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(i) In India, there has been growing industrialisation, leading to availability of jobs in urban areas.

(ii) Urban areas have better facilities and amenities like water supply, electricity, health, education, etc.

(iii) There is increasing migration of people from rural areas to urban areas.

(iv) The urban population is increasing due to the expansion of urban centres and emergence of new towns.

So, urbanisation is increasing rapidly in India.

(i) Brazil is one of the few developing countries which is highly urbanised. 

(ii) But urbanisation in Brazil is confined to South and South East. 

(iii) For e.g. States like Sao Paulo, Goias, Minas Gerais, Rio De Janeiro have very high urban population. 

(iv) Western Brazil continues to remain least urbanised, which is creating regional imbalance. 

(v) In order to reduce regional imbalance, the Brazil Government is promoting ‘Go-West Policy’.

1 – b 

2 – a 

3 – d 

4 – f

(i) Although the coastal climate is hot and humid, and flat land is limited due to rugged topography, the eastern coast of Brazil has a good water supply and a large range of natural resources. 

(ii) The region has rich fertile soil which is most suitable for coffee cultivation.

(iii) The region is rich in minerals like iron ore and has a steady power supply.

(iv) An excellent transportation facility is also available here.

(v) Due to these factors, agriculture, industries and trade flourish and settlements increase. 

So, majority of Brazil’s population is found in the eastern coastal areas.

Correct option: (c) Europe

Correct option: (ii) Cultivable land

6 Mega Cities are there in India.

Forest dwellers or tribal people used forest produce for their livelihood.

1. The states of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Goias, Espirito Santo in the southeastern part of Brazil and the port Manaus in the north are the most urbanised.

2. The states of Para, Maranhao and Piaui in northern part of Brazil are the least urbanised states.

The rural settlements are of different shapes such as:-

1. LINEAR PATTERN – In such settlements, houses are located along a road railway line, river and canal, edge of a valley. 

2. RECTANGULAR PATTERN – Such patterns of rural settlements are found in plain areas or wide inter mountain valleys. The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles along which house are built. 

3. CIRCULAR PATTERN – Circular villages developed around lakes, tanks and sometimes the villages is planned in such a way that the Central part remains open to protect the domestic animal from wild life. 

4. STAR SHAPED PATTERN – Where the several roads meets, star shaped settlements develop as the houses built along the roads.

5. T, X, Y AND T SHAPED SETTLEMENTS – These settlements develop at trijunctions of the roads. 

6. DOUBLE VILLAGE – These settlements extend on both sides of a river where there is a bridge. 

7. TRIANGULAR PATTERN – This shape of settlements set by the confluence of two rivers and also the junction point of two railway lines are often triangular.

Human settlements depend on various factors like climate, availability of water, slope of the land, level of development.

In India, nucleated human settlements are found in the Ganga River Basin because of flat fertile plains, abundance of water, favourable climate and growth of agriculture and industries. Dispersed settlements are found in Himalayan slopes, eastern and southern Rajasthan because of uneven topography, unfavourable climate and lack of development.

In Brazil, nucleated settlements are found in Sao Paulo and southern coast of Brazil, due to nearness to the ocean, fertile soil, availability of natural minerals like iron ore, steady power supply and good transportation system. Dispersed settlements are found in Northern Brazil due to the inaccessible forests in Amazon river basin, unhealthy climate, limitations on use of natural resources drought region and poor transport connectivity.

Rural Settlement: 

1. Primary activities are main occupation in these settlements and 75% population is engaged in primary occupation. 

2. Population sizes are is low in these settlements. 

3. Rural people are less dynamic and social relations are deep. 

Urban settlement: 

1. Non agricultural work is the main occupation in these settlements and 75% population is engaged in these activities. 

2. Population Size is large in these settlements 

3. Urban people are dynamic and their social relations are formal and complex.

Correct option: (c) Manaus

The term ‘settlement pattern’ refers to the spatial arrangement of houses.

The rural settlement pattern may be mainly classified into following types.

1. Uniform pattern : A Unifonn pattern of settlement is the distribution of houses which indicate the equal distribution of resources. 

