peasants moved away from the country into towns they were eventually allowed to buy their freedom</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">Land was rented and the rights of lords over labour decreased</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">The Feudal Levy was unpopular and as time went by Nobles preferred to pay the King rather than to fight and raise troops</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">Armed men were paid a wage and Medieval warfare was financed by taxes and loans</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">Nobles became weaker - the Kings took back their lands and power</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">A centralised government was established</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#404040">The Decline of\xa0</font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#404040">Feudalism - the Standing Armies</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">The decline of feudalism came when rich nobles were allowed to pay for soldiers rather than to fight themselves. Life changed and Mercenaries were hired from all over Europe. The Mercenaries had few allegiances, except to money, and these paid fighting men were feared throughout Europe. The threat of the Mercenaries led on to the employment of professional, trained soldiers - the Standing Armies and ultimately the end of Middle Ages feudalism in England.\xa0</font></font>\t | |
| 1329. |
Impact of crusades on Islam and Christianity |
| Answer» | |
| 1330. |
What was the legal right of property of women after marriage in roman society in the third century |
| Answer» Rights of women:\xa0A woman in Rome had full rights in the property of her father. On her father\'s death, she could become an independent property owner. A woman had full individual property rights in her husband\'s property. In other words, a married couple was not regarded as one but two financial entities. Divorce was an easy task and required only a notice either by the husband or by the wife. All these aspects are very modern in the sense that countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq and Congo are still struggling to provide equal rights to women. | |
| 1331. |
In whose hand did the actual authority lie in Roman Republic |
| Answer» Initially, as one might have gathered, the real authority of the republic lay in the hands of the patricians; however, this power could not and would not remain. The plebians, who comprised the majority of the army and did most of the real work, rebelled, going on strike and demanding an equal voice in the government. Out of this struggle came the Conflict of Order, a class “war” that lasted from 494 to 287 BCE. It was a fight that brought about significant change: a plebeian assembly, the Concilium Plebis. Through this new congress, the plebeians could elect tribunes who, like consuls, served for one year. Their primary function was to safeguard plebeian rights against patrician abuse. Their duties were in many ways similar to that of the consuls; however, they could veto any magistrate decision as it related to the plebeians. Later, to further protect the rights of the plebians, the Twelve Tables also called the Ten plus the Two was enacted as the first record of Roman law - there had never been a written constitution in Rome. By the 4th century BCE all citizens had the right of provocatio populum - the right to appeal the decision of a magistrate, and by 287 BCE the Lex Hotensia stated that laws passed by the Concilium Plebis were binding to all people, even patricians. | |
| 1332. |
Describe literature and culture of Islam |
| Answer» Islam is the religion of truth. It is the embodiment of the code of life, which Allah, the Creator and Lord of the Universe, has revealed for the guidance of mankind. Islam is an Arabic word, which denotes submission, surrender and obedience. As a religion, Islam stands for complete submission and obedience to Allah — that is why it is called Islam.\xa0The first distinctive characteristic of Islam is its emphasis on correct basic faith, that is faith in Almighty Allah, as the One and Only Being, Who is the Creator, Sustainer and Master of the whole universe, Who alone is worthy of being worshipped and to Whom all of us have to return and account for our deeds done in this life. | |
| 1333. |
Mention the principle and message of Prophet Muhammad |
| Answer» The first\xa0principle\xa0of his\xa0message\xa0is the belief in one God. The\xa0message\xa0of humanism is inseparably bound together with his\xa0message\xa0of monotheism. The Quran has numerous verses which\xa0refer to\xa0Allah and his attributes but it is directed at man and his behaviour.\xa0The Quran acknowledges pluralism.There is no compulsion in religion. Allah has created different communities on purpose, to try and test human beings in what has been given to them. It is His will that the people shall live in peace and harmony with each other.The message of the Quran is one of hope but not of despair. Compassion and mercy are an ever present theme in the Quran. Hopelessness and the lack of trust in His mercy are condemned in the Quran. Even the sinners are assured not to be in despair of His mercy because Allah forgives all sins. Allah says in His Book: “My mercy encompasses all things.”Mercy is also a quality of His Prophet, for we are told in the Quran that “to the Believers is he most kind and merciful”. Even a believer should aspire for, if not possess, mercy. The believers are those who are “compassionate amongst each other”, and “exhort one another to mercy”. Man is required to believe in Allah’s mercy and also practise it himself. | |
