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India is called a sub-continent on the basis of its size and location :

1. Physical features separate it from adjoining areas.
2. In the Northern part, Trans Himalayan ranges Aghil, Muztagh, Kunleun, Karakoram and Hindukush separate it from N.W. of Asia.
3. Palk Straits and Gulf of Manar separate it from Sri Lanka in the South. Arakans separate it from Burma (Myanmar) in the East.

The Indian subcontinent extends from 8°4′ North to 37°6′ North latitudes and 68°7′ East to 97°25′ East longitude.

The Tropic of Cancer passes through the centre of the-country. The area of Northern India is twice than that of Southern India. It has a North-South extent of 3214 km. from Kashmir to Kanyakumari; and an East-West extent of 2933 km. from Arunachal Pradesh to Rann of Kutch. Its effect is that when the sun is rising in Arunachal Pradesh, it is the last quarter of night in Gujarat.

Mac Mahon line.

• Just below the Plains of north India, in the southern direction, is the Central and Deccan Plateau „ of India.
• This plateau is in the shape of an inverted triangle.
• Since this plateau is surrounded by water on three sides, it is called a peninsula.
• This plateau is the oldest landmass of India. It is made up of hard rocks.
• The valleys of Narmada and Son rivers are located right in the middle of this plateau.
• These valleys divide the plateau into two parts.
• The northern part is called Malwa Plateau and the southern part is called Deccan Plateau.
• The soil of the Central and Deccan Plateau is black but it is not very fertile.
• However, many areas of this plateau yield good crops.
• This plateau is so rich in minerals that it is called the Treasury of Minerals’.

Narmada River.

The Kandi region near Anandpur Sahib is known as Changar.

Sand dunes in Punjab are available in south-west side along with the Rajasthan border.

The plains of Punjab can be divided in five parts:

1. Plains of Cho region,
2. Flood plains,
3. Naili,
4. Alluvial Plains,
5. Sand dunes in alluvial plains.

A triangular shaped land formed in the lower course of a river is called a delta.

The four major Dravidian languages of India are Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam.

Due to the geographical variations found in India, the activities of the Indians are found to be different.

The vegetarian food style is considered the best by WHO.

Vedas, Puranas, Upanishads, Ramayana and Bhagawad Gita are considered as immortal books in Indian culture.

If we develop the feeling of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”, i.e. the entire world is our family and we are for the entire world, the disputes over river-water can be solved in no time.

The geographical conditions are directly or indirectly helpful in forming the culture of the related country.

The multi – dimensional culture of India is the gift of cultural diversity of India.

Gulmarg, Manali and Kullu are the main skiing areas of India.

Water, air and sun (insolation) are considered as natural powers in Indian mythology.

In spite of various diversities, the feeling of unity in the Indians provides it a unique place in the world.

The sum total of attitudes, customes and beliefs that distinguish one group of people from another is called culture. The culture is transmitted through language, material objects, rituals, institutions and art, from one generation to the other.

Indian culture and civilization have been prosperous and unique since the ancient period, and it has made the entire world progressive, hence it is considered as the Vishwa Guru.

Diphu, Tejpur, Surajkund, Dharamshala, Vadodara, Jaipur, etc.

Mount Abu, Shimla, Pachmarhi, Udhagamandalam, Bodh Gaya.

The important All India radio and FM centres in India include Chandigarh, Suratgarh, Rohtak, Alwar, Ajmer, Jodhpur, Kota, Godhra, Guna, Balaghat, Khandwa, Betul, Jalgaon, Akola, Parbhani, Mumbai, Ratnagiri, Sangli, Kolhapur, Mysore, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Coimbatore, Nagercoil, Madurai, Tiruchirappalli, Chennai, Cuddapah, Hyderabad, Adilabad, Jaipur, Chandrapur, Sagar, Raigarh, Bilaspur, Cuttack, Kolkata, Chhattarpur, Darbhanga, Kanpur, etc.

The importance of All India Radio and FM centers: The All India Radio and FM centers have resulted into development of communication in a rapid manner in inaccessible areas. The transmission of radio and FM has facilitated education. These centers prove to be very helpful for rescue purposes during the emergency periods, flood conditions and at the time of other disasters.

Correct Answer is: (c) Ayurvedic

Correct Answer is: (d) Punjab

Correct Answer is: (c) Patent

The geographical conditions of a country not only affect the physical structure of the people, but they also influence their food habits and their lifestyle.

Deu to geographical diversities, many types of differences are seen in India. The activities, the religions, the dressing, food habits, etc. of people are different in different parts of India, which present the multi – dimensional and lateral culture there. But one thing that is common among the Indians is patriotism, unity and integrity and the feeling of oneness. That’s why, India has a unique and important position in the world.

The indignation (anger) of natural powers is harmful for the human beings in the following ways:

1. The anger of natural powers inversely affects agriculture and other economic activities. 

2. The anger of natural powers like water, creates the most troublesome conditions like floods and droughts on the earth. 

3. The indignation of air causes storms which destroy the vegetation and human life. 

4. Tsunami, wildfire, etc. are also the forms of the indignation of natural powers and they are capable to destroy the world within a few moments.

The names of five historical and archaeological centres in India are Rajgir, Sarnath, Hampi, Aurangabad and Khajuraho.

