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Correct option: (d) Southern

(a) Scattered settlements:

• In scattered settlements, houses are few and far from each other.
• They are found in the areas of high relief, dense forests, grasslands, hot deserts and extensive agricultural lands.

(b) Nucleated settlements:

• These settlements are close to water sources like brooks, rivulets, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.
• Fertile plains, transport hubs, mining centres and commercial centres often lead to the development of this type of settlement.

(c) Linear settlements:

• Linear settlements are seen along roads, railways, rivers sea coasts and in foothill regions.
• They are narrow in shape and spread along a straight line.

Large scale urbanizations results with many problems.

• Economic problems – Increasing population in the urban centres causes unemployment. 
• Socio-cultural problems 
• Increasing the population results in lacking of social sendees as they cannot reach to everyone. 
• Insufficient financial resources fail to create adequate social infrastructure and scarcity ‘ to the basic needs of huge population. 
• Environment problems – Urbanization also causes deterioration of environment quality by pollutions and disposal of waste., 
• Problems of slums
• Slums are the most important and severe problem of urban settlements. 
• Poverty, housing, sanitation, water facilities are the problems. 
• Now-a-days the slums are occupying a large space of the urban centres and are still expanding. 
• Ex: Dharavi of Central Mumbai is the fastest grown and the largest slum of Asia.

1. Clustered settlements. 

2. Semi clustered settlements 

3. Helmeted settlements 

4. Dispersed Settlements 

Factors affecting patterns of rural settlements on: 

(a) Nature of Terrain 

(b) Altitude 

(c) climate 

(d) Availability of water

• Human settlements have evolved in accordance with the natural conditions.
• Using the resources from his surroundings, man constructed houses and started living in them.
• Rural settlement is the first step towards a stable life in human history.
• Urban settlements have evolved through the expansion and growth of rural settlements.
• There are large scale correlations between rural and urban settlements.
• Modernization, science and technology lead to transformation in both types of settlements.

Correct option: (i) Para

(i) Sao Paulo is situated in South East coast of Brazil. 

(ii) The region has a good water supply. 

(iii) It an extensive area under rich fertile soil which is ideal for growing coffee.

(iv) It has a large supply of natural minerals, such as iron ore. 

(v) It also has a steady energy supply. 

(vi) This region has a good transport system too. 

So, Sao Paulo area has nucleated settlements.

(a) The natural factors like physiography, land / soils, climate, water supply, river banks, etc. affect the location of human settlements.

(b) Low population & few houses are found in regions of high relief forests, grasslands, hot deserts, etc. whereas high population & nucleated settlements are found in region of fertile plains.

(c) Regions having adequate supply of water has high population & nucleated settlements. Water is essential for occupation of agriculture. Hence early civilizations developed near sources of water like rivers, lakes, reservoirs etc.

(d) In region of extreme climate scattered settlements are found due to difficult living condition whereas in region of favourable climate, nucleated or linear settlements are found.

• Water supply : Normalv rural settlements are located near water points like rivers, Lakes and springs where water can be obtianed easily. 
• Land : Most of the people settle near the fertile land for agriculture purposes. 
• Upland location : In the flood plains and marshy lands people have built settlements on highter areas for the sake of protection. 
• Building materials : Rural settlements are constructed with available building materials like mud, wood and stone etc. 
• Defence : Due to political instability and hostility villages were built on hills and islands. In india most of the forts are located on higher grounds or hills.

(i) Water is a major factor affecting settlements because water is required for survival of living beings, for purposes like drinking, cooking, agriculture, industries, etc.

(ii) Due to availability of water, agriculture and industries flourish, generating employment opportunities and leading to development of settlements.

(iii) Shortage of water will hamper the growth of agriculture and industries which lead to less development of settlements.

Clustered Settlement: 

1. These settlements are found in fertile plains. 

2. Houses are close to each other and their size is small. 

3. Sometime people live in compact villages due to security or defense reasons 

Dispersed settlement: 

1. These are found in hilly regions or desert areas. 

2. Settlements are neat and clean with drainage arrangements. 

3. Houses are big and are located at gaps. 

1. Population is more than one lakh is called a city. 

2. Population is less than one lakh is called town. 

3. Cities accommodating population between one to five million are called metropolitan cities. 

4. Population more than five millions are mega cities.

In pre historic times – Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in Indus valley. 

Clustered types of settlements are found in the Northern Plains.

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