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The study of impact, result and outcome of the modernaisation.

(a) Human behaviour. 

(b) Human Welfare. 

(c) Humanistic and 

(d) Marxism oriented approaches.

Human geography studies the inter relationship between the physical and cultural environment. It emphasises on human creations and developments by the natural influences like relief, Drainage, soils, climate in which temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind etc vegetation, land forms are the elements of physical environment.

where as cultural environment such as houses, villages, cities, road, rail networks, industries etc’ these are created by human being through their activities by human being through their activities based on the opportunities provided by the physical environment.

Thus, the physical environment has been greatly modified by human beings; at the same human life is also influenced by nature. Human being were able to develop technology through their struggle with the environment and better understanding a natural laws.

Meaning: ‘Anthropo’ Means ‘Human’ so Ratzel coined the term “Human geography”. Hence, Friedrich Ratzel is known as the ‘Father of Human geography’.

Human geography means the study of man made features on the surface of the earth for for ex: culture, society, agriculture, industry, transport, religion etc.

Man is a product of environment so the study of interrelationship of man & his environment is known as human geography.

Field of human Geography: The physical and cultural environment. It shows on human creations and development they are influenced by natural features such relief, drainage, soils, climate, vegetation, Land forms etc on which cultural environment dependce. Economic activities such as houses, villages, cities, road-rail networks,industries etc these are created by human being through their activities.

Thus the physical environment has been greatly modified by human beings, at the same human life is also influenced by nature in addition to that culture and technology have aided man in his attempt of making use of environment.

In ancient time, the interactions among different societies were few, knowledge about others were limited. The standard of technology development was too less and there were influences of natural environment all around. The people of ancient civilization of India, China, Egypt, Greek and Rome worshipped the effect of natural powers.

In Vedas, the sun, air, fire, water, rain, etc., were worshipped by supposing them as GOD. Greek philosophers Thales and Enaximender described climate, vegetation and human societies. Aristotle described the people of cold region as brave but weak in thinking while the people of Asia were meek but contemplative.

Historian Herodotus described the effect of environment on roaming races and permanent farming races. Hecataeus organised the available geographical knowledge about the world. That’s, why he is known as the Father of Geography. Strabo and his contemporary Roman geographers made clear the effect of geo – ecological states on humans and their progress.

Modern Period: German geographer Humboldt, Ritter, Phrobell, Pashell, Richthofen and Ratzel started this period. Human geography developed more in France. Raxel, Vidal de La Blache, Brunsh, De – Marton, Demanzia and Frabe wrote many books on human geography. Human geography developed rapidly in America and Britain, also. In America, Ellen Semple, Huntington, Bomen, Carl Souer, Griffith Taylor, and in Britain, Herbertson, Mackinder, Roxbi and Fluer contributed more in the development of human geography.

In 20th century, human geography developed in almost every country. Fredrick Ratzel who is regarded to be the founder of modern human geography, laid emphasis on synthetic study of human societies and mutual relationship with surface of the earth. In the beginning of this period, human studied the line of thinking of environment relationship according to determinism, possibilism and neo – determinism.

In determinism, nature was supposed to be more effective, while in possibilism, human was supposed to be more effective. In the beginning of the 21st century, according to neo – determinism, emphasis was laid on the interrelationship between both the nature and the human. This line of thinking is known as stop-and-go. The founder of neo-dectrminism was Griffith Taylor.

In the decade of 1930, human geography was divided into cultural geography and economic geography. Due to increasing trend of specialisation, many sub – branches of human geography originated, in which, political geography, social geography, medicinal geography are included.

During the ancient period, interaction between various societies was minimum. People knew very little about one another, level of technical development was low and influence of natural environment was visible all-around.

IF we suppose the beginning of human geography to be along with the mutual activities of the humans and the environment, then its roots exhibit a very deep nature due to which a long-term continuity/continuum is found in the subjects of human geography.

(a) Friedrich Ratzel

(c) Human geography

With the point of view of study, the development of human geography has been divided into three periods – Ancient period, Medieval period and Modem period.

Huntington has divided the study region into two groups : 

1. Physical Conditions 

2. Regional activities.

Correct Answer is : (d) 18th

Definitions of Human Geography : Human geography has been defined by various scholars. 

Following are the major definitions given by prominent scholars :

1. According to Ratzel, “Human geography is the synthetical study of the relationships between the human societies and the earth’s surface.”

