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Correct option: (b) water

• The area between urban and rural areas is called rural-urban fringe.
• It is characterised by the urban as well as rural characteristics, since it is transition zone between the two.
• Thus, in rural-urban fringe there is a mixture of urban-rural land use.
• In some rural areas apart from the land use for agriculture, some agricultural land has been converted into residential and industrial uses.
• Thus, villages in rural fringe are partly affected by urbanization.
• Thus rural-urban and fringe have the characteristics of both urban and rural settlements.

• Most of the urban areas have very large size of population and density of population is also very high.
• When cities increase in size, many changes occur. These changes are related to land use and structure of the city.
• The large size of population and high density create number of socio- economic, cultural, infrastructural, administrative and environmental problems.
• The air, water and noise pollution, development of slums, traffic jam, overcrowding in trains and buses, waste disposal etc., are some of the serious problems in most of the urban settlements.

• The area between urban and rural areas is called rural-urban fringe.
• It has the characteristics of both urban as well as rural areas, since it is a transition zone between the two.
• Thus, in rural-urban fringe there is a mixture of urban-rural land use.
• In some rural areas apart from the land use for agriculture, some agricultural land has been converted into residential and industrial uses.
• The villages in rural fringe are partly affected by urbanization.
• Thus, rural-urban fringe has the characteristics of both urban and rural settlements.

• Land use in urban areas is different from land use in rural areas.
• In rural areas the land use is closely related to agricultural activities like cultivation of different crops, plantation of trees, permanent pastures, grazing land, cultivation of tree crops, fallow land etc.
• On the other hand, land use in urban areas is varied and closely related to housing and economic activities.
• As the population of the urban area increases, more and more nonagricultural activities develop in urban areas.
• Growth of urban areas depends upon area under construction, industries, different types of institutions such as school, college, insurance companies, bank etc.
• Recreational activities, transportation are the other urban land uses.
• Thus, growth of urban areas is linked with land use.

The settlements where the original occupation of the majority of the people are based on natural resources are called rural settlements.

When the population and the necessary amenities increase on a large scale, the urban areas grow into metropolitan cities.

Correct option: (d) Mumbai

Correct option: (b) Linear

Correct option: (d) linear

On the basis of functions, settlements can be divided into two types – rural and urban.

Agriculture and allied agricultural activities like fishing, livestock rearing, lumbering etc., are most economic activities in rural areas.

The classification of land use in rural areas is done according to Land Records Department.

As per Land Records Department the land in rural areas is mainly used for activities related to agriculture, such as some land is under agriculture, some under permanent pastures and grazing lands or some under tree crops or culturable waste-land or fallow land etc.

Most of rural settlements are semiclustered or fragmented and small in size.

Primary activities like agriculture, lumbering, fishing, livestock rearing is more developed in rural settlements.

In rural areas, sometimes agricultural areas are converted into residential or industrial areas.

Many people in rural areas daily commute to city areas for work, thus rural and urban areas are connected with each other.

There is an area between rural and urban area which is called rural-urban fringe, rural settlements are beyond the rural-urban fringe.

Correct option: (d) pattern less

Functions carried out in rural settlements are farming, fishing, mining, one or two general stores, etc.

(d) Odisha, Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh.

i. Amalipada, Achalva, Sadadkua, Dumda, Pukhram, Rani Amba, Kumkua, Chapawadi, are some settlements shown in the map.

ii. Pukhran, Achalva, Chapawadi and Sadadkua have scattered settlements.

iii. Houses are arranged in a line on both sides of the roads. They are linear settlement.

iv. The houses in Sangarh are close together. 

Reasons:

• Proximity to river
• Amenities like water pipeline, hospital, post office
• Easy access to transport routes like roads & railways which helps in easy movement of passengers & goods.

v.

• Dunda, Sodadkua, Pukhran, etc. have scattered settlements
• Rani Amba is a linear settlement
• Songarh is a nucleated settlement.

