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Shoe – Foot: : Hat – Head

Answer is (a) social

Answer is (c) Thurstone

Answer is (c) above average

Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. 

Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.” David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.” Raymond Cattell with his student John Horn proposed a theory of intelligence explaining two types of intelligence viz.

1. Fluid intelligence is dependent on neurological development and it is relatively free from the influences of learning and experiences.

2. Crystallized intelligence is not dependent on one’s neurological development and it is a function of one’s educational attainment, acquired experiences and stock of knowledge.

According to Charles Spearman the factors of intelligence are General factor and Specific factor.

According to Cattell and Horn the two types of intelligence are Fluid intelligence and Crystallized intelligence.

Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “An ability to think on an abstract level.” David Wechsler defines intelligence as, ‘The aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”

The two main perspectives on intelligence are-

1. Intelligence as a single, general ability

2. Intelligence as a set of multiple abilities

E.L. Thorndike proposed the term Social Intelligence. Howard Gardner included ‘interpersonal intelligence’ in the Multiple Intelligences Theory. According to Karl Albrecht, “Social intelligence is the ability to get along well with others and to get them to cooperate with oneself.

According to Karl Albrecht our behaviour towards others falls somewhere on a spectrum between toxic behaviour and nourishing behaviour. Devaluing others, refusing cooperation to others, negative talking, discouraging others, etc., are some of the examples of toxic behaviours. A continued pattern of toxic behaviour indicates a low level of social intelligence. Respecting others, cooperating with others, positive talking, encouraging others, etc., are some of the examples of nourishing behaviour. A continued pattern of nourishing behaviour indicates a high level of social intelligence.

The following are some of the characteristics of people having high social intelligence:

1. They are good at understanding and interacting with other people. 

2. They have ability to monitor their verbal and non-verbal expressions while communicating with others. 

3. They are good speakers and good listeners. 

4. They are skilled at assessing the emotions, motivations, desires, and intentions of those around them. 

5. They understand social dynamics in an effective way. 

6. They are flexible in their approach while dealing with others. 

7. They are goal orientated, persistent and self- confident. 

8. They can resolve conflicts in social contexts. 

9. They are successful negotiators.

10. They enhance personal and professional relationships with others.

The modern view of intelligence as explained by psychologists like Charles Spearman (Two Factor Theory), E. L. Thorndike, Louis Thurstone (7 Primary Mental Abilities) Howard Gardner, etc. states that multiple abilities are involved in intelligence. They believe that distinct types of intelligences exist. Howard Gardner in his theory of multiple intelligence asserted that there are nine independent types of intelligence that grow and develop differently in different people, depending upon the individual’s heredity characteristics or environmental experiences for e.g., linguistic intelligence, musical intelligence, etc. 

These nine types of intelligences are-

1. Linguistic intelligence, 

2. Logical-mathematical intelligence 

3. Spatial intelligence 

4. Musical intelligence

5. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence 

6. Interpersonal intelligence 

7. Intra-personal intelligence 

8. Naturalistic intelligence and 

9. Existential intelligence.

I will try to develop emotional intelligence by adopting the following ways-

1. active listening skills .and effective style of communication.

2. practice self-evaluation and self awareness.

3. respond instead of reacting in conflict situations.

4. stay motivated, rational and have a positive outlook.

5. show empathy, be approachable.

6. adopt effective stress management techniques.

The term Emotional Intelligence was used for the first time by John Mayer and Peter Salovey. The concept of emotional intelligence was popularized by Daniel Goleman. It is defined as “the ability to perceive and monitor one’s own and others emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions.” Emotional Intelligence refers to a set of cognitive abilities such as perceiving emotions, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotions and managing (regulating) emotions. Persons with high emotional intelligence tend to be emotionally stable, patient, optimistic, enthusiastic and calm.

True

It is possible to increase emotional intelligence is True.

False

Verbal tests of intelligence can be given easily to illiterate people is False.

The term Artificial Intelligence was suggested by John McCarthy. Artificial intelligence is an innovation created by human intelligence. It is a field of study that combines computer science, algorithms, psychology, etc. It refers to enabling software programmes and computer systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, weather forecasting, language translation, etc.