The important television centres in India include Shrinagar, Leh, Jammu, Jalandhar, Shimla, Delhi, Lucknow, Gorakhpur, Varanasi, Allahabad, Agra, Patna, Kurseong, Itanagar, Dibrugarh, Guyvahati, Kohima, Imphal, Aizawl, Silchar, Ranchi, Visakhapatnam, Jagdalpur, Vijayawada, Hyderabad, Chennai, Puducherry, Thiruvananthapuram, Hassan, Dharwad, Gulmarg, Pune, Nagpur, Jaipur, Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur, Gwalior etc.

(d) in south India

Various medicine systems like Ayurveda, Allopathy, Homeopathy and Unani are practiced in India.

(a) Childhood

The geographical conditions influence the formation of culture at large and the culture of a country influence the food habits, medicine system, lifestyle, festivals, languages, literature, religion and philosophy. All these influence can be felt in every sphere of life and every part of the country and so the trends and traditions of associated regions keep on changing accordingly.

A daughter plays various creative roles in the form of daughter, sister, life partner and mother in her life, and so, Kanyadaan (the marriage of daughter) is considered the greatest form of charity in Indian culture.

India is well – known all over the world as a country of cultural and traditional festivals as it has various cultures and religions. One can enjoy festive celebrations in India every month. As it is a secular country full of diversities in religions, languages, cultures and castes, it is always crowded with the people involved in the celebration of fairs and festivals.

People from each religion have their respective cultural and traditional festivals. Some of the festivals like Diwali, Holi, Dusshera, Eid – al Fitr, Barawafat, Christmas, Good Friday, Lohri, Pongal, etc. are celebrated almost in the entire India.

India is a country with an example of unity in diversity as it has people from various religions like Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Jain, Christian, etc. Some of the festivals are celebrated at national level, whereas some others are celebrated at regional level.

The Indian clothing is controlled by geographical environment. In north India, the climate changes according to the seasons, that’s why the clothing also keeps on changing according to summer, rainy and winter seasons. In the hard days of summer, cotton clothes with light colours, in the cold days of winter, woolen clothes with dark colours, and in rainy season, light clothes are worn.

On the other hand, in southern India, climate remains constant during most of the year. The surface of south India is a peneplain in which there is a network of small rivers, therefore, people in South India have to walk on wet and watery ground. That’s why, the people in south India like to wear Lungi, and chappals in the feet, instead of shoes.

1. Vast Size: A great diversity is found due to a large East-West and North South extent. It is called a sub-continent due to its size. It is natural that diversity is found in Natural and Human elements.
2. Relief: India has old fold mountains like Aravallis as well as young fold mountains like Himalayas. The Southern Plateau is an ancient block of hard rocks. Great plains exist between the Himalayas and the plateau.

The Indian children play different roles in annual and other cultural functions of their schools with different dressings and in this way they start to tie themselves in the thread of unity.

Education and modes of communication and transportation have provided further strength to our cultural unity.

Clothing in India varies, depending on the difference in ethnicity, geography, climate and cultural traditions of the people of each region of India. Historically, male and female clothing has evolved from simple “Langotas” and “Lionel oths” to cover the body to celebrate the customs, not only used in daily wear, but also on festive occasions as well as rituals and dance performances.

In urban areas, western clothing is common and usually worn by people of all social levels. India also has a great diversity in terms of weaves, fibres, colours and material of clothing. Colour codes are followed in clothing, based on the religion and the ritual concerned. Clothing in India also encompasses a wide variety of India embroidery

The languages and folk arts have an important role in the unity of India. Take up the case of Sanskrit. In India, Vedas and other ancient scriptures are written and learnt in Sanskrit. It goes to the credit of Sanskrit language that Vedas are read from Rajasthan to Manipur. Urdu came into existence as a mixture with Sanskrit. It was recognised by Delhi Rulers in Medieval period. Nowadays English is a link language and Hindi a national language. The folk songs, heroic ballads, film songs have encouraged fine arts in India.

Many diversities related to lifestyle are seen in different parts of India. But there is a feeling of unity seen everywhere here. 

This sense of unity may be understood by the following points:

1. In entire India, the rituals like birth, marriage, death etc. are celebrated with similar feelings. 

2. During the performance of rituals, cultural traditions are also witnessed. 

3. Women have a high value and place in all the Indian societies. 

4. Kanyadaan (daughter’s marriage) is considered the greatest form of charity in Indian society. 

5. In several clothings, participation in social and cultural programmes and festivals, unity in diversity is clearly witnessed.

Factors of Unity:

1. Monsoons: India has primarily a monsoon type of climate. Seasons follow the pattern of monsoons in India.
2. Cultural Fusion: Different cultures are found in different regions. The mixing and exchange of these cultures have led to a cultural fusion in India. It has created a strong bond of integration. Sanskrit and Persian provided strong bonds of unity in the religious, cultural and intellectual fields.
3. Economic Factors: The development of inter-regional means of transport and communication has played an important role in unifying the country.
4. Languages and Fine Arts: Sanskrit, Urdu, Hindi and English languages have created a unity in India. Fine arts and folk songs represent some feelings of nationalism.

Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau.

The Great Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravalli Hills. 

The region gets scanty rainfall. Hence the climate is arid and vegetation is scanty. Luni is the only large river. Some streams appear during rainy season. Crescent-shaped duns are formed around in this area.

• Jammu & Kashmir – Urdu, Kashmiri, Ladakhi, Dogri, Gujri, Dadri and Punjabi.
• Telangana – Telugu and Urdu.

SAARC is a union of South Asian Countries formed for the mutual co-operation. Its complete form is South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. It has 8 members and, these are – India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and SriLanka. India keeps the most important place among the SAARC members.