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The relative molecular mass of the gas is 10.

The relative molecular mass of the gas is 10.

The aqueous solution of the following compounds which contains both ions and molecules is Acetic acid.

The metal oxide which can react with acid as well as alkali is Aluminium oxide.

(D) Acetic acid

Carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide gas can be distinguished by using Acidified potassium dichromate paper.

(C) Aluminium oxide

The organic compound obtained as the end product of the fermentation of sugar solution is Ethanol.

(B)  Ethanol

It was found that the charge on the oil drop was always some integral multiple of some minimum charge i. e.,

Q = ± Ne, where N is an integer

‘e’ is regarded as the charge on the electron.

Let 'D' be 25 cm(i.e., the least distance of disinct vision)

So, f₀ = 140 cm, f_e = 5 cm

(i) For normal adjustment

M = \(\frac{f_0}{f_e}=-\frac{140}{5}\) = -28

(ii) Distance between two lenses

f₀ + f_e = (140 + 5)cm = 145 cm

X-ray tube is used to charge the oil drops by ionising them.

The magnifying power of a compound microscope is quite high as compared to that of simple microscope.

P₀ = 10D

P_e = 1D

Magnifying power of a microscope is defined as the ratio of visual angle subtended by the image at the eye to angle subtended by the object when both are at the distance of distinct vision.

i.e.,   M = \(\frac{\beta}{\alpha}\)

(1) In unpolarised light, the direction of the electric field vector is in any direction in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

(2) In polarised light, the direction of the electic vector is one particular direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Since, temperature remains constant during change of phase the average kinetic energy does not change.

Optical fibers work on the principle of total internal reflection.

(i) A north and B south 

(ii) Increasing the current through the coil. 

(iii)A South and B North 

(b) (i) 92u235 

(ii) It readily absorbs thermal neutrons and becomes unstable.

 (iii) The reaction is 92U238 → 90Th234 + 2He4 

(c) (i) Gamma radiation 

(ii) Because it is lighter than A.

 (iii) Alpha (A) 

(iv) Carbon-14

The radiation X is infrared radiation.

The metal B of specific heat capacity 380 J kg^-1 °c^-1 should be used because it will take the least amount of heat from the contents to attain the temperature of the contents.

The radiations absorbed by the green house gases are infrared radiations of long wavelength.

(i) Miranda is referred to as the “poor worm”, and is infected with love for Ferdinand, the crown price. 

(ii) Tiredness from hard physical labour makes Ferdinand look weary. But the very presence of Miranda refreshes him. 

(iii) Ferdinand wishes to know Miranda’s name so that he could pray for her. “Admired Miranda—to of all admiration” is the compliment that he bestows upon her. 

(iv) Ferdinand’s attention was drawn toward the melodious manner of women talking among themselves. 

(v) Prospero is filled with fatherly love when he comes to know about the feelings of love that the couple has for each other, and he wishes that the grace of Almighty may rain “on that which breeds between them.”

Current (I) = 2.5 A 

Resistance = 20 Ω

Time (t) = 5 min= 5 x 60 sec = 300 sec

Quantity of heat produced (H) = I²Rt

= (2.5)² x 20 x 300

= 37500 J = 37.5 KJ

When a radioactive substance is oxidized, there will be no change in the nature of its radioactivity. This is because radioactivity is a property of the nucleus and the nucleus of a substance does not get changed if it gets oxidized. (Oxidation is a chemical change, involving only the extra nuclear electrons.)

The thicker wire is used in a primary coil because more current flows in primary coil than secondary coil.

Characteristics required in a material to be used as an effective fuse wire are : 

(i) high resistivity

(ii) low melting point.

The material to be used as a fuse wire should have high resistivity and low melting point.

The Directive Principles of State Policy is contained in Part IV, Articles 36-51 of the Indian constitution. The Directive Principles are broad directives given to the state in accordance with which the legislative and executive powers of the state are to be exercised.

Socialist and Economic Principles: The socialist and economic principles always aim to shape our country into a Welfare State. The State shall strive to minimize the inequalities in income and try to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities by directing the following policies.

• adequate means of livelihood for all citizens irrespective of men and women equally. 

• equal distribution of wealth and resources among all classes. 

• equal pay for equal work for both men and women. 

• just and humane conditions of work, a decent standard of living, full employment, leisure and social and cultural opportunities. 

• protection of children, youth against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.

• provision of work and compulsory education for all people, relief in case of unemployment, old age, sickness and disability and other cases of undeserved want. 

• protection of adult and child labor.