Artificial intelligence can take decisions only on the basis of stored information and so cannot be an alternative to human intelligence. Artificial intelligence has immense applications in daily life as well as to solve critical problems. Artificial intelligence is used in devices like robots, computers, self-driving cars, automatic missiles, smart phones, medical diagnostic tools, etc.

True

Group tests of intelligence are less expensive is True

True

There are certain limitations to Artificial Intelligence is True

Correct option is (a) Cattell

David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.

Correct option is (c) Block Building Test

E.L. Thorndike proposed the term Social Intelligence. Howard Gardner included ‘interpersonal intelli-gence’in the Multiple Intelligences Theory. According to Karl Albrecht, ‘Social intelligence . is the ability to get along well with others and to get them to cooperate with oneself.’

A continued pattern of nourishing behaviour indicates a high level of social intelligence. Such persons are skilled at interacting with and understanding people around them. They respect and encourage others. They effectively comprehend social dynamics.

Alfred Binet introduced the concept of Mental Age. It is defined as the age at which the person successfully performs on all items of the test prepared for that age level. Mental Age need not correspond to Chronological Age. If Mental Age (MA) is the same as Chronological Age (CA), the person has average intelligence. For e.g., Sumit aged 10 years has successfully performed all items on the test for age 12. Hence, his Mental Age will be 12 years, i.e., he has above average intelligence.

Individual tests of intelligence are tests which can be administered to a single person at a time, for e.g., Stanford Binet Scales, WAIS, Koh’s Block Design Test, etc.

Alfred Binet is considered as the father of intelligence tests.

According to Karl Albrecht, “Social intelligence is the ability to get along well with others and to get them to cooperate with oneself’.

Army Alpha test and Army Beta test were the two tests developed in 1917 for recruitment of soldiers during First World War.

The classical notion of intelligence explains it as an unitary ability and only the functions of intelligence may take different forms.

Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently.

David Wechsler defines intelligence as, ‘the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.’

The two main perspectives on intelligence are-

(i) Intelligence as a single, general ability – The classical notion of intelligence explains it as an unitary ability and only the functions of intelligence may take different forms.

Psychologists like Alfred Binet, David Wechsler, William Stern and Lewis Terman believed that intelligence is a single index of cognitive abilities.

(ii) Intelligence as a set of multiple abilities – The modern view of intelligence as explained by psychologists like Charles Spearman, E.L. Thorndike, Howard Gardner, etc., states that multiple abilities are involved in intelligence.

Howard Gardner in his theory of multiple intelligence asserted that there are nine independent types of intelligence that grow and develop differently in different people, depending upon the individuals heredity characteristics or environmental experiences.

These nine types of intelligences are-

1. Linguistic intelligence 

2. Logical-mathematical intelligence 

3. Spatial intelligence 

4. Musical intelligence 

5. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence 

6. Interpersonal intelligence and 

7. Intra-personal intelligence 

8. Naturalistic intelligence and 

9. Existential intelligence

(i) In case of Aabha – Mental Age (MA) = 14 years 

Chronological Age (CA) = 8 years, IQ = ?

IQ = \(\cfrac{MA}{CA}\) x 100 = \(\cfrac{14}{10}\) x 100 = 175

IQ = 175

(ii) In case of Mayur – Mental Age (MA) = 6 years. 

Chronological Age (CA) = 8 years, IQ = ?

MA 6

IQ = \(\cfrac{MA}{CA}\) x 100 = \(\cfrac{6}{10}\) x 100 = 75

IQ = 75.

Verbal tests of intelligence make use of words and numbers to measure intelligence and subjects respond verbally to the test items, for e.g., WAIS, Army Alpha Test, etc.

i. True

ii. True

iii. True

iv. False

v. False

vi. False

(i) Advantages

1. Group tests are less time consuming and economical to administer. 

2. In administrating group tests, the role of the examiner is minimal. So, he/she need not go through any specialized training.

3. These tests can be used in cases where mass testing is needed.

(ii) Disadvantages

1. The test administrator has much less opportunity to establish rapport, obtain cooperation and maintain interest of the clients. 

