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Correct option is (C) 7

Correct option is B) Aravalis

The main peaks are Mount Kg, Godwin Austin, Hindon Peak, Broad Peak Geyserabam, Rakaposhi, Harmush.

(i) B) Rajmahal hills

(ii) D) Both A and B

(iii) D) Nilgiris

India extend between 68°7′ E to 97° 25′ E longitudes. The East-West extent is 2933 km. which is roughly l/12th of the circumference of the earth. Thus, India has a longitudinal extent of about 30° longitudes. There is a time lag of 2 hours between the sunrise in the easternmost and the westernmost horizons of India. It means that the sun takes two hours to rise in Saurashtra after it has region in Arunachal Pradesh. There is a difference of 4 minutes for 1° of longitude. Therefore, there is difference of time of 2 hours (30° × 4 = 120 minutes = 2 hours). It has been suggested to have two standard meridians (instead of one) to reduce time lag to 1 hour.

The Himalayas extend from Indus Valley to Dihang Gorge in the East. Its main characteristics are:

• It is the longest and the highest mountain range of the country. It includes old rocks of granite, gneiss crystalline metamorphic rocks.
• It has Mount Everest 8848 metres high, the highest peak of the world.
• The peaks of the Himalayas are always snow-covered.
• Many passes make routes across it.
• It includes important valleys of Kathmandu and Kashmir

There exist open plains in the west of Punjab’s Shiwalik hills and in the east of Nurpur Bedi Tehsil of Roopnagar district. In local language, they are called Kandi areas.

This area or region is spread in 5 lakh hectare area of 5 districts and 22 blocks of Punjab which becomes 10% of Punjab’s total area.

Features:

• The soil of this region is not smooth and is full of Chos.
• This region is spread in the narrow bets of 300-400 metres along with Shiwalik.
• After every kilometre, there exists one Cho or Nala.
• This region is spread between the districts of Chandigarh, Hoshiarpur, Roopnagar (Ropar) etc.

Patkoi and Lushai ranges; Garo, Khasi, Jaintia and Naga peaks.

A. Greater Himalayas – The northern most range of Himalayas towards China,

B. Central Himalayas – The range that lies in the middle of Greater Himalayas and Shivalik range 

C. Shivalik Range – The north eastern most range of Himalayas towards east India.

Mountain ranges of Himalayas:

• The highest mountain of the world, Mt. Everest which is 8848 m, lies in the Himalayan range in Nepal.
• The highest peak of the Himalayas in India is the Mt. Godwin Austin which is 8611 m high.
• Other important mountains of the world which are located in Himalayas are Kanchenjunga (8598 m), Nandadevi (7817 m) and Badrinath (7138 m). All these mountains are located in India.

Correct option is (D) Himalayas

B) Accumulation of ice, movement and melting of glaciers

Shiwalik Ranges. The southernmost range of the Himalayas is known as the Shiwaliks or outer Himalayas. Its average height is less than 1000 metres. Although these extend from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh, yet these are not continuous ranges. These are made of loose, unconsolidated sediments broguht down by rivers. Soil erosion by chos is at its worst in this region. In between the Shiwaliks and the lesser Himalayas, longitudinal valleys called Duns are found such as Dehradun.

C) India is in Northern Hemisphere

1. True.

2. False

3. True.

4. True.

Millions of years ago, the Himalayas were occupied by a geosyncline known as Tethys. It was sandwiched between two long landmasses: Angara land on the north and Gondwana land on the south. The Tethys sea stretched over the Northern plains in east-west direction. For millions of years, sediments were deposited in Tethys sea. These sediments were folded to form the Himalayas. The land masses of Angara land and Gondwana land drifted slowly towards each other. The horizontal forces worked from two opposite directions resulting in compression. It led to sinking of the Tethys sea.

The Indian plate was driven northwards and pushed beneath the Eurasian plate. When the two plates came closer, the Tethys sea’s crust fractured. The sediments buckled and folded to form the mighty fold mountains of the Himalayas. It has been observed that the ‘Himalayas are still rising.’

The Kanchenjunga peak is in Sikkim.

Kangra, Kulu and Kashmir valley.

Correct option is (B) 3

K₂ , in the Karakoram range, is the second highest peak after Mount Everest.

D) 1 – c, 2 – d, 3 – a, 4 – b

Correct option is (D) Greater

(C) Mt. Everest

1. False

2. True

3. False

4. False

5. False

(B) On the west of Aravalli Mountains

Correct option is (A) Date

Correct option is (D) Satluj

Correct option is (A) Gujarat

A. Little Rann of Kachchh, 

B. Great Rann of Kachchh.

Saline and white in colour.

The desert is covered with white sand.