Linear settlements are seen along roads, railways, rivers, sea coasts, in foothill regions, etc.

(1) Fig. (a) Type settlement pattern: Dispersed settlements as they are lying in the dense forested areas of the Amazon Basin.

Density of Population: Sparse.

(2) Fig. (b) Type settlement pattern: Nucleated settlements as they are lying in the dense forested areas of the Amazon Basin.'

Density of Population: Dense.

i. (a) Rural: settlement small houses made of mud are seen with river flowing and farmland.

(b) City: Monorail, sky scrapers and lot of traffic with vehicles moving.

(c) Tribal hamlet: with sparse1 population.

(d) Town: Vehicles moving, vendors, shops and small houses.

ii. All pictures show some type of human settlements.

iii. Tribal Hamlet shows sparse population.

iv. Rural settlement shows agriculture.

v. City shows dense settlement.

vi. City shows high rise building.

vii. (a) Rural settlements 

(b) City 

(c) Tribal Hamlet 

(d) Town.

viii. Tribal Hamlets, Rural Settlements, Towns, Cities.

the proportion of people engaged in primary occupations decline

All settlement not Qualifying for an URBAN Status are called rural settlement. They are engaged mainly in Primary activities.

1. The interval of the data is 10 years.

2. Urbanisation occured rapidly in the period 1960 – 1970.

3. (i) The graph shows the percentage of urbanisation in Brazil from 1960 to 2010. 

(ii) The interval of the data is 10 years. 

(iii) Clearly there has been a rapid urbanisation in Brazil.

(iv) The highest urbanisation is seen between 1960 to 1970, when urbanisation grew from 47.1% to 56.8%, a growth of 9.7%.

(v) Urbanisation occurred slowly during the decade from 2000 to 2010, at a growth of 3.1%.

Correct option: (d) West

Correct option: (c) 86%

Correct option: (c) Delhi

Normally rural settlements are located near water points like rivers, lakes and springs where water can obtain easily. These settlement are aslo known as ‘Wet point settlements’.

Ghaziabad, Rohtak, Gurgaon and Faridabad.

Panna, para, palli,Nagla, Dhani.

Where several roads meets, Star shaped settlements develop as the houses are built along the roads.

Increasing population in the urban centers causes unemployment. It is called economic problems.

A town is one in a rural community, having much smaller in size of population than a city.

Students are expected to answer this questions on their own.

(1) Physical factor: relief, altitude, drainage, water table, climate and soil play an important role in determining the type of settlement. 

(2) Cultural Factor: ethnic and cultural factor such as tribal, caste, or communal identity is also important in determining the layout of rural settlement. 

(3) Historical factor: the villagers preferred to live in compact settlement in order to defend against the invaders.

The distribution of houses which indicate the equal distribution of resources can be called as ‘Uniform Pattern”. 

A cluster pattern refers to the settlements which are very closer to each other. These are located near the rivers, fertile lands, mining points etc.

(c) Tribal part of Madhya Pradesh, Himalayan slopes, West and South Rajasthan and Land with the uneven topography.

Correct option: (c) Dispersed

Correct option: (c) Availability of water

(i) Rate of urbanisation in higher in Brazil than in India. 

(ii) Growth of urbanisation in India has been slow. E.g. From 18% in 1961 to 31.2% in 2011. 

(iii) Growth of urbanisation in Brazil has been rapid. E.g. From 47.1% in 1960 to 84.6% in 2010. 

(iv) Urbanisation has been more in the southern part than in the Northern part of India. 

(v) Urbanisation in Brazil has been more in the coastal states of south and southeast than the states in the interior of the west and north. 

(vi) India’s rate of urbanisation has increased continously in a fluctuating rate. 

(vii) Brazil’s is rate of urbanisation has increased but in a diminishing rate.

• Man started using resources from the surroundings.
• Man constructed houses and started living in them.
• They have even built sky-scrapers.
• In future, man is thinking of constructing colonies on other planets and their satellites too.

