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Right ANSWER is (B) False

For explanation I would say: ILPF has sharp discontinuity and BLPF doesn’t, so BLPF ESTABLISHES a clear cutoff b/w passed and filtered FREQUENCIES.

Correct option is (c) All of the mentioned

The best explanation: In neighborhood operation for spatial filtering USING SQUARE MASK, padding of original image is done to obtain filtered image of same size as of original image done, by adding ROWS and column of 0 or other constant gray level or by replicating the rows or columns of the original image.

Correct option is (d) Bit-plane slicing

Easiest EXPLANATION: Bits-plane slicing helps in obtaining the IMPORTANCE played by each bit in the IMAGE by separating the image into bit-planes.

Right OPTION is (C) All of the mentioned

Easy explanation: The approach of gray-level SLICING “to give all gray level of a specific range high value and a low value to all other gray levels” PRODUCES a binary image.

One of the transformation in Contrast stretching darkens the value of R (input image gray-level) below m (some predefined gray-value) and brightens the value of r above m, giving a binary image as result.

The correct choice is (C) All of the mentioned

Easy explanation: There are basically two approach of gray-level slicing:

One approach is to give all gray level of a SPECIFIC RANGE high value and a low value to all other gray levels.

Second approach is to brighten the pixels gray-value of interest and PRESERVE the BACKGROUND.

Correct answer is (b) Bit –plane slicing

For EXPLANATION I would SAY: Bit-plane slicing highlights the contribution of specific BITS made to TOTAL image, instead of highlighting a specific gray-level range.

Right choice is (d) Gray-level slicing

To ELABORATE: gray-level slicing is being done by TWO approach: One approach is to give all gray level of a SPECIFIC RANGE high value and a low value to all other gray levels.

Second approach is to BRIGHTEN the pixels gray-value of interest and preserve the background.

I.e. in both highlighting of a specific range of gray-level is been done.

The correct choice is (d) R1 ≤ r2 and s1 ≤ s2

To elaborate: While PROCESSING through contrast STRETCHING, if r1 ≤ r2 and s1 ≤ s2 is MAINTAINED, the function remains single valued and so monotonically increasing. This helps in the prevention of CREATION of intensity artifacts.

The correct ANSWER is (b) Thresholding function

Easy EXPLANATION: From (r1, s1) = (rmin, 0) and (R2, s2) = (rmax, L – 1), we have s1 = 0 and s2 = L – 1 and if r1 = r2 = m is set then the result becomes r1 = r2, s1 = 0 and s2 = L – 1, i.e. a thresholding function.

The correct ANSWER is (b) R1 = r2, s1 = 0 and s2 = L – 1, L is the max gray value allowed

Explanation: If r1 = r2, s1 = 0 and s2 = L – 1, the CONTRAST stretching transformation is a thresholding FUNCTION.

Correct option is (a) r1 = s1 and r2 = s2

The best I can EXPLAIN: If r1 = s1 and r2 = s2 the CONTRAST STRETCHING TRANSFORMATION is a linear FUNCTION.

Right choice is (C) Contrast STRETCHING

The EXPLANATION: Increasing the DYNAMIC range of gray-levels in the image is the basic IDEA behind contrast stretching.

Right CHOICE is (c) Both the mentioned

The explanation is: It is CALLED INFERENCE or IMPLICATION.

The correct ANSWER is (a) Maturity

Easy EXPLANATION: Maturity is the independent VARIABLE of fuzzy output.

Right OPTION is (d) NONE of the mentioned

For explanation: All of the mentioned above are types of MEMBERSHIP functions.

Right OPTION is (d) All of the mentioned

The EXPLANATION is: All of them are TYPES of MEMBERSHIP functions.

The correct OPTION is (c) Membership function

Best explanation: A FUZZY set is CHARACTERIZED by a membership function.

Correct option is (b) Crisp set

The BEST I can EXPLAIN: The so CALLED Crisp set is the one in which MEMBERSHIP only can be true or false, in bi-values Boolean LOGIC.

