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Both the Congress and the League rejected the proposals due to the following reasons : 

1. The Congress opposed the plan which aimed at a division of the country. 

2. The power of the Viceroy remained unchanged as he was still responsible for defense affairs. 

3. No provision was made for the people of princely states to send their representatives to the constitution making body. 

4. Self-government seemed to be a long-term affair. Gandhiji condemned it as a ‘post-dated cheque on a crashing bank.’ 

5. The Muslims rejected the proposal as it did not ensure creation of Pakistan and fifty percent of the seats for the Muslim League with the Congress in the Interim Government. Hence, the Cripes Mission failed to pacify the Indians. 

Outcome of the rejection or the major event that followed its failure : The failure of Cripps Mission asserted that the British Government was not ready to transfer power to Indians. There was hardly any possibility of a consensus between the Congress and the British. Gandhiji lost trust in the British and his attitude towards them altered. The Congress also felt that the British were reluctant to concede to India the right to self-government. So, Gandhiji launched his ‘Quit India Movement 1942’.

In May 1967, Egypt and Syria took a number of steps which led Israel to believe that an Arab attack was imminent. On May 16, Nasser ordered a withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Forces (UNEF) stationed on the Egyptian-Israeli border, thus removing the international buffer between Egypt and Israel which had existed since 1957. On May 22, Egypt announced a blockade of all goods bound to and from Israel through the Straits of Tiran. Israel had held since 1957 that Egyptian blockade of the Tiran Straits would justify Israeli military action to maintain free access to the port of Eilat. Syria increased border clashes with Israel along the Golan Heights and mobilized its troops. 

The U.S. feared a major Arab-Israeli and superpower confrontation and asked Israel to delay military action pending a diplomatic resolution of the crisis. On May 23, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson publicly reaffirmed that the Gulf of Aqaba was an international waterway and declared that a blockade of Israeli shipping was illegal. In accordance with U.S. wishes, the Israeli cabinet voted five days later to withhold military action. 

The U.S., however, gained little support in the international community for its idea of a maritime force that would compel Egypt to open the waterway and it abandoned its diplomatic efforts in this regard. On May 30, President Nasser and King Hussein signed a mutual defense pact, followed on June 4 by a defense pact between Cairo and Baghdad. Also that week, 

Arab states began mobilizing their troops. Against this backdrop, Nasser and other Egyptian leaders intensified their anti- Israel rhetoric and repeatedly called for a war of total destruction against Israel. Arab mobilization compelled Israel to mobilize its troops, 80 percent of which were reserve civilians. Israel feared slow economic strangulation because long-term mobilization of such a majority of the society meant that the Israeli economy and polity would be brought to a virtual standstill. Militarily, Israeli leaders feared the consequences of absorbing an Arab first strike against its civilian population, many of whom lived only miles from Arab- controlled territory. Incendiary Arab rhetoric threatening Israel’s annihilation terrified Israeli society and contributed to the pressures to go to war. 

Against this background, Israel launched a preemptive strike against Egypt on June 5, 1967 and captured the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip. Despite an Israeli appeal to Jordan to stay out of the conflict,”Jordan attacked Israel and lost control of the West Bank and the eastern sector of Jerusalem. Israel went on to capture the Golan Heights from Syria. The war ended on June 10. 

Israel did indeed simultaneously attack Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq on June 5, 1967. It had little choice. For weeks leading up to that day, Israel’s Arab enemies upped the temperature by amassing troops on the borders of the tiny Jewish state, while threatening murder and mayhem.

The two proposals contained in the Indian Independence Act were : 

• The princely states were given the choice to join either of the Dominions or to retain their independence. 

• Pakistan was to comprise of territories of Sind, British Baluchistan, North Western Frontier Province, the West Punjab and East Bengal.

The Yom Kippur War can be traced to three factors: 

1. The failure of all international initiatives for the resolution of the Arab-Israeli dispute. 

2. The emergence of an Arab coalition which was able and willing to do battle with Israel. 

3. The steady flow of arms from the superpowers to their regional clients. 

Effects of war: 

1. Syria was unable to capitalize on its (brief) gains in the war. 

2. The primary effect of Egyptian-Israeli war was the fact that, in giving Israel a bloody nose, Egypt was able to achieve a sense of quid-pro- quo (a favor or advantage granted in return for something) – posts the 1967 debacle, in a way to achieve a “victory”. 