(i) Location : Both satellite images show human settlements in a mountainous region. One settlement is along mountain slope, while the other is on top of a mountain.

(ii) Pattern : Dispersed settlements. 

(iii) Future growth : Further growth for human settlements seems difficult. This is mainly because of the hilly terrain and forested land along the mountain slope.

(i) Delhi and Chandigarh are union territories lying in the flat Northern Plains of India. 

(ii) Delhi is the capital of India and has an ancient history of urbanisation while Chandigarh is one of the most well-planned cities. 

(iii) Both Delhi and Chandigarh have good water supply due to river Yamuna and the Bhakra Canal. 

(iv) As compared to the other cities in North India, both the cities have well-developed infrastructure, good transport links and other amenities. 

(v) Fast developing industries and commercial centres in these places, offer high employment opportunities leading to urbanisation.

Hence, except Delhi and Chandigarh, urbanisation is low in other parts of India.

The expansion and growth of rural settlements.

Some of the most important common problems of rural settlements are –

• Supply of water is most inadequate. People in the rural areas particularly in mountain and desert region walks for long distances to Fetch drinking water.
• The Water borne disease such as cholera, jaundice etc, are the common problems. 
• Many rural areas are facing the problems of natural diasters which occur frequently such as floods and droughts. 
• Agriculture areas are severely affected due to lacking of irrigation. 
• Being dominated by agriculture the effects of droughts are severe and have effects which strech for many years. 
• The ruraljiouses are lacking toilet and disposal facilities of solid waster/garbages which cause health related problems. 
• The houses are made up of mud, wood and thatch which are damaged by heavy rains & floods. They require proper maintainance every year. 
• Most of the houses do not have proper ventilation and the design of the houses also includes animal shed with fodder storage. 
• The rural settlements are lacking roads and other modem communications.

The Urban settlements based on occupation and functions are as follows.

1. Occupational structure – The Economic activities such as secondary and tertiary- occupations are predominant in Urban area.

2. Functions – All urban settlements have some common functions. 

The following are the important urban functions.

• Administration towns – Some urban centers are engaged in administrative function which may be termed as the good administrative centres. Eg. New Delhi, Canberra, Beijing Addis Abada, Washington D C and London,
• Trading and Commercial towns – Now a days many towns are turned into trading and commercial functions such as market centers like Mumbai.
• Additional functions which the cities are performing like industrial are Pittsburg and Jamshedpur, Mumbai, Manchester, Shangai, Tokyo.
• Mining and quarrying – Dhanbad, Johannesburg.
• Cultural and religious towns – The places of pilagrimage and worship like Jerusalem, Mecca, Rome, Puri Jagannath, Varanasi, Mathura, Madhurai.are the important cultural and religious towns.
• Educational towns – Some urban centres are well known for education with good institutions, such as schools, colleges and univerisities. Eg. Aligarh, Mysore, Oxford, Dharwad. Cambridge etc.
• Tourist centres – The place where it has specific natural scenery, a good landscape a beach or greenery may become the tourist centres.

The types of Urban settlements are designated as towns, cities, million cities etc. 

It is based on their size of population.

• Town – A town is one in a rural community, having much smaller in size of a population than a city. 
• City – A densely populated area of considerable size is a city which is larger than a town. An urban center with 1 lakh and more population is called a city. 
• Conurbation – The term conurbation applies to a large area of urban development that resulted from the merging of several towns of cities eg: Greater London. Greater Mumbai etc.
• Megalopolis – Megalopolis are the extended urban or metropoliton area, typically consisting of several sites merging with the suburbs of one or more cities. 
• Million City – Total population of 1 million and above, the urban area is known as million cities. The total number of million cities was 160 in 1975, 438 in 2005 & 468 in 2013.
• Mega city – A mega city is a general term for cities together with their suburbs with population of more than 10 million people or mega city is defined as a metropolitan area with total population in excess of 10 million people.

Newyork was the first to attain the status of a mega city by 1950 with population of 12.5 million.

Correct option: (b) nucleated