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i. In the second half of the 19th century, courageous European travellers took the ambitious task of discovering the interior parts of the African continent. 

ii. Mungopark, discovered the stream of the Niger river in the south of the Sahara desert. He was the first European tourist to visit Timbuktu, an African city. 

iii. Captain Spake and Sir Samuel Baker went to the dense forests of Africa and found out big lakes in Central Africa. These lakes were given the names of British Kings and Queens. 

iv. David Livingstone, the fearless Scottish preacher, first brought to the world’s notice the course of the Zambezi river. He also discovered the regions around the Congo, Tanganyika and Nyasa lakes.

i. The African regions of Sahara Desert, Algeria, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, French Congo, Madagascar Island and Morocco were colonized by France.

ii. The areas colonized by Spain in Africa were Rio de Oro, North of Morocco and some areas in Guinea Coast.

Belgium became the first colonizer in the African continent at the end of 19^th century.

Barring Ethiopia and Liberia, the entire African continent was colonized by the European nations.

The Manchu reign was held responsible for allowing a gigantic China to be brought under the reign of the Europeans. 

i. Due to industrial revolution, the production of goods increased, leading to an increased demand of raw materials.

ii. The markets in Europe were of competitive nature, thereby Europeans had to sell their goods at a cheaper price.

iii. This could only be achieved by cutting down the production expenses and purchasing the raw materials from cheaper sources.

iv. The nations in Asia and Africa were rich in terms of natural resources.

Thus, with a view of taking advantage of these natural resources, the European nations turned their imperial attention towards Asia and Africa.

i. During industrial revolution, production increased due to machines.

ii. The pace of production of goods went up.

iii. As a consequence, it became difficult for the nations to sell the products within their national boundaries.

Hence, Europeans started to discover new markets.

i. Stanley, an American journalist wrote the books “Through the Dark Continent” and “Darkest Africa”. 

ii. The travelogue created, among the Europeans, a kind of attraction towards Africa and there arose a public opinion favouring colonization of regions in the African continent. 

iii. A sense of competition grew among the European nations to capture the best and strategic regions of Africa.

Thus, the travelogue written by Stanley created curiosity among the Europeans towards Africa.

i. In order to maintain the reign, imperial nations adopted the policy of “Divide and Rule”.

ii. As per this policy, Europeans sowed a sense of hostility among social groups. 

iii. This led to degradation of morality in the colonies due to enemity, violence, selfishness and indulgence among the people.

The book written by Stanley an American journalist, created a sense of curiosity among the Europeans towards the African continent. 

i. The imperialism carried out with an objective to bring profits to the nation, by exploiting the natural resources of an undeveloped nation, by means of economic and political dominance is called Economic Imperialism.

ii. Economic Imperialism also means economic domination of one nation by another nation.

i. The extraordinary inventions brought about by the scientists, right from John Kay up to Wright Brothers, provided momentum to the life of the people.

ii. The inventions of steam power, electricity, coal and iron brought about a radical change in the means of transport and communication.

iii. Science also motivated the creation of modern weapons which gave an impetus to the imperial ambitions of human beings.

As a result, imperialism grew in many nations.

i. In 1453, Constantinople (Istanbul) was captured by the Ottoman Turks.

ii. The terrestrial way, a short route to Asia was thus closed down for the European traders.

iii. As there was an increase in the business in Europe, and the short route was under the control of the Turks, the Europeans felt the need for finding out new sea routes.

Calicut is a port on the western coast of India.

In 1498 AD, Vasco da Gama, came to the Calicut port of India via South African peninsula. 

i. America appointed Commodore Matthew Perry as the chief of its naval mission to Japan. 

ii. Commodore Matthew Perry first came to Gulf of Edo in Japan in 1853. 

iii. He made a request to the Japanese government to ensure safety to the American ships within the marine boundaries of Japan and to provide business concessions.

iv. Considering the extent and strength of Perry’s Navy, the Japanese governance, Tokugawa Shogun signed a business agreement with America on 31^st March, 1854 at Kanagawa.

v. As per this agreement:

a. America was allowed entry to Shimonda and Hakodate ports for procuring wood, coal and water.

b. The American representative could stay in Japan. 

c. The American sailors in distress would be provided help by the Japanese. 

d. America was allowed to do business in Japan adhering to the local rules and regulations.

vi. Due to this treaty, the non-aligned status of Japan came to an end.

According to Kanagawa treaty, America was allowed entry to Shimonda and Hakodate ports of Japan.

Japan is known as the ‘Land of Rising Sun’.

i. In the second half of 18^th century, South India was dominated by Nizam, Hyder Ali and the Maratha rulers.

ii. Hyder Ali was defeated by the British in collaboration with the Nizam and the Marathas.

iii. Later, Tipu Sultan, the son of Hyder Ali, was also defeated.

iv. During the period of 1775-1818 three battles took place between Maratha and British. In the first battle British were defeated but in other two battles Maratha rulers were subdued.

v. Nizam accepted the subsidiary alliance system which paved way for the Britishers to expand their territories in India.