3. The primary Israeli effect of war was to kick off the final crumbling of the hegemony of the Israeli Labour party leadership and the rise of the Likud on the other hand. 

4. The blood-letting in the war briefly made Israel to be willing to negotiate withdrawal from conquered lands. This allowed Egypt to achieve its longer prewar aims of recovering the Sinai peninsula in its entirety in exchange for a peace agreement in Israel. So, peace and withdrawal are two very significant after-effects. 

5. Militarily, the war gave a positive proof of the efficacy of the anti-tank missile and, to a lesser degree, the surface-to-air missile (these latter had a great test in Vietnam too).

Results of the Yom Kippur War :

1. The end of the war brought a glimmer of hope for some sort of permanent peace. 

2. Egyptian and Israeli leaders came together (though not in the same room) in Geneva. 

3. The Israelis agreed to move their troops back from the Suez Canal enabling the Egyptians to clear and open the canals in 1975. 

4. Arab oil producing states tried to bring pressure to bear on the USA and on Western European states. 

5. This caused serious oil shortages especially in Europe. 

6. The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) began to raise oil supplies Substantially and resulted in inflation and caused an energy crisis in the world’s industrial nations.

The Quit India Resolution was passed on 8 August, 1942.

In 1962, at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers’s Conference in London, the proposal of Britain’s entry into the Common Market was strongly opposed. France strongly opposed Britain’s entry into European Economic Community and the Common Market. President De Gaulle was not happy about Britain’s American connection. He apprehended that Britain’s membership would allow America to dominate European affairs. He said that it would produce “a colossal Atlantic grouping under dependence and control.” He was probably annoyed that Britain without consulting France, had agreed to receive Polaris Missiles from America. He was also furious because America did not make the same offer to France. 

On the other hand, Britain believed that De Gaulle’s real motive was to dominate the community. With Britain’s arrival, she would have a serious rival. Finally, on January 1, 1973, Britain entered the EEC and this was made possible by the resignation of De Gaulle in 1969 and the next French President Georges Pompidou’s more friendly attitude towards Britain. Edward Health, the Conservative Prime Minister of Britain, pressed Britain’s claims strongly for joining the EEC. He was the successful Prime Minister who finally took Britain into Europe.

The Treaty of Rome was the founding treaty of European Economic Community (EEC) signed in 1957 by heads of Government of France, Belgium, Luxemburg, West Germany, The Netherlands and Italy. The treaty was the result of eleven years of efforts to reconstruct the European continent after World War II. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) which was formed in the treaty of Paris in 1951, laid the ground for EEC, by opening the market for those products between several countries in continent Europe. 

The treaty of Rome adopted many of institutional structures of the ECSC but set out to have greater reach. It tried to combine federalist and inter-governmental ideas. The original idea was conceived by Jean Monnet, a senior French civil servent. It was announced by Robert Schuman, the French foreign minister in a declaration on 9 May, 1950. The aim was to pool Franco-German Coal and Steel Production. The underlying political objective of the European Coal and Steel Community was to strengthen the Franco-German cooperation and banish the possibility of war. 

France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands began negotiating the treaty. The treaty establishing the ECSC was signed in Paris on 18 April, 1951. 

Partly, with the aim of creating a federal Europe, two further communities were proposed, again by the French, a European Defence Community (EDC) and a European Economic Community (EEC). But while the treaty for the latter was in the process of being drawn up by the Common Assembly, the ECSC parliamentary chamber, the EDC was rejected by the French parliament. 

Jean Monnet, who was the leading figure behind the communities and who was now the president, resigned in protest, and began work on alternative communi-ties based on economic integration rather than political integration. 

As a result of energy crises, the Common Assembly proposed extending the power of the committee to other sources of energy. However, Monnet desired a separate committee to cover the nuclear power. Louise Armand was put in charge of a study into prospect of nuclear energy use in Europe. The report concluded further nuclear development was needed to reduce dependence on oil producers. 

