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The Thar Desert has extended in the western part of India. It is formed by ancient deposits and is a physio – graphically arid region. There are different views about the origin of Thar. Some scholars consider that the sand found in the Thar is a result of erosion and decomposition of different rocks. On the other hand, some scholars believe that there was wet climate in this part long time ago, but due to some reason, aridness kept on increasing and it turned into a desert.

Some scholars believe that long years ago, it was a fertile land and many rivers flowed through this part, but due to some disturbances, this area rose up and the flow of the rivers here was captured by the Rivers Ganga and Yamuna and so the aridity of this area increased at large, and as a result, the Desert of Thar came into existance. But a scholar Law – Toosh says that the Thar Desert was formed by the sand which was brought and deposited by the south – western strong storms.

The North Plains or the central plains region has great importance for India, which can be described as given below:

1. Due to being formed by alluvial soil, it is a very fertile plain. 

2. A network of rivers is spread in this land, which are very useful for irrigation, water transport, generating hydro – electricity and for industries. 

3. The deposit of new – soil every year makes it ideal for agriculture. 

4. Since the farming of sugarcane, tea, rice, wheat and cotton is done at a large scale in this zone, so it is called the storehouse of food grains. 

5. 45 per cent population of India resides here, therefore it is called the human belt of India. 

6. Due to presence of even surface in this plain, a developed network of road transportation is seen here. 

7. Metro – polition cities and industrial and trading centers have developed here. 

8. All the facilities regarding lifeline and standard of living are available here. 

9. Besides trading facilities, there are many tourist places found in this plain. 

10.Due to availability of every type of facility, industrial progress and development is seen everywhere.

The Great Plains of India extend from River Sutlej to the valley of River Brahmaputra. 

This plain has been divided on regional basis into the following zones: 

1. Punjab – Haryana Plains 

2. Ganges Plains 

3. Brahmaputra Plains 

4. The Delta of Ganga and Brahmaputra

1. Punjab – Haryana Plains: This plain is spread in Punjab and Haryana. The north western Part of this plain has been formed by the deposits of alluvial soils brought out by the rivers Sutlej Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum. Doabs are found in this plain. The Bari Doab is located between the Rivers Beas and Ravi. The flood effected areas of two sides of rivers are called ‘Bat’ and pits formed in this way are called ‘Cho’. The plains of River Ghagghar found in this area are called the Haryana plains.

2. Ganges Plains: This plain is very fertile and even and is formed by the deposited sediments brought by the River Ganga and its tributaries Yamuna, Gomati, Ghagara, Gandak, Kosi, Betwa, Ken, Chambal and Son. This plain is spread from North of Aravalli up to West Bengal. It extends in eastern Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar – Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar and West Bengal. The slope of this plain is towards the east and the south – east. The small dunes found in this plain are called “Bhur”. In this plain, the regions of Rohilkhand, Awadh, Jharkhand and Bihar are included.

3. Brahmaputra Plains: It is mainly known as the Plain of Assam. It is spread between the Himalayas and Garo hills. It is narrow and long which has been formed with the alluvial soil brought out by Brahmaputra River. The length of this plain is 65 km from Dhubri to Sadiya and its width is 100 km. Due to the obstruction caused by the exuberance of soil in Brahmaputra River, many islands have been formed.

4. The Delta of Ganga – Brahmaputra: It is an even and a plain of less height, in which tidal water spreads all over. That is why this region is always marshy. The land that does not come under the influence of tidal water is called ‘Char’, and the land that comes under the influence of tidal water is called “Bil”.

Himalayas is a major physiological division spread to the North of India. The extension of this physical region is seen in several zones. 

The natural form of Himalayas is classified into three divisions:

1. Himachal Himalaya 

2. Kumaon Himalaya 

3. Nepal Himalaya 

4. Assam Himalaya

1. Himachal Himalaya: Its extension is found from River Indus to River Sutlej. This part covers an area of 570 km in length which is spread mainly in Jammu and Kashmir , and Himachal Pradesh. The ranges like Pir Panjal, Dhauladhar, Zaskar, Ladakh etc. are found in this region. The valleys of Kangra, Lahul and Spiti are also found here, in which the plantation farming of fruits is done.

