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Fertile and alluvial black soils, nutrient soils and high water holding capacity soils are more suitable for crops.

In hilly areas, the soils are uneven and sloped. The soils in hilly areas are red and rocky. Due to their high elevation and the natural downward movement of water, the soils are well-drained. These soils are suitable for plantation crops like coffee and tea. 

For example, coffee is grown in the Araku valley in Andhra Pradesh.

Honey, fruits, gum, tamarind and wood pulp are some of the forest products.

The sea which existed in place of Himalayas is Tethys.

Sutluj, Ravi, Beas and Ghaghar.

Since the past 60 years there has been comprehensive change in land use. In these years, population of India has increased considerably, also after independence the living style of people has changed to more comfortable one. Urbanization has occurred at a fast pace. Mortality rate has reduced which helped in improvement in standard of living. In search of more comfort, people are fleeing from villages and settling in cities. Government has a traditional approach focused on the development of backward people and for providing better amenities to them, which has resulted in decrease in agriculture land. Due to increase in population in urban cities, land used for other purposes has increased and also pasture land and forest land have increased

Land is termed as mother according to

By maximum use of organic fertilizer, planting more and more trees and by adopting the crop cycle, land fertility can be increased.

According to usage agriculture is divided into two parts :

• Subsistence agriculture 
• Commercial agriculture

• Personal land 
• Public land

This type of land is very important for landless people as they use it for pasture, animal rearing, gathering firewood, and construction purpose.

Argentina, New Zealand, Australia, Denmark, India, are some of the countries where animal rearing plays an important role in the economy.

Geographical differences determine the increase or decrease of population. Social Science

A cold desert in India is Ladakh.

Thar Desert extends from southern borders of Punjab and Haryana to Rann of Kutch (Gujarat). It is a plain and arid area. Aravallis form its eastern boundary. It has international boundary of Pakistan in the West. It is 640 km. long and 300 km. wide. In ancient period, this region was under sea. Proofs show that this desert was once a fertile area. But due to low rainfall and deforestation it has been changed into areas of sand dunes.

On the basis of location, Indian islands can be divided into the following two groups:

1. Islands situated away from the coast: There are about 230 islands found in groups. Such Coral islands exist in Arabian Sea and are called Lakshdweep islands. Amandivi, Lakshdweep, Minicoy are other islands. Andaman Nicobar islands, Norcadam, Barren islands are found in Bay of Bengal.

2. Islands situated near the coast: The new moor islands Sorat, Wheeler islands are found near Ganges delta. Other islands are Bhasara, Diu, Palmbam, Mandapam, Elephanta.

The following similarities are found between the Himalayas and the Deccan plateau:

• The Himalayas came into existence due to presence of the Southern plateau.
• The hills, faults and folds of the southern peninsula have been formed due to pressure from the Himalayas.
• Many minerals are found in both areas.:
• Forests are found in both areas for the use in the country.

1. Coastal plains are known for rice, dates, coconuts, spices, ginger, cardamoms, etc.
2. It leads in international trade.
3. High grade fish are caught in these coastal areas,
4. Beaches along Goa, Mumbai, Tamilnadu are a great attraction for the tourists.
5. Salt is prepared on the marshy areas of west coast.

The main passes in Himalayas are Burzel, Zoji la, Nanak la, Chang la, Khurnak la, Barala, Shipki la, Nathu la, Takla Kot.

Extent: The great plain extends in between the Himalayas and the Peninsular plateau. It is 3200 km long and 150 to 300 km wide. Its average height is 150 metres. It covers an area of 7.5 lakh sq. km.

Formation: It is an alluvium filled trough. It has been formed by the deposition of sediments brought from the Himalayas by the Ganga, Sutlej and other rivers.

Main Characteristics :

1. It is a dead flat lowland. The maximum height above the sea level is 263 metres.
2. It has a gentle gradient 14 metre per km.
3. It has huge depth of alluvium.
4. A large number of rivers flow in this plain dividing it into Doabs.
5. It has fertile alluvial soils namely Khadar and Bangar soils.