The Benelux states and Germany were also keen on creating a general common market. In the end Monnet proposed creating both as separate communities. As a result of the Messina conference of 1955, a preparatory committee (Spaak Committee) was formed under the chairmanship of Paul-Henri Spaak. The Spaak report drawn up by the Spaak committee was accepted at the Venice Conference (29th and 30th May 1956) where the decision was taken to organise an inter¬governmental conference. The report formed the cornerstone of the intergovernmental conference on the Common Market at Val Duchesse in 1956. 

The conference led to the signing on 25 March, 1957, of the Treaties of Rome at the Palazzo dei Conservatori on Capitoline Hill in Rome.

The fall of Berlin wall was just a tipping point in the disintegration of USSR. It marked an important point in history with some scholars declaring it as end of communism. 

Following events are the precursor to the fall of Berlin wall or end of communism in East Germany : 

Sudden change in structure of economy proposed by Gorbachev, which created a shock to existing structure and notwithstanding change, it led to the eventual collapse of communist economies. 

Gorbachev’s policy of freedom of expression: This led to discontent being expressed freely, finally leading to a strong protest against communist economy. Example- A group called New Forum was formed in East Germany,which pressed for reforms in East Germany. Gorbachev’s policy of more power to states: This led to states like Hungary opening its borders to its western neighbours eventually leading to east Germans flocking in numbers to other western countries in search of jobs and livelihood. 

Above events combined led to the eventual fall of Berlin wall; when group of 5,00,000 protestors gathered and marched towards Berlin wall leading to its fall. Consequences of such fall has been phenomenal. East Germany having cheap labour and non-competitive industries lead its citizens to move in other economies in search of job and strengthening of industries in west Germany as they are more competitive. Moreover, generations which witnessed such fall continue to dominate the thinking and polity of Germany, in which more liberal western expresses multiculturalism whereas east Germans continue to be dominated by conservatives. But both Germany in regret of nazism that existed there, try to accommodate all cultures and peoples in its economy and society.

Harry Truman is a name usually associated with America’s Civil Rights movement. The main ‘points’ that happened after his presidency were Montgomery, Little Rock, Birmingham, the careers of Martin Luther King and Stokely Carmichael. However, some very important civil rights issues were covered ‘ in his presidency. In 1946, Truman did establish a civil rights committee whose task was to examine violence against African Americans within America itself. This committee was filled with known liberals who Truman knew would produce a report that would and should shock mainstream America. The report was issued in October 1947. 

The report was called “To Secure These Rights”. It was highly critical of a nation that appeared to tolerate the way African Americans were treated at a time that the nation also claimed to be the world’s leading light of democracy and protecting the world against the evils of communism, which destroyed the individual rights of the people under the tyranny of Communist Governments. The report wanted the Federal Government to use its authority to end segregation in America and lynching to be made a federal offence. The poll tax abolished voting rights introduced for African Americans which guaranteed their right to vote in elections free from threats of violence. 

The FEPC made a permanent feature in America to end discrimination in inter-state traveling to end discrimination in the armed forces. The powerful Justice Department in Washington have a permanent Civil Rights section for Government financial backing for law suits to be taken by African Americans or others in favor of civil rights; when heard in a federal court for the creation of the United States Commission on Civil Rights. 

During less than 13 years of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s leadership of the modem American Civil Rights Movement, from December, 1955 until April 4, 1968, African Americans achieved more genuine progress towards racial equality in America than the previous 350 years had produced. Dr. King is widely regarded as America’s preeminent advocate of non-violence and one of the greatest nonviolent leaders in world history. 

Drawing inspiration from both, his Christian faith and the peaceful teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. King led a non-violent movement in the late 1950’s and 60’s to achieve legal equality for African-Americans in the United States. 

His contributions are manifold : 

In 1955, he was recruited to serve as spokesman for the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which was a campaign by the African- American population of Montgomery, Alabama to force integration of the city’s bus lines. After 381 days of nearly universal participation by citizens of the black community, many of them had to walk miles to work each day. As a result, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in transportation was unconstitutional.

Swadeshi means things grown or manufactured in one’ own country.

