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This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.

101.

A spatial averaging filter having all the coefficients equal is termed _________(a) A box filter(b) A weighted average filter(c) A standard average filter(d) A median filterI have been asked this question in final exam.This interesting question is from Smoothing Linear Spatial Filters topic in division Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Correct answer is (a) A BOX FILTER

Easiest explanation: An AVERAGING filter is TERMED as box filter if all the COEFFICIENTS of spatial averaging filter are equal.

102.

At which of the following scenarios averaging filters is/are used?(a) In the reduction of irrelevant details in an image(b) For smoothing of false contours(c) For noise reductions(d) All of the mentionedI have been asked this question in an online quiz.Origin of the question is Smoothing Linear Spatial Filters in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» RIGHT choice is (d) All of the mentioned

For explanation I would say: Averaging filter or smoothing LINEAR spatial filter is used: for noise REDUCTION by REDUCING the sharp transitions in gray LEVEL, for smoothing false contours that arises because of use of insufficient number of gray values and for reduction of irrelevant data i.e. the pixels regions that are small in comparison of filter mask.
103.

What is/are the resultant image of a smoothing filter?(a) Image with high sharp transitions in gray levels(b) Image with reduced sharp transitions in gray levels(c) All of the mentioned(d) None of the mentionedThe question was posed to me in an international level competition.My enquiry is from Smoothing Linear Spatial Filters topic in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Right answer is (B) Image with reduced sharp TRANSITIONS in gray LEVELS

For explanation I would SAY: RANDOM noise has sharp transitions in gray levels and smoothing filters does noise reduction.

104.

Which of the following filter(s) results in a value as average of pixels in the neighborhood of filter mask.(a) Smoothing linear spatial filter(b) Averaging filter(c) Lowpass filter(d) All of the mentionedI had been asked this question in an internship interview.My doubt is from Smoothing Linear Spatial Filters in section Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» RIGHT choice is (d) All of the mentioned

Explanation: The output as an average of pixels in the NEIGHBORHOOD of filter mask is SIMPLY the output of the smoothing linear spatial filter also KNOWN as averaging filter and lowpass filter.
105.

The response of the smoothing linear spatial filter is/are __________(a) Sum of image pixel in the neighborhood filter mask(b) Difference of image in the neighborhood filter mask(c) Product of pixel in the neighborhood filter mask(d) Average of pixels in the neighborhood of filter maskThe question was posed to me in quiz.Query is from Smoothing Linear Spatial Filters in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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106.

Smoothing filter is used for which of the following work(s)?(a) Blurring(b) Noise reduction(c) All of the mentioned(d) None of the mentionedThis question was posed to me during a job interview.This intriguing question comes from Smoothing Linear Spatial Filters in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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The correct CHOICE is (C) All of the mentioned

Easiest explanation: Smoothing FILTER is USED for blurring and noise REDUCTION.

107.

Which of the following is best suited for salt-and-pepper noise elimination?(a) Average filter(b) Box filter(c) Max filter(d) Median filterThe question was asked in an internship interview.The query is from Smoothing Spacial Filters in section Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Right ANSWER is (d) Median FILTER

Easy EXPLANATION: Median filter is better suited than average filter for salt-and-pepper noise ELIMINATION.

108.

What does “eliminated” refer to in median filter?(a) Force to average intensity of neighbours(b) Force to median intensity of neighbours(c) Eliminate median value of pixels(d) None of the MentionedThis question was posed to me in a national level competition.My query is from Smoothing Spacial Filters in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Correct ANSWER is (B) Force to median intensity of neighbours

To elaborate: It REFERS to FORCING to median intensity of neighbours.

109.

Best example for a Order-statistic filter is ____________________(a) Impulse filter(b) Averaging filter(c) Median filter(d) None of the MentionedI got this question in an online interview.My doubt stems from Smoothing Spacial Filters in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» CORRECT choice is (c) MEDIAN FILTER

To explain: Median filter is the BEST KNOWN Order-statistic filter.
110.

Impulse noise in Order-statistic filter is also called as _______________(a) Median noise(b) Bilinear noise(c) Salt and pepper noise(d) None of the MentionedThis question was posed to me in unit test.This key question is from Smoothing Spacial Filters in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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The correct option is (c) SALT and PEPPER NOISE

Explanation: It is called salt-and-pepper noise because of its appearance as WHITE and black dots superimposed on an IMAGE.