| 1334. |
explain by analysing the popular view related to the emergence of modern man? |
| Answer» | |
| 1335. |
Describe the teaching of Islam in brief |
| Answer» | |
| 1336. |
Explain the position of woman in medieval European society. |
| Answer» | |
| 1337. |
Describe the teaching of Islam in brie |
| Answer» A n s w e r:T e a c h i n g s of Islam is as follow:\tGod, i.e. Allah is one. He is omnipresent and omnipotent.\tPeople should lead a simple life. | |
| 1338. |
What is the meaning of republic in roman Empire |
| Answer» The regime established by Augustus, the first emperor, in 27 BCE was called the ‘Principate’.The Republic was the name for a regime in which the reality of power lay with the Senate, a body dominated by a small group of wealthy families who formed the ‘nobility’. In practice, the Republic represented the government of the nobility, exercised through the body called the Senate. The Republic lasted from 509 BC to 27 BC, when it was overthrown by Octavian, the adopted son and heir of Julius Caesar, who later changed his name to Augustus. Membership of the Senate was for life, and wealth and office-holding counted for more. | |
| 1339. |
Describe the monestary system that developed during 9th- 16th century Europe |
| Answer» | |
| 1340. |
Religious beliefs of Islam |
| Answer» | |
| 1341. |
The fuedal lords enjoyed some powers and privileges. Explain |
| Answer» The institution that was common in Medieval Europe is called "Feudalism". The lords, who held the "fiefs" on condition of service of service to the king, were called the "Feudal Lords".They, in their respective\xa0"fiefs", were all powerful and acted as petty kings.The categories of the Feudal Lords:(i)\xa0Dukes and Earls.(ii)\xa0The Barons.(iii)\xa0The Knights.\xa0 | |
| 1342. |
What did the king do to increase his influence and control in Mesopotamia? |
| Answer» Three divide state | |
| 1343. |
“Medival Muslim writers were careful in writing History". Discuss. |
| Answer» Our understanding of the history of the central Islamic lands between 600 and 1200 is based on chronicles or tawarikh (which narrate events in order of time) and semi-historical works, such as biographies (sira), records of the sayings and doings of the Prophet (hadith) and commentaries on the Quran (tafsir). The material from which these works were produced was a large collection of eyewitness reports (akhbar) transmitted over a period of time either orally or on paper. The authenticity of each report (khabar) was tested by a critical method which traced the chain of transmission (isnad) and established the reliability of the narrator. Although the method was not foolproof, medieval Muslim writers were more careful in selecting their information and understanding the motives of their informants than were their contemporaries in other parts of the world. On controversial issues, they reproduced different versions of the same event, as they found in their sources, leaving the task of judgement to their readers. Their description of events closer to their own times is more systematic and analytical and less of a collection of akhbar. Most of the chronicles and semi-historical works are\xa0in Arabic, the best being the Tarikh of Tabari (d. 923) which has been translated into English in 38 volumes. Persian chronicles are few but they are quite detailed in their treatment of Iran and Central Asia. Christian chronicles, written in Syriac (a dialect of Aramaic*), are fewer but they throw interesting light on the history of early Islam. Besides chronicles, we have legal texts, geographies, travelogues and literary works, such as stories and poems. Documentary evidence (fragmentary pieces of writing, such as official orders or private correspondence) is the most valua | |
| 1344. |
Describe the achievements of Augustus? |