2. According to Ellen C Semple, “Human geography is the study of the changing relationship between the unresting man and the unstable earth. ” Interpretation of the changing relationship between the unresting man and the unstable earth has been done in the definition of human geography provided by Sempel. In this definition, the changing relationships is the major group of words.

3. According to Paul Vidal de La Blache, “Human geography presents the conception resulting from a more synthesised knowledge of the physical laws governing our earth and of the relations between the living beings which inhabit it.” This definition of human geography presented by Blache provides a unique theory of the interrelationships between the earth and the humans.

4. According to Albert Demanzia, “Human geography is the study of relationships between the human groups and societies and the natural environment.” 

5. According to Living stone and Rogers, “Human geography studies the relations between physical/natural and humane world, regional distribution of human incidents and the reasons of their occurrence and social and economic diversities found in various part of the world.”

Nature of Human Geography: The major basis of the nature of human geography is centered upon the natural interrelationships of the physical environment and the man – made. Socio-economic, cultural environment. Through his activities, man made large’-scale changes in the physical environment and created various types of cultural environment.

Houses, villages, towns, roads and railways network, industries, fields, ports, items of daily needs and all the other elements of physical culture are a part of the cultural landscape itself. In fact, along with physical environment, human activities are also effected by the cultural landscape or the cultural environment created by mankind.

Subject Matter of Human Geography: The study of all the efforts made by man, right from the human’s cooperation with his natural environment in order to perform activities related to earning livelihood to the efforts made for the fulfillment of his greatest requirements are included in the subject matter of human geography.

Therefore, all such landscapes which have been created by human activities, are included in the subject matter of human geography. In order to understand and interpret the human elements present on the earth, the assistory subjects of social sciences of geography are also studied.

Human geography is the study of human classes and their environmental influences, effect and reactions of mutually functional relations based on regional basis.

Nature of human geography is very complex and extensive. According to Jean Brunsh, in the way economics related to prices, geology related to rocks, botany to plants, in the same way geography is related to place, under which answers to questions such as where an$ why are analysed. Fluman geography studies the central role of the human.

Friedrich Ratzel who is called the founder of modern human geography, laid emphasis on synthetic study of human societies and mutual relationship with surface environment of the earth. All the man – made landscapes visible on the earth are studied under human geography. Thus, human activities are at the center point in the nature of human geography.

Representation of development of human activities (when, why and how) with geographical point of view shows the nature of human geography. Human geography concentrates on study of ecological adjustment and regional organisation of different regions. The study of usage of environment for the biotic, economic, social and cultural development of mankind living on the earth and the study of changes made by mankind in the environment is the basis of human geography.

In a nutshell, it can be said that human geography studies mutual interrelationships of the complex facts of the humans and the environment while keeping the humans in the centre.

Geography assumes the earth as the home of humans and studies all those factors which are concerned to the growth of human beings. In this, emphasis is laid on the study of nature and humans.

Correct Answer is : (c) Ratze

Neo – determinism is that concept which emphasizes upon establishing coordination between the mutual relationships of both mankind and nature. It was presented by Griffith Taylor. It is also known by the name of ‘Stop and Go’.

As Hecataeus had presented all the geographical information available about the world in an organised form, he is considered as the Father of Geography.

Population and its capacity means the distribution pattern of population, density, agglomeration, migration, settlement, racial and social structure of population and population composition.

Factors included in the subject matter of human geography are mainly the population and its capacity, natural resources of the region, cultural environment, time period, adjustment and regional structure and relations with other regions.

Geography is a descriptive science, in which facts are studied in regional context. In the form of a subject of study geography is a contemporary, critically empirical and practicial subject. Human geography assumes the earth to be the home of humans and studies all those facts which have nourished the humans. In this, emphasis is laid upon humane study along with the environment.

It also studies diversities of social and economic activities and spatical distribution of human accidents. Thus, human geography becomes a subject in which human class and their environmental forces, effects, relations and interrelationships are studied on the basis of regional approach. By all these conditions, it becomes a complete subject. Human geography developed in 18th century. Since then, human geography become a branch of geography.

Answer: 4. Friedrich Ratzel

Physical and human geography are the two main branches of geography. Physical geography studies the physical environment, in which, the earth, vegetation, minerals, water, reliefs (mountain, plateau, plain) are included. While human geography studies the relations of physical environment and cultural environment, and also it studies the social and economic diversities of various parts of the world.