111.

Which term is used to indicate that pixels are multiplied by different coefficients?(a) Weighted average(b) Squared average(c) Spatial average(d) None of the MentionedThe question was posed to me during an online interview.The doubt is from Smoothing Spacial Filters in section Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Correct OPTION is (a) Weighted average

To EXPLAIN I would say: It is called weighted average since more IMPORTANCE(WEIGHT) is given to some pixels.

112.

The non linear spacial filters whose response is based on ordering of the pixels contained is called _____________.(a) Box filter(b) Square filter(c) Gaussian filter(d) Order-statistic filterThe question was asked by my college director while I was bunking the class.This question is from Smoothing Spacial Filters in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» RIGHT CHOICE is (d) Order-statistic FILTER

Explanation: It is CALLED Order-statistic filter.
113.

A spatial averaging filter in which all coefficients are equal is called _______________.(a) Square filter(b) Neighbourhood(c) Box filter(d) Zero filterThis question was addressed to me in quiz.Origin of the question is Smoothing Spacial Filters in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Correct answer is (c) BOX FILTER

The best I can EXPLAIN: It is called a Box filter.

114.

What is the undesirable side effects of Averaging filters?(a) No side effects(b) Blurred image(c) Blurred edges(d) Loss of sharp transitionsThe question was posed to me by my school teacher while I was bunking the class.Asked question is from Smoothing Spacial Filters in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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The correct ANSWER is (c) Blurred EDGES

Easy explanation: Blue edges is the UNDESIRABLE side effect of Averaging filters.

115.

Averaging filters is also known as ____________ filter.(a) Low pass(b) High pass(c) Band pass(d) None of the MentionedThis question was addressed to me in my homework.This intriguing question originated from Smoothing Spacial Filters in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» RIGHT ANSWER is (a) Low pass

The best I can explain: Averaging FILTERS is ALSO known asLow pass filters.
116.

The output of a smoothing, linear spatial filtering is a ____________ of the pixels contained in the neighbourhood of the filter mask.(a) Sum(b) Product(c) Average(d) Dot ProductI got this question in an interview.My question is based upon Smoothing Spacial Filters in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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The correct option is (C) AVERAGE

Explanation: Smoothing is simply the average of the PIXELS contained in the NEIGHBOURHOOD.

117.

In uniform PDF, the expansion of PDF is ________________(a) Portable Document Format(b) Post Derivation Function(c) Previously Derived Function(d) Probability Density FunctionI have been asked this question in an online interview.My query is from Histogram Processing in section Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» RIGHT CHOICE is (d) Probability Density Function

For EXPLANATION: PDF STANDS for Probability Density Function.
118.

Which type of Histogram Processing is suited for minute detailed enhancements?(a) Intensive(b) Local(c) Global(d) RandomThis question was addressed to me in homework.This is a very interesting question from Histogram Processing in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» CORRECT option is (B) Local

Explanation: Local HISTOGRAM Processing is used.
119.

The type of Histogram Processing in which pixels are modified based on the intensity distribution of the image is called _______________.(a) Intensive(b) Local(c) Global(d) RandomI had been asked this question during an interview.The question is from Histogram Processing in division Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» RIGHT choice is (C) GLOBAL

The best I can EXPLAIN: It is CALLED Global Histogram Processing.
120.

To reduce computation if one utilises non-overlapping regions, it usually produces ______ effect.(a) Dimming(b) Blurred(c) Blocky(d) None of the MentionedThe question was posed to me in semester exam.I would like to ask this question from Histogram Processing topic in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» CORRECT CHOICE is (c) BLOCKY

To ELABORATE: Utilising non-overlapping regions usually produces “Blocky” effect.
121.

What does SEM stands for?(a) Scanning Electronic Machine(b) Self Electronic Machine(c) Scanning Electron Microscope(d) Scanning Electric MachineThe question was asked during an online exam.This interesting question is from Histogram Processing topic in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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The correct choice is (c) Scanning ELECTRON Microscope

The BEST EXPLANATION: SEM STANDS for Scanning Electron Microscope.

122.