Gandhian Principles : 

Our constitution framers wanted to implement the Gandhian principles for which the State shall take the following steps :

• to organize village panchayats and endow them with power and authority to enable them to function as unit of self-government. 

• to promote cottage industries and village industries on an individual or cooperative basis in rural areas. 

• to prohibit consumption of intoxicating and injurious drinks and drugs. 

• to promote educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people particularly SC’s, ST’s to establish social justice and equity. 

• to organize agricultural and animal husbandry on modem and scientific lines. 

• to prohibit the slaughter of cows and other useful cattle. 

• to protect and improve environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. 

• to protect, preserve and maintain places of national historical importance. 

• to separate the judiciary from the executive.

International Principles: Principles enjoined in Article 51 under international principles are some provisions to the State relating to ensure international peace and security. 

The State shall attempt:

• to promote international peace and security; 

• to maintain just and honorable relations between nations; 

• to foster respect for international law and treaty obligations; 

• to encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

The State has made and is making many efforts to implement the Directive Principles. The Programme of Universalisation of Elementary Education and the fiveyear plans has been accorded the highest priority in order to provide free education to all children up to the age of 14 years. Welfare schemes for the weaker sections are being implemented both by the Central and State Governments. The government provides free textbooks to students belonging to scheduled castes or scheduled tribes.

Several Land Reform Acts were enacted to provide ownership rights to poor farmers. The Minimum Wages Act of 1948 empowers government to fix minimum wages for employees engaged in various employments. The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 provides for the better protection of consumers. The Equal Remuneration Act of 1976, provides for equal pay for equal work for both men and women.[39] The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana was launched in 2001 to attain the objective of gainful employment for the rural poor. Panchayati Raj now covers almost all states and Union territories.[41] India’s Foreign Policy has also to some .

The Preamble to a Constitution embodies the fundamental values and the philosophy, on which the Constitution is based. The philosophy of the Indian Constitution is reflected in the Preamble.

The term ‘sovereign’ states that India is an independent State and it is not subject to control by any external power or authority though it is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The word ‘Republic’ means India is neither a monarchy nor an oligarchy. We have an elected President instead of a king at the head of our State. The preamble declares that the India is Republic and shall be a . democratic in the representative form. The ultimate power remains in the electorate comprising the entire adult population. To emphasize these values the Constitution framers have resorted to the use of concepts like justice, liberty, equality and fraternity.

Justice-social, economic and political to be secured through the provisions of Fundamental Rights. The Directive Principles of State Policy ensures that Liberty is guaranteed to the individuals through the provision of Fundamental Rights, which are enforceable in the court of law. The Preamble secures to all citizens equality of States and opportunity in civic, political. The unity and integrity of the nation is sought to secured by the use of the word ‘Fraternity’ in the Preamble and by the provisions of fundamental duties and single citizenship in the Constitution. The use of these words in the Preamble shows, it embodies the basic philosophy and fundamental values on which the Constitution is based. It very well reflects the dreams and aspirations of the founding fathers of the Constitution.

When a piece of moist red litmus paper is placed in a gas jar of ammonia it turns blue.

The organic compound mixed with ethanol to make it spurious is Methanol.

(A) Methanol

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of a halogen is 5.

The number of electrons present in the valence shell of a halogen is 7

Ammonium nitrate  = NH₄NO₃

Relative mol. wt. = 14 + 1 x 4 + 14 + 3 x 16 = 80

Total nitrogen in ammonium nitrate  = 14 + 14

Percentage of nitrogen = \(\frac{28}{80}\times 100\) = 35%

Total oxygen in ammonium nitrate = 16 x 3

Percentage of oxygen = \(\frac{48}{80}\times100\) = 60%

Given polynomial is p(x) = x³ +(kx + 8)x + k 

g(x) = x + 1 

∴ R₁ = P(-1)

= (-1)³ + {k{-1} + 8} (-1) + k 

= -1 + k – 8 + k 

= 2k – 9 

h(x) = x – 2 

∴ R₂ = P(2) = (2)³ + (2k + 8)² + k 

= 8 + 4k + 16 + k 

5k + 24 

Now, R₁ + R₂ = 1 

⇒ 2k – 9 + 5k + 24 = 1 

⇒ 7k = 1 + 9 – 24 

⇒ 7k = – 14 

⇒ k = – 2

Recur (10) 

10 Recur (5) 

5 

16 Recur (8) 

8 Recur (4) 

4 Recur (2) 

2 Recur (1) 

OUTPUT: 10 5 16 8 4 2

At n = 7 ⇒ 111 

At n = 10 ⇒ 1010 

Binary equivalent of N

(i) 120 

(ii) 720 

(iii) calculate factorial/ product

According to the modem psychologists, there are various perspectives which delineate the causal factors of abnormal behaviour. 