The Portuguese were followed by the Dutch in India. 

i. The British entered India with the sole purpose of initiating business activities. The East India Company was set up by Britain in the year 1600 AD.

ii. When the Britishers came to India, North India was ruled by the Mughals.

iii. In 1615 AD, Badshah Jahangir permitted the East India Company to build a business centre in Surat.

iv. Initially, the company was involved only in business activities.

v. However, with the signs of decline of Mughal rule and cropping up of Intra-dynasty conflicts after the death of Badshah Aurangzeb, the company started to dabble (take part) in Indian Politics.

The Battle of Buxar took place in the year 1764 .

The Battle of Plassey took place in the year 1757.

i. The imperialistic European nations established economic dominance over China by acquiring various commercial concessions from it.

ii. England controlled the business and excise, France took over the Chinese postal service whereas, the Chinese railway was dominated by other European nations.

The Karnataka Battle was fought between England and France.

Badshah Jahangir had given permission to start business centre at Surat.

The First Opium war was fought in the year 1839.

Bajirao II had to face defeat at the battle of Ashti. 

Russia attacked China in the year 1860. 

i. The Portuguese were the first European traders in China.

ii. They came to China via sea route and alighted at the Canton port of China where they were allowed trade concessions.

iii. Later on, the Portuguese captured the Macau port in China.

i. The East India Company set up by Britain in India was initially concerned with only business purposes.

ii. However, with the signs of decline of Mughal rule and the cropping up of intra-dynasty conflicts after the death of Badshah Aurangzeb, Britain started paying attention to Indian politics.

The British merchants used to sell the Opium got from India in China.

(i - c), 

(ii - d), 

(iii - b)

(i - d), 

(ii - a), 

(iii - b)

(i - b), 

(ii - c), 

(iii - a)

Japan defeated China by waging a war in 1894-95.

Between 1606 and 1732, England set up 13 colonies in the eastern coast of North America. 

i. The imperial nations brought various parts of the colonies under one reign. This centralized governing system integrated the colonies.

ii. Before the imperial reign, most of the colonies were divided and governed by various rulers.

iii. Lack of uniformity gave rise to irregularities in governance, law and legal system.

iv. Imperial nations brought the scattered regions and reigns under one banner and established one governing system, uniform rules and regulations and one legal system.

Consequently, there came into being, a sense of national integrity among the people in the European colonies.

In order to maintain control over the colonies, the European nations introduced physical reforms such as making of roads for quick military movement and internal transportation, railway, post, telegraph, canals, aeroplanes etc.

In 1884, European Nations held a conference at Berlin.

Huge deposits of Gold and Silver were found in Africa.

i. After the defeat of Marathas, except for the Sikh reign, all other princely states were under the British rule.

ii. It was Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who organized the members of the sikh community.

iii. The East India Company was under the threat of Maharaja.

iv. No damage was possible as long as Maharaja Ranjit Singh was on the throne.

v. The Sikh empire expanded to the regions of Punjab, Sindh, Kashmir and areas in Pakistan.

vi. In the wake of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s death in 1839 and the disputes among the successors (followers) of Sikh empire, Britain took advantage and won the vast Sikh empire between 1845 - 1849.

In the initial stages of their stay, the Portuguese had great importance in the Indian politics.

i. Lord Dalhousie introduced the Doctrine of Lapse and adopted the policy of merging local princely states into the British empire.

ii. The adopted successors of the princely states of Jhansi, Nagpur, Satara, Sambalpur, Udaipur were rejected.

iii. The state of Ayodhya was merged under the pretext of maladministration.

iv. Some other princely states were deprived of the periodic pensions and were brought under the British empire.

v. Thus, in the span of hundred years between 1757-1857, England brought the entire region of India under its governance.

i. Between 1775 - 1818, three battles were fought between the Marathas and the British.

ii. In the first battle, Mahadji Shinde of the Marathas defeated the British.

iii. However, Britishers won the second battle.

iv. Later, in the third battle at Ashti, Bajirao II faced defeat at the hands of British army and the Maratha rulers were subdued (brought under control).

The Portuguese sailor, Bartholomew Dias undertook a mission of discovering India.

It is considered that England is the origin of Industrial Revolution.

i. China used to earn a lot of profit by virtue of selling tea, silk and chinese vessels.

ii. However, after industrial revolution, the western goods started to sell in Chinese markets.

iii. The European traders in China established an organization named “Cohong” for the promotion of trade.

i. Till the middle of the 19^th century, the westerners didn’t have any idea of the interiors of the African continent. 

ii. Africa had dense forests, big lakes, perennial (constantly recurring) rivers and large tracts of deserts. 

iii. Specific composition of Africa was not known to the world at large. 

iv. It was known as ‘Unknown or Dark continent’.

As a result, the discovery of interior parts of Africa did not take place.

In his voyage, Bartholomew Dias could only reach Cape of Good Hope.