Histogram Equalisation is mainly used for ________________(a) Image enhancement(b) Blurring(c) Contrast adjustment(d) None of the MentionedThis question was addressed to me in final exam.I'm obligated to ask this question of Histogram Processing topic in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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The CORRECT choice is (a) Image enhancement

Easiest EXPLANATION: It is mainly used for Enhancement of USUALLY DARK IMAGES.

123.

What is Histogram Matching also called as?(a) Histogram Equalisation(b) Histogram Specification(c) Histogram linearisation(d) None of the MentionedThis question was addressed to me in my homework.This interesting question is from Histogram Processing in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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The correct CHOICE is (b) Histogram Specification

Best EXPLANATION: Histogram Specification is ALSO known as Histogram Matching.

124.

What is Histogram Equalisation also called as?(a) Histogram Matching(b) Image Enhancement(c) Histogram linearisation(d) None of the MentionedI got this question in an interview for job.This interesting question is from Histogram Processing in division Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» RIGHT CHOICE is (c) Histogram linearisation

To explain: Histogram Linearisation is also KNOWN as Histogram Equalisation.
125.

In _______ image we notice that the components of histogram are concentrated on the low side on intensity scale.(a) bright(b) dark(c) colourful(d) All of the MentionedThis question was posed to me in exam.My enquiry is from Histogram Processing in section Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» CORRECT choice is (b) dark

Best explanation: Only in dark images, we notice that the COMPONENTS of histogram are concentrated on the LOW side on intensity scale.
126.

What is the basis for numerous spatial domain processing techniques?(a) Transformations(b) Scaling(c) Histogram(d) None of the MentionedThis question was posed to me during a job interview.I'd like to ask this question from Histogram Processing topic in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Right OPTION is (C) Histogram

To EXPLAIN I would say: Histogram is the basis for numerous spatial domain processing TECHNIQUES.

127.

In a dark image, the components of histogram are concentrated on which side of the grey scale?(a) High(b) Medium(c) Low(d) Evenly distributedThis question was posed to me in examination.My question is from Histogram Processing in division Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Correct ANSWER is (c) Low

To explain I would say: We know that in the dark image, the components of HISTOGRAM are concentrated MOSTLY on the low i.e., dark side of the grey SCALE. Similarly, the components of histogram of the BRIGHT image are biased towards the high side of the grey scale.

128.

Histograms are the basis for numerous spatial domain processing techniques.(a) True(b) FalseThis question was addressed to me during an interview.The above asked question is from Histogram Processing in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Correct choice is (a) True

To explain I would SAY: Histograms are the basis for numerous SPATIAL domain PROCESSING techniques. Histogram manipulation can be used EFFECTIVELY for IMAGE enhancement.

129.

What is the method that is used to generate a processed image that have a specified histogram?(a) Histogram linearization(b) Histogram equalization(c) Histogram matching(d) Histogram processingI had been asked this question in my homework.Origin of the question is Histogram Processing in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Correct ANSWER is (c) HISTOGRAM matching

Easiest EXPLANATION: In particular, it is useful sometimes to be able to specify the SHAPE of the histogram that we wish the processed image to have. The method USED to generate a processed image that has a specified histogram is called histogram matching or histogram specification.

130.

Histogram equalization or Histogram linearization is represented by of the following equation:(a) sk =∑^k j =1 nj/nk=0,1,2,……,L-1(b) sk =∑^k j =0 nj/nk=0,1,2,……,L-1(c) sk =∑^k j =0 n/njk=0,1,2,……,L-1(d) sk =∑^k j =n nj/nk=0,1,2,……,L-1I have been asked this question in a national level competition.The origin of the question is Histogram Processing topic in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» RIGHT choice is (b) sk =∑^k j =0 nj/nk=0,1,2,……,L-1

The best EXPLANATION: A plot of pk_ (rk) versus r_k is called a HISTOGRAM .The transformation (mapping) given in sk =∑^k j =0)k nj/n k=0,1,2,……,L-1 is called histogram equalization or histogram LINEARIZATION.
131.