2. Compared to individual tests, group tests are less capable of measuring creative aspect of intelligence.

(i) Advantages

1. The test administrator can establish a rapport with the client.

2. The test administrator can get additional information about the client’s feelings, moods and expressions during testing.

3. Individual tests are more capable of measuring creative thinking, compared to group tests.

(ii) Disadvantages

1. Individual tests are time consuming and costly to administer.

2. Individual tests require a trained and skillful examiner to administer, score and interpret them.

3. These tests cannot be used for mass testing.

David Wechsler defines intelligence as, ‘the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.’ Types of Intelligence Tests- 

(i) Individual tests of intelligence Individual tests of intelligence are tests which can be administered to a single person at a time, for e.g., Stanford Binet Scales, WAIS, Koh’s Block Design Test, etc.

(ii) Group tests of intelligence Group test of intelligence are tests that can be administered to more than one person at a time, i.e., for mass testing, for e.g., Army Alpha and Army Beta Test, OTIS self-administrating tests, etc.

(iii) Verbal tests of intelligenceVerbal tests of intelligence make use of words and numbers to measure intelligence and subjects respond verbally to the test items, for e.g., WAIS, Army Alpha Test, etc.

(vi) Non-verbal tests of intelligence Non-verbal tests of intelligence do not use language to measure intelligence. They make use of pictures, designs, objects, etc. Such tests may be (i) Performance tests, e.g., Koh’s Block Design Test or (ii) Paper-pencil test e.g., Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices.

Application of Intelligence Testing

1. Effective Schooling – On the basis of intelligence test scores, teachers can classify students into intellectual categories and devise special instructional programmes suited to their mental development.

2. Aids Mental Health Personnel – Intelligence tests are helpful to Mental Health personnel such as psychologists, etc., for diagnosis purposes and therapy. 

3. Effective Parenting – Parents can provide appropriate educational facilities to their children based on their IQ scores. 

4. Career Counselling – Scores obtained on intelligence tests help the student to select the right educational options/ courses. 

5. Vocational Counselling – Individuals can choose a suitable career and achieve job satisfaction when they make a realistic choice of vocation based on IQ scores.

Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Term an explains intelligence as, an ability to think on an abstract level.

David Wechsler defines intelligence as, ‘the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment’. Many psychologists have contributed to the measurement of Intelligence.

Sir Francis Galton thought that he could determine intelligence by measuring the size of the human skull. He administered a battery of tests to measure variables such as head size, reaction time, visual acuity, etc. However, these tests did not prove useful to measure intelligence.

Raymond Cattell, used the term ‘mental test’ for the first time. Like his mentor, Sir Galton, Cattell also believed that intelligence is best measured by sensory tasks. However, be emphasized that test administration must be standardized.

In 1905, Alfied Binet in collaboration with Theodor Simon, published the First Scale of Intelligence. This scale was revised in 1908 and 1911. In 1916, Lewis Terman revised the scale, i.e., adapted few items, established new age norms etc. This came to be called ‘Stanford Binet Test’. Binet also introduced the concept of Mental Age. It is defined as the age at which the person successfully performs on all items of the test prepared for that age level.

In 1917, Robert Yerkes and his colleagues developed the Army Alpha (verbal test) and Army Beta (performance test) intelligence tests. These two tests were used to recruit soldiers. In 1939, during World War II also, to recruit army personnel, the Army General Classification Test was used.

In 1939, David Wechsler published the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test. In 1955, the test was revised and then called Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). It has a verbal scale and performance scale. Wechsler also developed a test to measure intelligence of children, i.e., Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).

Mental Age – Alfred Binet introduced the concept of Mental Age. It is defined as the age at which the person successfully performs on all items of the test prepared for that age level. Mental Age need not correspond to Chronological Age. It Mental Age (MA) is the same as Chronological Age (CA), the person has average intelligence.

Intelligence Quotient – In 1912, William Stern introduced the concept of Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Term an, refined the formula for calculating IQ which is as stated below IQ = \(\cfrac{MA}{CA}\) × 100 IQ made it possible to compare the intelligence of individuals of different age CA groups.