India is a vast country situated in South Asia. It occupies a central position at the head of Indian ocean. Its effects are:

1. Defence: India has a strong naval fleet for defence of its long coastline. Its frontiers on the south are safe. Land and Air force is there to defend land frontiers of North. India has faced the attacks from the North, and has helped Sri Lanka and Maldives also.

2. Climate: India enjoys monsoon climate being located between the Himalayas and Indian Ocean. India mostly gets rainfall in summer, but S.E. part gets winter rainfall.

3. Trade: Most of trade routes pass through Indian ocean along the coast of India. These connect India with Europe and America on the west and Australia, East Asia, and Far East.

4. Culture: Different racial groups like Aryans, Greeks, Turks, Mughals came through passes to the N. West and settled in India. These races mixed with Indians and gave a new form to Indian culture. Indian culture got many changes in dress, food and mode of living.

In fact, India has an important position in the world due to its location.

India lies on the Indian plate, the north portion of the Indo – Australian Plate, whose continental’crust forms the Indian subcontinent. The country is situated in the north of equator between 8° 4′ to 37°6′ northern latitude and 68°7′ to 97°25′ eastern longitude. It is the seventh largest country of the world, with a total area of 32,87,263 sq.km. The Tropic of Cancer divides it into almost two equal parts.

The part situated between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn is called the Tropical zone and the part situated between Tropic of Cancer and Arctic circle (66 ° northern latitude) and Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle (66 ° southern latitude) is called the Temperate zone. The country has an important identity due to its unique culture and location.

Correct option is  (a) 32.80.

• The highest peak of Himalayas in India is the Mt. Godwin Austin.
• It is the second highest mountain in the world.
• It lies in the Karakoram Range of the Himalayas.
• It is 8611 m high.

Kashmir state in north, Kanyakumari in south, Arunachal Pradesh state in east, Dwarka in west.

Between 8.4°N to 37.6°N latitudes and 68.7°E to 97.25°E longitudes.

The rocky islands in India are found in the coastal part of Western Ghats. The major rocky islands in India are Henry, Canary, Butcher, Elephanta, Pigeon island near Mumbai and Piram and Bhainsala, etc. islands found on the Kathiawar Coast.

Correct Answer is: (a) Kober

The rocks such as schist, gneiss, Charnockite, and Khondalite are mainly found in the Eastern Ghats.

The rocks of Vindhya system are found from Sasaram and Rohtas areas of Bihar state, to Chittorgarh of Aravali up to Vindhyachal mountain.

There are three regions in which the rocks of Archean system are found.These are Bengal Gneiss, Bundelkhand Gneiss and Nilgiri Gneiss.

(a) In Dravid era

The geological structure of a land mass controls the relief and the topographic situation of an area. Mountains, Plateaus and Plains found in a country depend on the geological structure. Moreover, the geological structure of a region effects the composition of soil, minerals resources, underground water, natural vegetation etc. pattern on a large scale.

The rocks of Dharwar system are found over the rocks of Archean era. In some regions, two types of rocks – Archean as well as Dharwar are found nearby each other. The metamorphism and eroison of the rocks of Archean age has been taking place. During the process of this erosion, the deposits which took place, changed into the rocks of Dharwar system. Some of the rocks are badly deformed and transmuted, while others are formed by recently deposited alluvium that has yet to undergo diagenesis. Minerals deposits of great variety are found in the subcontinent in huge quantity.

To stop the extention of the Thar Desert, following steps have been taken: 

1. Strips of plants and trees have been developed as mono block stopper, so that the sand may not spread to far off places. 

2. Semi – arid vegetation has been developed in the arid regions. 

3. To stop the extention of desert, Central Arid Zone Research Institute was established in Jodhpur. 

4. After the development of the Indira Gandhi canal, its irrigated area has been increased so that the soil erosion may be reduced with the help of wet condition. 

5. Rain water is being harvested so that the level of groundwater may be raised.

The characteristics of Shivalik range have been given as below: 

1. It is the northern – most range of Himalayas, also called the Outer Himalayas. 

2. It is the outermost range of Himalayas. 

3. It is made of consolidated materials such, as mud, silt and soft rocks. 

4. Some narrow Valleys are found between Shivalik and Himachal. They are called Duns. 

5. It is prone to earthquakes and landslides. 

6. The range of Shivalik is covered with thick forests. 

7. It is the latest formation of the Himalayas.

According to Kober, geosyncline is the base of the formation of mountains. He considered that there were deposits of sediments in Tethys ocean brought by many rivers. When these sediments were subjected to powerful compression due to the northward movement of the Indian plate, this resulted into the folding of sediments. Once, the Indian Plate started plunging below the Eurasian plate, these sediments were folded further and raised and turned into folded mountains.

The Indian islands are mainly divided into two parts: 

1. Coastal islands (alluvial islands and rocky islands). 

2. Distant islands (mountainous islands and coral islands).