The probability density function p_s (s) of the transformed variable s can be obtained by using which of the following formula?(a) p_s (s)=p_r (r)|dr/ds|(b) p_s (s)=p_r (r)|ds/dr|(c) p_r (r)=p_s (s)|dr/ds|(d) p_s (s)=p_r (r)|dr/dr|The question was asked by my college professor while I was bunking the class.This is a very interesting question from Histogram Processing in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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The correct choice is (a) p_s (s)=p_r (r)|dr/ds|

The explanation: The probability DENSITY function p_s (s) of the transformed variable s can be obtained using a BASIC FORMULA: p_s (s)=p_r (r)|dr/ds|

Thus, the probability density function of the transformed variable, s, is determined by the gray-level PDF of the input image and by the chosen TRANSFORMATION function.

132.

A transformation function of particular importance in image processing is represented in which of the following form?(a) s=T(r)=∫0 ^(2r)pr (ω)dω(b) s=T(r)=∫0 ^(r-1)pr (ω)dω(c) s=T(r)=∫0 ^(r/2)pr (ω)dω(d) s=T(r)=∫0 pr (ω)dωThis question was posed to me during an internship interview.This question is from Histogram Processing in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Correct option is (d) s=T(r)=∫0 PR (ω)dω

Easiest explanation: A transformation function of particular importance in image processing has the form: s=T(r)=∫0 ^r pr(ω)dw, where ω is a DUMMY variable of integration. The right side of is RECOGNIZED as the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of random variable r.

133.

The inverse transformation from s back to r is denoted as:(a) s=T^-1(r) for 0≤s≤1(b) r=T^-1(s) for 0≤r≤1(c) r=T^-1(s) for 0≤s≤1(d) r=T^-1(s) for 0≥s≥1The question was asked in an online interview.My question is taken from Histogram Processing in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Right answer is (C) R=T^-1(s) for 0≤s≤1

The BEST explanation: The INVERSE transformation from s back to r is denoted by:

r=T-1(s) for 0≤s≤1.

134.

How is the expression represented for the normalized histogram?(a) p(r_k )=n_k(b) p(r_k )=n_k/n(c) p(r_k)=nn_k(d) p(r_k )=n/n_kThe question was posed to me by my school teacher while I was bunking the class.Question is taken from Histogram Processing in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Correct option is (b) p(r_k )=n_k/n

To elaborate: It is COMMON practice to NORMALIZE a histogram by dividing each of its values by the TOTAL number of pixels in the image, denoted by n. Thus, a normalized histogram is given by p(rk )=nk/n, for k=0,1,2…..L-1. Loosely SPEAKING, p(rk ) gives an estimate of the probability of occurrence of gray-level rk. Note that the sum of all components of a normalized histogram is EQUAL to 1.

135.

The histogram of a digital image with gray levels in the range [0, L-1] is represented by a discrete function:(a) h(r_k)=n_k(b) h(r_k )=n/n_k(c) p(r_k )=n_k(d) h(r_k )=n_k/nI had been asked this question by my school principal while I was bunking the class.I would like to ask this question from Histogram Processing in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Right choice is (a) H(r_k)=n_k

Easiest explanation: The histogram of a digital image with gray LEVELS in the RANGE [0, L-1] is a discrete FUNCTION h(RK )=nk, where rk is the kth gray level and nkis the number of pixels in the image having gray level rk.

136.

The function that contains a single 1 with the rest being 0s is called ______________(a) Identity function(b) Inverse function(c) Discrete unit impulse(d) None of the MentionedThis question was posed to me during an online exam.This key question is from Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering topic in section Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» CORRECT answer is (C) Discrete UNIT impulse

The best explanation: It is called Discrete unit impulse.
137.

Which of the following involves Correlation?(a) Matching(b) Key-points(c) Blobs(d) None of the Mentioned.I have been asked this question by my school principal while I was bunking the class.My doubt is from Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering in division Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Right OPTION is (a) Matching

Best EXPLANATION: CORRELATION is applied in FINDING MATCHES.

138.

An example of a continuous function of two variables is __________(a) Intensity function(b) Contrast stretching(c) Gaussian functionI got this question in an online interview.The query is from Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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139.

Convolution and Correlation are functions of _____________(a) Distance(b) Time(c) Intensity(d) DisplacementI have been asked this question in a job interview.This key question is from Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Correct OPTION is (d) Displacement

To explain: Convolution and CORRELATION are FUNCTIONS of displacement.

140.