Paul vidal de La Blache was a prominent French human geographer. He had laid the foundation of Possibilism. According to him, “Human geography provides a new direction to the mutual interrelationships between the earth and the humans. In this, a more synthesized knowledge of the mutual relationships between the physical elements that control the earth and the living beings present on the earth is included.”

According to Fredrich Retzel, the German Geographer who is regarded as the Father of Modern Human Geography, human geography is a study of synthetical study of human societies and mutual relationship with surface of the earth.

(a) location of settlement 

(b) Distribution of settlement.

(a) Economic Geography 

(b) Political Geography

(c) Urban Geography and 

(d) Population Geography.

The study of systematic balance between environment determinism (nature vs man) and possibilism approach (mart vs nature).

Environment is influence by man & his activities is called determinism.

Human geography focuses upon mainly the study of ecological coordination and regional organisation of various regions. Human being is considered to be the point of focus.

(a) It clarifies the societies & cultures in different locations. 

(b) The great diversity reflects through the fashion of life. 

(c) Realizes limit of the earth along with sustainability. 

(d) It is helpful to the planners & Administrators.

Answer: 2. Friedrich Ratzel

Correct Answer is : (a) Definitism

The two main branches of geography are physical geography and human geography.

(b) In the decade of 1930s

The nature of human geography is mainly based upon the mutual interrelationships between the physical environment and the man – made socio – economic, cultural environment. Through his activities, man creates various forms of cultural environment by making large-scale change in the physical environment.

Houses, villages, cities, roads and railways network, industries, fields, ports (harbours), goods of daily needs and all other elements of physical culture are a part of the cultural landscape. In fact, human activities are influenced by the man-made cultural landscape or cultural environment also, along with the physical environment.

According to famous geographer Jean Brunch, “in the way economics is related to prices, petrology is related to rocks, botany is related to plants, anthropology is related to human races and history is related to time, in the same way, place is the point of focus of geography. In this, effort is made to provide the answers to important questions, such as – ‘where’ and ‘why’.”

According to Ellen C. Sample – “The study of changing relationship between the unresting man and the unstable earth.

In the year 1960’s.

Scope of human Geography: 

As early societies became more successful in meeting their need within.permanent settlements.

• The rise of agriculturing activities resource extra and manufacturing activities led to more complex economic and political boundaries were created and more settlement grew into towns and cities. 
• The physical environment also changed with the influence of modem urbanize and industrized world that we known today. 
• One of the greatest challenges faced by humans today is how to manage energy resource in a sustainable fashion without inflicting permanent damage to environment in the form of land, air, water, pollution and climatic changes.

Importance of Human Geography: 

• It clarifies the societies and cultures in different ^locations. 
• The great diversity reflects through the fashion life. 
• Which realizes carrying capacity of the Earth. 
• It helps us to understand circumstances affecting people and nation. 
• It is helpful to the planners, administrations, Industrialists and others.

Geography have tried to explain peculiarities of man environment relationship with environmental determinism approach.

• The regional and comparative methods of each region were show in this approach is called “Areal differentiation”. 
• During 1960 s many Statistical and Mathematical approaches were introduced in the study of human geography. This new trend was called “Quantitative Revolution”. 
• Introduction of environment determinism, possibilism and balanced Neo-determinism. 
• ‘Human behaviour’ oriented approach was widely used in the study of man environment relationship. 
• Human welfare oriented, humanistic and marxism oriented approaches were also introduced to undertand the relationship of man & his environment. This is well known as ‘Post Modernism’.

Human geography is a fundamental branch of geography. In the decade of 1930s, human geography was divided into cultural and economic geography. The objective of this division was to perform a more detailed study of human geography.

This tendency of specialisation in human activities increased continuously due to which development of sub – branches in human geography also continued to take place. Political geography, social geography, medicine geography, resources geography, population geography and settlement geography are a result of this process.

(a) Physical Geography. 

(b) Human Geography.

The study of location of settlements, distribution density, form & functions etc.

Introduction of Statistics & Mathematics to study of human Geography is known as quantitative revolution.

(c) Climate geography

According to Ellen C. Sample – “The study of changing relationship between the unresting man and the unstable earth.

It deals with urban location, development, morphology, urban population & its distribution.