2. Kumaon Himalaya: The length of this part of Himalaya is 320 km which extends from the River Sutlej to River Kali. This region is higher than of Himachal Himalaya, in which the peaks like Badrinath (7138 meters), Kedarnath (6831 meters), Trishul (6770 meters) and Gangotri (6580 meters), are found. The origin of Rivers Ganga and Yamuna is there in this region. There are many tourist spots here, in which Kedarnath, Badrinath, Gangotri, Yamunotri are the major ones.

3. Nepal Himalaya: The length of this part of Himalaya is 800 km which extends from Kali River to Teesta. Most of its part is found in Nepal, so it is called the Nepal Himalaya. It is also known as the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya and Darjeeling Himalaya. It is the highest part of Greater Himalayas in which the peaks like Mount Everest, Kanchejunga, Makalu, Dhaulagiri and Annapurna are found, which are always covered with snow.

4. Assam Himalaya: This part of Himalaya extends from the River Teesta to Brahmaputra. The length of this region is 740 km. The main peaks of this part of Himalaya are Kangto (7060 m), Nyegyi Kangsang (7047m), Namcha Barwa (7782 m) and Gyala Peri (7294 m). It has thick forests in which many tribes dwell. The Naga Hills act as a water divider between India and Myanmar.

National Highways:

1. Connects Capitals of States, major ports, rail junctions, industrial and tourist centres. 

2. Ministry of Road transport and Highways of India is responsible development and maintenance. 

3. Runs to a length of 1,01,011 kms as of 2016.

State Highways: 

1. Link important cities, towns and district head quarters within the State and connect them with national highways or highways of neighbouring states. 

2. Administered and financed by state Governments.

3. Runs to the length of 1,76,166 kms as of 2016.

Highlights:

• It is the largest Highway project completed in India.
• It is the fifth largest highway project in the world.
• The overall length of the Golden Quadrilateral is 5,846 km.
• The Golden Quadrilateral passes through 13 states of India.
• It connects four major metropolitan cities of the country in four directions.

Benefits:

• Provides faster transport networks between major cities and ports.
• Provides connectivity to major agricultural industrial and cultural centres of India.
• Provides smoother movement of goods and people within the country.
• Enables industrial development and job creation in smaller town through access to varied markets.
• Farmers are able to transport their produce to major cities and towns for sale and export and there is less wastage and spoils.
• More economic growth through construction and indirect demand for steel, cement, and other construction materials.
• Giving an impetus to truck transports.

Konkan coast is stretched from Daman to Goa.

Nine states— Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal.

The newly organised states of India are—Chhattisgarh, Uttranchal and Jharkhand.

1. West Bengal
2. Assam
3. Meghalaya
4. Mizoram.

1. Punjab
2. Rajasthan
3. Gujarat.

Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, West Bengal.

Himalayas were formed about 400 lakh years ago in the Tethys sea. Rivers continued depositing sediments in the Tethys sea between the Tibet and Indian Plateau. Both the plates—Eurasian and Indian—drifted towards each other. It resulted in folds in sediments and began to rise. The Himalayas are still rising. Thus the Himalayas were formed due to this uplift.

To avoid the confusion of time in different states of India. One meridian is taken to have a uniform time for a whole country. Therefore 80° 30′ E has been chosen as the Standard Meridian of India which is almost passing from the centre of India.

In the river Sharavathi is the Gerosappa (jog) falls (830m). Second highest waterfalls in India.

Correct option is D) Gondwana

82/4° E longitudes.

The capitals of these states are Naya Raipur, Dehradun and Ranchi respectively.

Chhattisgarh from M.P., Uttranchal from U.P. and Jharkhand from Bihar.

D) The southernmost tip of the plateau is Indira point

D) Circar coast – Odisha

Correct option is C) Nilgiris

A) 51/2 hours ahead

Correct option is B) (i) and (ii)