Some of the viewpoints are as follows :

Biological or medical perspective : This perspective tries to explain abnormal behavior in terms of some anomalies in the biological / physiological systems in the body. 

It mainly takes into consideration four factors :

1. Damage/malfunctioning of brain and nervous system 

2. Infection/physical illness. 

3. Neurotransmitters and hormonal imbala¬nces.

4. Faulty genes.

  For example : Low levels of activity of neurotransmitter GABA may lead to anxiety disorders. Certain dysfunctions in various parts of brain like frontal lobe, limbic system are linked to schizophrenia.

  Psychodynamic perspective : According to this view, abnormality is an outcome of conflicts between unconscious desires and conscious motives. The unconscious includes all hurtful memories, forbidden desires, unresolved conflicts and experiences. They originate from primitive, sexual and aggressive instincts. Individuals need to keep these primitive impulses hidden from one’s consciousness. If such matters seeps into the person’s conscious mind the mind will be flooded with profound anxiety. This anxiety gets manifested in the form of various psychological disorders. Thus, according to this perspective, psychological disorders are outbursts of various primitive, forbidden conflicts in different ways that were repressed in the unconscious. 

Social-cultural perspective : According to this perspective, abnormal behaviours develop due to the adverse effects of society on the person rather than the person himself. Various societal frameworks such as family dynamics, cultural expectation, societal biases cause abnormality. Different socio-cultural factors like poverty, unemployment, less stimulating or negative environment, inadequacy of scope of education and prejudice play a significant role in causing mental disorders. Profound malnutrition, lack of educational and health facilities, poor mental support and a lack of sympathy during childhood makes individuals prone to stress and other psychopathologies.

The most influential humanistic approach in client centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers. Rogers strongly rejected Freud’s view that mental disorders stem from conflicts over the expression of primitive instinctive urges. On the contrary, he argued such problems arise mainly because clients efforts to attain self-actualization, growth and development are thwarted early in life by judgments and ideas imposed by other people.

According to Rogers, these judgments lead individuals to acquire what he terms unrealistic condition of worth. That is they learn that they must be something other than what they really are, in order to be loved and accepted to be worthwhile as a person.

It focuses on eliminating such unrealistic conditions of worth through evaluation of a psychological climate in which clients feel valued as persons. Client centered therapists often show unconditional positive regard or unconditional acceptance, of the client and his or her feelings, a high level of empathetic understanding and accurate reflection of the clients feelings and perception. In this warm, caring environment, freed from threat of rejection, individuals can come to understand their own feelings and accept even previously unwanted aspects of their own personalities. 

As a result, they come to see themselves as unique human beings with many desirable characteristics. To an extent, such changes occur, Rogers suggests, many mental disorders disappear and individuals can resume their normal progress towards self-fulfillment.

Factors affecting physical development of a child: 

• Healthy and nutritive food, comfortable clothing and a home that offers safety and protection. 

• Protection provided by adult members. 

• Healthy environment and habits are important. 

• Play and exercise also are important. 

• Immunization schedule should be followed.

Importance of Budgeting: Basically, budgeting is an art and science of planning income and expenditure. 

• Budgeting helps one to live within one’s income. 

• Budgeting allow a person to regulate his funds rather than his money. 

• It also ensure that the spending of a person is not greater than his income. 

• It also helps us to save money for our future. 

• It also make us free from future worries related to money. 

• Budgeting also helps us to see how best we can use our money to attain our goals which are very much important for us.

Precautions while, writing a cheque: 

• Date – correct date should be written. 

• Payee’s name must be correctly written. The word Self is written if the cheque is drawn for himself. 

• Amount should be written carefully both in words and figures and must be suffixed with the word‘only’. 

• Drawers signature should be complete, genuine and in ink. It must tally with the specimen signature in the bank otherwise the cheque is dishonored. 

• Alterations can be done in date, amount or the name of the payee and must be confirmed by the drawers signature. The bank does not honor a cheque that has alterations withouta drawer’s sign.

Cabinet Mission rejected the idea of two sovereign states because it was believed that it would not solve the problem of the minorities.

Mumbai receives rainfall in the summer season because it receives rainfall from S.W. Monsoon winds while Chennai receives its rainfall from N.E. Monsoon winds.