What is the difference between Convolution and Correlation?(a) Image is pre-rotated by 180 degree for Correlation(b) Image is pre-rotated by 180 degree for Convolution(c) Image is pre-rotated by 90 degree for Correlation(d) Image is pre-rotated by 90 degree for ConvolutionThe question was asked during an interview.The above asked question is from Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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The CORRECT choice is (b) IMAGE is pre-ROTATED by 180 degree for CONVOLUTION

To explain: Convolution is the same as Correlation except that the image must be rotated by 180 degrees INITIALLY.

141.

What is the process of moving a filter mask over the image and computing the sum of products at each location called as?(a) Convolution(b) Correlation(c) Linear spatial filtering(d) Non linear spatial filteringI have been asked this question during an internship interview.This intriguing question originated from Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering topic in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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The CORRECT CHOICE is (b) CORRELATION

Explanation: The process is CALLED as Correlation.

142.

What is required to generate an M X N linear spatial filter?(a) MN mask coefficients(b) M+N coordinates(c) MN spatial coefficients(d) None of the MentionedThis question was addressed to me by my college professor while I was bunking the class.My question comes from Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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The correct CHOICE is (a) MN mask COEFFICIENTS

Explanation: To GENERATE an M X N LINEAR spatial filter MN mask coefficients MUST be specified.

143.

The standard deviation controls ___________ of the bell (2-D Gaussian function of bell shape).(a) Size(b) Curve(c) Tightness(d) None of the MentionedThis question was posed to me during an interview.Question is taken from Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering topic in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» CORRECT option is (C) Tightness

Explanation: The standard deviation CONTROLS “tightness” of the BELL.
144.

A filter that passes low frequencies is _____________(a) Band pass filter(b) High pass filter(c) Low pass filter(d) None of the MentionedI have been asked this question during an interview.My question comes from Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering in portion Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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The correct choice is (c) LOW pass filter

For EXPLANATION I WOULD SAY: Low pass filter passes low frequencies.

145.

What is accepting or rejecting certain frequency components called as?(a) Filtering(b) Eliminating(c) Slicing(d) None of the MentionedThis question was addressed to me in semester exam.My enquiry is from Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering in division Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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The correct choice is (a) Filtering

The EXPLANATION: Filtering is the PROCESS of ACCEPTING or REJECTING certain FREQUENCY components.

146.

How do you bring out more of the skeletal detail from a Nuclear Whole Body Bone Scan?(a) Sharpening(b) Enhancing(c) Transformation(d) None of the mentionedThis question was addressed to me by my school teacher while I was bunking the class.My question is taken from Combining Spatial Enhancements Methods topic in division Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Right option is (a) SHARPENING

Best EXPLANATION: Sharpening is used to BRING out more of the skeletal DETAIL.

147.

Final step of enhancement lies in _____________ of the sharpened image.(a) Increase range of contrast(b) Increase range of brightness(c) Increase dynamic range(d) None of the mentionedThe question was asked in homework.Question is from Combining Spatial Enhancements Methods topic in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

Answer» RIGHT answer is (C) INCREASE dynamic RANGE

Easiest explanation: Increasing the dynamic range of the sharpened image is the final step in enhancement.
148.

An alternate approach to median filtering is ______________(a) Use a mask(b) Gaussian filter(c) Sharpening(d) Laplacian filterI got this question in an interview for job.The above asked question is from Combining Spatial Enhancements Methods in section Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Right OPTION is (a) USE a mask

For explanation I WOULD SAY: Using a mask, formed from the smoothed version of the gradient image, can be used for median FILTERING.

149.

_____________ is used to detect diseases such as bone infection and tumors.(a) MRI Scan(b) PET Scan(c) Nuclear Whole Body Scan(d) X-RayI got this question in an online quiz.This interesting question is from Combining Spatial Enhancements Methods topic in section Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Right option is (C) NUCLEAR WHOLE Body Scan

For EXPLANATION I would say: Nuclear Whole Body Scan is used to detect diseases such as BONE infection and tumors

150.

Which of the following fails to work on dark intensity distributions?(a) Laplacian Transform(b) Gaussian Transform(c) Histogram Equalization(d) Power-law TransformationI had been asked this question during an online exam.The origin of the question is Combining Spatial Enhancements Methods topic in chapter Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering of Digital Image Processing

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Correct option is (C) HISTOGRAM Equalization

Best explanation: Histogram Equalization FAILS to WORK on dark intensity DISTRIBUTIONS.