Right CHOICE is (C) FUZZY set

To EXPLAIN: It is CALLED fuzzy set.

Right option is (d) All of the Mentioned

To explain I would say: PIECEWISE Linear TRANSFORMATION function INVOLVES all the mentioned FUNCTIONS.

Correct OPTION is (C) Bit-plane SLICING

Easiest explanation: It is CALLED Bit-plane slicing.

Right choice is (b) Contrast SKETCHING

To explain I would say: Contrast sketching is the process USED to expand INTENSITY LEVELS in an image.

Correct OPTION is (a) A Power-law response phenomenon

Easy explanation: The exponent in Power-law is called GAMMA and the PROCESS used to correct the response of Power-law transformation is called Gamma CORRECTION.

The correct option is (C) s = c * r^∆

For explanation I would say: s = c * r^∆ is CALLED the Power-law TRANSFORMATION.

Correct answer is (C) All of the mentioned

For EXPLANATION I would say: The illumination component of an image is characterized by a slow SPATIAL variation and the reflectance component of an image VARIES abruptly particularly at the junction of dissimilar OBJECTS, so, if the contribution made by illumination component of image is decreased and the contribution of reflectance component is amplified then there is simultaneous dynamic range compression and contrast stretching.

The CORRECT option is (b) The high FREQUENCY of Fourier transform of LOGARITHM of the image

To elaborate: The reflectance component of an image VARIES abruptly, so, is associated with the high frequency of Fourier transform of logarithm of the image.

Correct answer is (b) Reflectance component

To explain I would say: The reflectance component of an image VARIES ABRUPTLY particularly at the JUNCTION of DISSIMILAR OBJECTS.

The CORRECT answer is (a) LOGARITHMIC operation

The explanation is: For an image is expressed as the multiplication of ILLUMINATION and reflectance component i.e. f(x, y) = i(x, y) * r(x, y), the EQUATION can’t be used DIRECTLY to operate separately on the frequency component of illumination and reflectance because the Fourier transform of the product of two function is not separable. So, the logarithmic operation is used.I{z(x,y)}=I{ln⁡(f(x,y)) }=I{ln⁡(i(x,y)) }+I{ln⁡(r(x,y))}.

Correct option is (b) False

For explanation I WOULD say: For an image is expressed as the multiplication of illumination and reflectance component i.e. f(x, y)= i(x, y) * r(x, y), the equation can’t be used directly to operate separately on the frequency component of illumination and reflectance because the Fourier TRANSFORM of the product of TWO FUNCTION is not separable.

The correct CHOICE is (a) True

To EXPLAIN I would SAY: Because of High frequency emphasis the gray-level tonality DUE to low frequency components is not lost.

Correct CHOICE is (d) An image is the MULTIPLICATION of illumination and reflectance component

To elaborate: An image is EXPRESSED as the multiplication of illumination and reflectance component.

Right answer is (d) Hhfe(u, v) = a + B Hhp(u, v), a≥0 and b>a

The best I can explain: The TRANSFER function of High FREQUENCY emphasis is given as:Hhfe(u, v) = a + b Hhp(u, v), a≥0 and b>a.

The CORRECT OPTION is (d) a = (A-1) and b =1,A is some constant

Easiest explanation: The transfer function of High frequency EMPHASIS is GIVEN as: Hhfe(u, v) = a + b HHP(u, v) and the transfer function for High-boost filtering is Hhb(u, v) = (A-1) + Hhp(u, v), A being some constant. So, for a = (A-1) and b =1, Hhfe(u, v) = Hhb(u, v).

The CORRECT choice is (C) HIGH frequency emphasis

Explanation: High frequency emphasis is the method that accentuate the contribution to enhancement made by high-frequency component. In this we multiply the HIGHPASS FILTER by a constant and add an offset to the highpass filter to prevent eliminating zero frequency term by filter.