2. Clustered pattern : A Cluster pattern refers to the settlements which are very closer to each other. These patterns are located near the rivers, fertile lands, mining points etc. 

3. Random pattern : In this type of settlements neither they are clustering not highly dispersed. 

4. Dispersed settlements : In this, the settlements, the houses are located away from each other individually for 

Ex: farm houses. This kind of settlement is also called scattered settlements. 

5. Hamlets : Thses are smaller than villages lacking of Public utilities.

1. Fig a. Settlement Type is: Nucleated and in Fig. 

b. Settlement Type is: Linear and Dispersed settlement.

2. Fig. a. Shows the image of a Nucleated settlement, because it is a cultivated land and has a centrally located water body.

3. In Fig. b. dispersed settlement is observed due to unsuitable topography.

4. Settlement in Fig. a. is located in the north Indian plain, it might be the river Ganga Basin and settlement in the Fig. b. is located in hilly terrain covered with forest and also a road passing through leads to a dispersed settlement.

the urban areas grow into metropolitan cities.

Correct option: (c) extreme droughts

accordance with the natural conditions

Correct option: (c) slow

Correct option: (c) 62%

between rural and urban settlements

They live in a house built in or near the fields.

nucleated settlements near assured sources of water

fulfilled by rural settlements

1 – c 

2 – d 

3 – b 

4 – a

The point of changing transport modes like sea route to land route can be called as “Break points”.

Approximately 180 cities.

It is a type of settlement in this neither very closer to each other nor highly dispersed.

The roads are’rectangular and cut each other at right angles along which houses are built is known as rectangular pattern. Circular village develop around Lakes, tanks. The Central part remains open and is used for keeping the animals to protect them from wild animals.

There are 5 important pattern of rural settlements. 

1. Uniform Pattern 

2. Clustered Pattem

3. RANDOM Pattern 

4. Dispersed Pattern 

5. Hamlets Pattern.

1. Mysore 

2. Dharwad.

Rural settlements: are the settlements whose occupants are engaged mainly on Primary activity like Agriculture & animal Husbandary etc.

Urban Settlements : The word urban means town or a city it is larger then the villages. These are dominated by Secondary and Tertiary occupations.

The place where it has specific natural scenery, a good landscape a beach or greenery may become the tourist centres.

Megalopolies is a Greek word which means “Great city ” consisting of several sites merging with the suburbs of one or more cities.

Mega city is a metropolitan area with total Population of more than 10 million people.

The term Conurbation applies to a large area of urban development that resulted from the merging of several towns of cities.

1. New Delhi 

2. Canberra 

3. Beijing.

1. Mumbai 

2. Lahore 

3. Baghdad 

4. Pittsburg and Jamshedpur.

1. Mecca 

2. Rome 

3. Puri

4. Varanasi 

5. Madurai.

The Economic activities is an important criteria for designing occupational structure of urban settlements interms of population size & their occupation. The secondary & tertian occupations are predominant in the urban areas.

The houses are built on stilts to protect from floods, as well as from the wild animals, those are called ‘dry point settlements’.

1. Poverty

2. Housing problems 

3. Sanitation problems & 

4. Scarcity of water facilities.

Urbanization causes deterioration of environment quality by pollutions and of waste.

i. Scattered settlement.

ii. Nucleated settlement.

iii. Linear settlement.

iv. Linear settlement.

v. The reasons for settlement ‘C’ developing along the roadside are:

• It has direct & easy access to the main road which helps in easy movement of people & agricultural & industrial goods as houses, farms & small industries are found here.
• It is located at the foothill close to the main river.

Settlement means the places inhabited by people permanently in village, a town or a city is called Settlement.

City : The urban center with 1 lakh and more population is called a city.

Million city : Total Population of 1 million and above the urban area is known as million city.

In such settlements, houses are located along a road, railway line, river, and canal.

i. Scattered settlements.

ii. Linear settlements.

iii. Nucleated settlements.

iv. Scattered settlements.

These settlements extend on both sides of a river where there is a bridge.

roads, railways, rivers, sea coasts and in foothill regions