| Answer» Last one write first<br>#6 HIS MONETARY REFORMS LED TO EXPANSION IN TRADE Roman coinage was greatly expanded and improved during the reign of Augustus. The aureus was the gold coin which was equal to 25 silver denarii.Aureus and denarius of remarkable purity were issued in large quantities at a number of distributed mints. Comprehensive reforms were brought in denominations below the denarius. The absence of bronze coinage was compensated by the creation of abundant mintages in red copper and orichalcum,an alloy of copper and zinc. Coinage and taxation reforms of Augustus Caesar provided stimulus to trade leading to stability and prosperity throughout the roman empire.#7AUGUSTUS TRANSFORMED THE APPEARANCE OF ROME WITH MASSIVE BUILDING PROJECTSNumerous building projects were undertaken during the reign of Augustus. The network of roads was expanded with a number of well-built roads leading to enhance trade. Aqueducts were built and repaired,including aqua Julia and aqua Virgo.many temples were built including temple of Caesar and temple of Apollo palatinus.other renowned constructions of Augustus era include the ferumof Augustus, built to house the temple of mars ultor and provide space for legal proceeding; bath of Agrippa, rome\'s first imperial bath;arch of Augustus,first roman arch with three passageways;and Ara pacis, an dedicate to pax, the roman goddess of peace.#8 HE SECURED ORDER AND PROTECTION OF ROME BY INSTITUTING POLICR AND FIRE-FIGHTING FORCESAugustus in instituted a new fire-fighting force in Rome called vigiles Urbani(watchmen of the city).apart from combating the common problem of fires,it also acted as a night watch and maintained order in the streets. It was divided into 7 units of around 70 to 80 men with each unit patrollinhmg regions. Vigiles was complimented by rome\'s first institutionalized police force known as cohortez urbanae(urban cohorts). It was divided into three cohorts with each containing around 500men. While the vigiles performed the day-to-day role of policing the streets and protecting against fires, the urban cohorts acted as a heavy duty police force,capable of riot control duties.#9 HE MADE THE PREFECT A PERMANENT OFFICE TO EFFECTIVELY ADMINISTER ROMETo ensure regulation of public lands as well as proficient census and tax collection, Augustus divided Italy into eleven regions. To efficient administer Rome, it was divided into 14 administrative regions.Augustus converted the occasional appointment of prefect held the responsibilities of supervising all guileds and corporations,ensuring provision of grains from overseas, maintaining the city\'s sewers and water supply system,keeping the Tiber river clean and maintaining the monuments of the city. To enable the prefect to exercise his authority, the cohorts Urbana\'s and vigiles Urbano were placed under his command.#10 HE BUILT A STATE RUN COURIER SERVICE BASED ON RELAY STATIONSAugustus Caesar established a system where people of senatorial or equestrian ran were given the responsibility to issues contracts for repair of roads. A commission of five senators called curatores locorum public or um iudicandorum(supervisor of public property)was put in charge of maintaining public buildings and temples of the state cult. Another senatorial commission known as curatorial viarum(supervisors for roads)was created to oversee the maintenance of roads.Augustus also created a state -run courier and transportation service known as cursus publicus. It was used to transport messages, officials,and tax revenues between the provinces and Rome through a system of relay stations. Also an efficient fleet was organized to police the Mediterranean.<br>There are 10 achievement of Augustus: #1.AUGUSTUS FOUNDED THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND WAS ITS FIRST EMPEROR In 31BC, Octavian decisively defeated the forces of Cleopatra and Antony at the battle of Actium. They were forced to withdraw to alexandria and after Octavian besieged the city, they committed suicide. This made Octavian Rome\'s undisputed ruler.in 27BC, Octavian made a show of restoring power back to the roman senate thought in reality he remained the defacto emperor of the roman empire. And the senate conferred with him with the new title of Augustus.the start of the monarchy of Augustus is either dated to 31BC or 21BC. His reign lasted for 45 or 41 years till his death on 19th august, 14AD. Augustus Caesar is credited with founding the roman empire which lasted for approximately 1400 years.#2 HE WAS PREMIRILY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TWO CENTURIES LONG PAX ROMANAThere had been frequent warfare in the roman republic for centuries. Augustus\'s victory at Actium in 31BC brought the lengthy civils wars to an end and transform the decaying republic into a stable monarchic regime. It initiative a period of relative peacefulness and minimal expansion in the roman empire which lasted for over two centuries from27BC to 180AD and is know as pax Romana(roman peace). The pax Romana is said to have Been a "miracle"as before it there had never been su h a long period of peace in the history of the region.Augustus is credited for ensuring durable peace in the roman empire through his adminstrative genius and reform which brought stability and prosperity.#3 HE INITIATED RILIGIOUS REFORMS TO REVIVE BEFIEF OF HIS PEOPLE IN TRADITIONAL GODAccording to Augustus, lengthy civil wars had let to moral deteriorationof rome; temple across the empire had fallen into delay and its people had lost faith in the gods. He believe that there was an urgent need to reawaken the importance of religious amongs his subjects.Augustus ceasar over saw the renewal and repairs of numarous temples across his empire, and initiated projects to build many more. He work towards renewing the trust of people in the traditional gods revive the spirit of Rome.Augustus era also saw the return of many of the old, popular festivals.