Answer is (a) artificial

Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, an ability to think on an abstract level.

David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.

Intelligence Quotient refers to a measurement of intelligence.. In 1912, William Stern introduced the concept of intelligence quotient (IQ). Terman, refined the formula for calculating IQ, which is as stated below

IQ = \(\cfrac{MA}{CA}\) x 100

Example: Ankush who is 10 years old has a Mental Age of 11 years. Let us calculate his IQ. 

MA = 11 years CA = 10 years IQ = ?

IQ = \(\cfrac{MA}{CA}\) x 100 = \(\cfrac{11}{10}\) x 100 = 100

Ankush has an IQ of 110.

Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, an ability to think on an abstract level.

David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.” In 1927, Charles Spearman with the help of a statistical method called factor analysis separated and identified two different factors of intelligence viz. General factor (g) and Specific factor (s).

1. General factor is the minimum competence required to carry out daily work. 

2. Specific factor includes abilities which are required to solve problems in specific areas.

Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.

David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.” On the basis of material used in the tests, intelligence tests can be classified as Verbal tests and Non-verbal tests of intelligence.

Intelligence tests that use pictures, designs, material objects, etc., to measure intelligence are called non-verbal tests of intelligence. In these tests language is not used to measure intelligence. In these tests subjects are not required to respond verbally to test items. Non-verbal tests are of two types viz.

1. Performance tests for e.g., Koh’s Block Design test, Dr. Bhatia’s Non Verbal test, Alexander’s Pass-along test, etc. and 

2. Paper-pencil tests for e.g., Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices.

Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.

David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.

On the basis of material used in the tests, intelligence tests can be classified as Verbal tests and Non-verbal tests of intelligence. Intelligence tests that use language (words or numbers) for measuring intelligence are called verbal tests of intelligence. In these tests

subjects are required to respond verbally to test items. Army Alpha Test, Wechsler’s Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), etc., are some of the examples of verbal tests of intelligence. These tests are language and culture bound and hence cannot be used with children, illiterates etc. However, they are useful in measuring higher mental abilities.

Answer is (a) Terman

Answer is (c) low

Army Beta test is a group non-verbal test.

Answer is (b) verbal-group

Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. 

Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.” David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.” E. L. Thorndike put forth three independent abilities that can be called intelligence.

1. Abstract intelligence – It refers to the ability to engage in verbal and symbolic thinking.

2. Social intelligence – It refers to the ability to communicate with people, understand and perform social relations.

3. Concrete (mechanical) intelligence – It refers to the ability to effectively control one’s body and to manipulate objects.

Intelligence tests are of great significance today.

1. Effective Schooling – On the basis of intelligence test scores, teachers can classify students into intellectual categories and devise special instructional programmes suited to their mental development.

2. Aids Mental Health Personnel – Intelligence tests are helpful to Mental Health personnel such as psychologists etc., for diagnosis purposes and therapy.

3. Effective Parenting – Parents can provide appropriate educational facilities to their children based on their IQ scores.

4. Career Counselling – Scores obtained on intelligence tests help the student to select the right educational options/ courses.

5. Vocational Counselling – Individuals can choose a suitable career and achieve job satisfaction when they make a realistic choice a vocation based on IQ scores.

The term Artificial intelligence was suggested by John McCarthy. Artificial intelligence is an innovation created by human intelligence. It refers to enabling software programmes and computer systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence.

Today, Artificial Intelligence is used on a large scale to perform various daily routine tasks as well as to solve various critical problems. For example, it is used for:

1. Speech recognition 

2. Natural language processing 

3. Spam filtering from emails 

4. Medical diagnosing 

5. Detecting frauds in economic transactions 

6. Weather forecasting, etc.

The term emotional intelligence was used for the first time by John Mayer and Peter Salovey. It is defined as ‘the ability to perceive and monitor one’s own and others emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions.’ Persons with high emotional

intelligence have the following characteristics:

1. They tend to be patient and emotionally stable.

2. They tend to be satisfied, enthusiastic and happy.

3. They tend to show independence and optimism.

4. They exhibit the ability to understand and regulate emotions of themselves and others.