This world-wide depression led to a collapse of international trade because each country raised protective tariffs to protect her own interests. This development was fatal to Japan’s economy which depended heavily on export trade. Thus, between 1929 and 1931, Japan’s exports dropped by 50%, unemployment reached 3 million, and peasants real income dropped one-third as a result of falling prices for silk. Then, there was a failure of rice crop in 1932. Such rural distresses intensified the discontents of the army officers, many of whom had connections with the rural population. The people lost faith in democratic means and strengthened the case of militarism.

Dadabhai Naoroji is called ‘The Grand Old Man of India’.

The pact of steel, known formally as the pact of friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy, was a military and political alliance between the kingdom of Italy and Nazi Germany.

The Second Battle of El Alamein pushed all German forces out of North Africa and opened up the way for the invasion of Sicily and Italy. It was a major defeat for Rommel’s Desert Army. Winston Churchill was quoted as saying: “before Alamein we never won a battle, after Alamein we never lost one”.

The EEC (European Economic Community) was formed in 1958 after the Treaty of Rome by six countries- Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and Italy. Their goals were to achieve a new age of peace, democracy, cooperation and economic union and prosperity between the European nations and citizens after the World War II.

Uniting for Peace Resolution 1950 was the provision which strengthened the position of the United Nations General Assembly.

Betty Friedan, gender activist and writer.

The World Zionist Organization was founded as the Zionist Organization in 1897. It changed its name to World Zionist Organization in lanuary, 1960. The Zionist Organization served as an umbrella organization for the Zionist movement, whose objective was the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Yasser Arafat was the chief of the PLO when it was formed.

It was the Oslo Accords which was an attempt in 1993 to set up a framework that would lead to the resolution of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It was the first face-to-face agreement between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

Arabs thought British Government played a double role by assuring the Arabs an independent Arabia and the Jews a homeland in Palestine. So, they consi-dered the Sykes-Picot Treaty, a breach of faith by the British Government

The Oslo Accords are a set of agreements between the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) through which they formally and mutually recognized each other.

Sykes-Picot Agreement, also known as the Asia Minor Agreement was a secret convention made during the First World War between Great Britain and France, with assent of Russian Empire, for the division of the Ottoman Empire among the Allied Powers

Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) and Tripartite Pact or Berlin Pact (1940) were the two alliances signed between Italy, Germany and Japan. ,

Towards Equality (1974) was the first Report that deals with the issues related to the status of women in India.

One important example was the Munich Conference of 1938, when the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia was handed over to Germany. Neither the Czechs nor the Russians were invited to the conference. The Czechs were told that if they resisted they would receive no help from Britain or France.

1. It observed that more than a hundred million women were “missing” (in the sense that their potential existence had been eliminated either through sex selective abortion, infanticide or inadequate nutrition during infancy). 

2. There are discriminatory social-cultural practices, political and economic processes which adversely affect the women in India.

On March 10,1959, Dalai Lama received an invitation from a Chinese army officer to attend a drama festival. Though the invitation looked like a simple one, the conditions applied by the Chinese made everyone understand that it was a Chinese play to take him into custody as one of the condition was that the personal security staff of Dalai Lama would not be allowed to carry any weapon. Thousands of Tibetans gathered in front of the Narbulinka palace and decided that Dalai Lama should escape from Lhasa. Dressed like, a common army man, he left Lhasa and came down to India.

Tashkent Agreement, (January 10, 1966) accord signed by India’s Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri (who died the next day) and Pakistan’s President Ayub Khan, ending the 17-day war between Pakistan and India of August-September 1965. A cease-fire had been secured by the United Nations Security Council on September 22,1965.

One cause for increasing returns to scale is greater degree of specialisation of labour and machinery. As the scale of production increases the efficiency of labour increases due to division of Labour and specialisation of labour. Similarly, when the scale of production increases it becomes possible to use specialised machines and the services of specialised and efficient management. This occurs in the rise in productivity of inputs leading to increasing returns to scale. One cause for decreasing returns to scale is a rise in the scale of production beyond a point may create the problem of efficient management leading to decrease in managerial efficiency. A large scale of production causes the problem of lack of proper coordination, inverse bureaucracy, red-tapism, the long chain of communication and command between the higher management and on the production line. As a result of all this, the total efficiency of management diminishes.