#4 AUGUSTUS ESTABLISHE A VERY EFFECTIVE FINANCLIAL SYSTEM IN HIS EMPIRE The financial reforms of Augustus played a criticle role on the subsequent success of the roman empire. Arbitrary taxation had often led to resentment among taxpayers increasing the chances of revolts.Augustus imposed consistent,direct taxation on the provinces in the empire. There were two Main direct taxes: a poll tax(tributum capotis),paid by all adults in most provinces but sometimes by males only,and a land tax(tributum solo).there were also indirect taxes like a 4% tax on the price of slaves. Augustus Caesar\'s financial system was more effective than any implemented in the empire before. It greatly increased rome\'s net revenue and established a stable relationship between Rome and its provinces.#5 HE ABOLISHED PRIVATE TAX FARMINGFax farming was a roman practice whereby the burden of tax collective was reassingned by the roman state to private individuals or groups. The system was widely abused and tax farmer were unfair and at times barbarously cruel to taxpayers to maximize their profits, which included any additional amount they could forcible extract. Also tax farmer amassed great wealth and some even influenced the amount of votes for politicians in Rome. Augustus abolished the system of tax farming and replaced tax farmers with salaried civil service tax collectors. | |
| 1345. |
Describe the main factors which were responsible for the decline of Roman civilization. |
| Answer» The factors responsible for the decline of the Roman Civilization are as followings :1. Wars and Luxurious Life : Repeated wars and conquests bent and broke the back of democracy. The luxurious and easeful way of living demoralised the ruling class.2. Slave Revolts : The number of slaves had out numbered the free men. They grew rebellious and could not be quelled by the ruling class.3. The\xa0Weakness of Emperors : The Roman emperors being incompetent and weak could not face the invaders.4. Spread of Christianity : The Christian religion gave meassage of love and equality. It weakened the rule of emperors since it created rebellions feeling among the slaves.5. Raids and invasions : Invaders and raiders shattered the Roman Civilization. | |
| 1346. |
What do you know about the Roman calendar? |
| Answer» The\xa0Roman\xa0made a calender on the basis of his knowledge of astronomy. July was named after Julius Caesar and August was named Augustus. September, October, November and December were named after Latin languages which meant seventh, eight, ninth and tenth. The\xa0Romans\xa0too had a knowledge of medical science. | |
| 1347. |
Explain the main social classes of ancient Roman civilization. |
| Answer» During the ancient civilization the Roman society was divided mainly among three classes :(i) The Particians or the Rich.(ii) The Plebeians or the Common People.(iii) The Slaves.In Rome, the slaves were employed in agriculture, mining, road construction, workshops and on ships. They were brutally exploited and as a result\xa0of it, many used to become crippled in the very young age. | |
| 1348. |
Who were the Patrician and Plebeians? |
| Answer» Patricians:\xa0The patricians were the ruling class of the early Roman Empire. Only certain families were part of the patrician class and you had to be born a patrician. The patricians were only a small percentage of the Roman population, but they held all the power.Plebeians:\xa0All the other citizens of Rome were Plebeians. Plebeians were the farmers, craftsmen, laborers, and soldiers of Rome. | |
| 1349. |
Explain the Roman contribution to law and government. |
| Answer» Roman\'s contribution:1. The Roman laws are the basis of the law of many European countries.2. The Roman Code of Laws was made by emperor Justinian on this basis, the laws of Germany, France, Italy and Spain were made England also got great help from this Code of Laws.3. The greatest contribution of Roman intelligence is their law. Their law was based on reasoning.\xa0At first Kingship was established in Rome. Many centuries later Democratic Government was formed in Rome. | |
| 1350. |
Explain the story on the development of Mesopotamian working. |
| Answer» The development of writingPeople living in southern Mesopotamia developed one of the earliest writing systems in the world. The system was developed so that information could be recordedThis writing system began with pictures or signs drawn on clay tablets. The signs changed over many years, and this is the story of what happened to just one of the signs.\xa0\xa0The development of writingAround 3100 B.C. people began to record amounts of different crops. Barley was one of the most important crops in southern Mesopotamia and when it was first drawn it looked like this.Scribes drew the sign on soft clay tablets using a pointed tool, probably made out of a\xa0reed. | |