Wise Buying Decision: Consumers are faced with purchase decisions nearly every day. Some decisions are more complex than others and thus require more efforts by the consumer. Good planning helps to avoid buying unnecessary items. Also decide the quantity of the items to be bought. This helps to avoid wastage. Check the plan for realism. Evaluate the products by looking at products price, brand, label, quality marks, net weight, contents/ingredients. This will help the consumer to buy good quality food at a cheaper rate. is needed. Size of the family will decide this factor.

1. What to Buy: A family should be decided of its requirements and buy just as much as is needed. size of the family will decide this factor 

2. When to Buy: Having decided what to buy a family has also to determine when to buy. It indicates the time of buying that changes according to the work habits of different people. Time of buying will also be determined by what is to be bought. 

3. Where to Buy: It indicates the decision about the market or shop of purchase. Keeping to one store is better, especially in the case of food stuffs. Items of daily use are best bought through cooperatives or nearby stores because items are cheap, and of good quality. If large quantities of items are required, one should go to whole sale shops because they are not only cheaper than retail shops but also superior in quality. Always shop at the stores that are reliable and sale good quality products. 

4. How to Buy: A decision has to be taken regarding the method of payment i. e., whether to pay in cash or credit. Compared to credit, cash payment is always better. 

5. How much to Buy: It indicates the amount of items to be purchased. A consumer should buy fresh foods according to the quantity one can use daily.

Binge eating disorder: This disorder is also known as obesity. When we consume large amount of food specially fats we feel out of control and becomes powerless. This disorder generally happened in early childhood or late adolescence.

Shelf life of food products : It is the time period during which the food product will remain safe, retain desired flavour, remain fresh or it can retains an acceptable quality from a safety point.

Or

It is the length of time that a commodity may be stored without becoming unfit for use, consumption or sale.

Common emotional: 

1. Pleasant emotions e.g., affection, curiosity, joy, delight, happiness, pleasure, etc. 

2. Unpleasant emotions eg., fear, anger, jealousy, worry, etc

Investment is a process of putting surplus funds in some productive activity with the expectation of reasonable return with the assurity of capital remaining intact.

Characteristics of a balanced diet: 

1. A proper balanced diet provides us complete nutrients which our body needs for proper growth and development. 

2. If we take a proper balanced diet, it prevents us from so many diseases. Some diseases are happened just due to the deficiency of nutrients.

A complementary colour scheme uses any two colours that are opposite to each other on the colour wheel.

Neutral colours: 

1. Black 

2. White 

3. Grey 

4. Brown 

5. Tan 

6. Beige

An ideal kitchen comprise of all the aspects means an ideal kitchen should be : 

• faced towards east or north east to easily get sunrays. 

• large sized to allow sufficient circulation of air and movement of persons. 

• well lighted.

Advantages of a well-planned kitchen: 

1. Carrying out activities smoothing without obstruction. 

2. Efficient use of time and energy. 

3. Comfortable working. 

4. Minimum unpleasant disturbances.

Family income from different sources is classified under: 

1. Assured income 

2. Possible income.

Work Triangle is mainly a method of doing activities and work in the kitchen. Generally, a work triangle is used by the designers. They use it for creating efficient use of the kitchen. Work Triangle include three work centers. 

These work centers are listed below: 

1. Preparation and mixing center 

2. Cooking stove center 

3. Storage center.

General lighting provides: 

• An area with overall illumination. 

• enables one to see and walk safely.

Color values describe the degree of lightness and darkness of a color. Determining the hue value of the color you will paint is one of the first steps of successful painting. This theory is the underlying purpose of grisaille underpainting and value sketches.

Local lighting: In this extra fixtures are often placed in task areas and the necessary illuminance depends on the character of the task that is being performed. It is designed to provide a relatively high level of illumination over a small area, with a surrounding area of lower intensity.

• Related colour schemes: These are composed of one or several neighbouring hues which generally provide an effect of unity and harmony. These schemes are based on hues that are far apart on the colour wheel. 

• Contrasting colour schemes: In this the arrangement is made by using complementary colours.

(D) Acetic acid

Acetic acid which contains four hydrogen atoms in it.