Division of Northern Plain :

1. Bhabar and Terai: It is a long, narrow zone along the foothills. It is a pebble- studded zone. Swampy areas occur in Terai.
2. Punjab Plain: This plain has a slope in the South West direction. It has been formed by the deposition of sediments by Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers. Chos (seasonal streams) cause soil erosion in foothills of Shiwaliks.
3. Ganga Plain: This plain has been formed by the deposition of sediments brought by the Ganga and its tributaries. It can be divided into three regions—upper Ganga plain, middle Ganga plain and the lower Ganga plain. It occupies an area of about 3.5 lakh sq. km. Sunder Ban Delta is formed in the lower Ganga plain.
4. Brahmaputra Plains: These plains are situated in the Eastern part and are often known as Assam valley. The Brahmaputra river forms a large delta in Bangladesh.

The Great Indian Desert plain of the west. This covers the western part of the Aravalli mountains. This region has a sandy land, so it is also known as the Thar desert. This region gets very little rainfall, due to which the agriculture is not developed here. There are many saltwater lakes like the Sambhar, Didwana and Panchpadra, from which salt is extracted.

The formation of northern plains:

The northern plains lie in between the Himalayas and the peninsular India. It has been formed by the filling of the depression formed by Tethys sea. The Himalayan rivers after eroding the Himalayas deposited huge amount of silt and deposition in the ever-shrinking Tethys sea. This depression has been filled gradually to form northern plains or the Indo- gangetic plains. These rivers have deposited silt to form Ganga delta in Bangladesh. Due to continuous deposition, the delta is still advancing towards sea.

1. Gujarat coast
2. Konkan coast
3. Malabar coast
4. Kerala coast.

Jog Falls is located on the border of Shimoga and Uttara Kannada districts of Karnataka. Height of Jog Falls is 253 metres.

Orignially it was a super continent called Pangea consisting of two parts. The Northern part was called Angara land, while the Southern part was called Gondwana land. Gondwana land is the oldest landmass. It included India, Australia, South Africa and South America. These have changed its position due’ to drifting of continents.

Thai ghat, Bhor ghat, Pal ghat

Mt. Everest 8848 metres, Kanchenjunga (8598) metres, Makalu 8481 metres, Dhaulagiri 8172 metres Manalasu, Naga Parbat and Annapurna.

1. Vania Mala (2339 metres)
2. Kudremukh (1894 Metres)
3. Pushpagiri (1714 metres), Kalsubai (1646 metres).

Dun is a longitudinal valley situated in Himalayas.

Mt. Everest 8848 metres is the highest peak of the world.

Dafa Bum (4578 meters), Saramati (8926 meters) and Japau.

Landforms are the other name of relief of region.

Relief of region means the shape of the surface of the earth.

1. Jodhpur 

2. land 

3. land degradation 

4. Mumbai.

Correct option is (b) Chilka

It is a type of irrigation in which water is drawn from rivers, tanks and reservoirs to supply water for Agriculture.

The spraying of water to the crops through the pipe with nozzles under great pressure is called Sprinkler irrigation.

Man made hollows which collects the rain water is and supplies the water in summer season is called tank irrigation.

• They can dry up in the summer season. 
• These are possible only in soft rock layers. 
• To lift water, power is need & 
• More capital is required so poor people cannot dug well easily.

• The largest concentration of wells occurs in the Gigantic plains streching from Punjab to Bihar. 
• Wells are found scattered in eastern Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. 
• In Gujarat wells and tube wells irrigate 78.8% of the net irrigated area of the state. 
• While Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh etc have more than 50% of their net respective irrigated area under well irrigation. 
• Wells and tube wells are presently most popular source of irrigation in India accounting for 60.7% of the total irrigated area. 
• Digging of tube well started in 1930 in the Gangas plains under minor irrigation programmes during Five-year plans. 
• Today there are more than 45 Lakh tube wells in government and private ownership Pump sets are especially useful for individual farmers. 
• Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of tube wells in the country. 
• The percentage of area under tube well irrigation in India is 35.6 which is highest in Uttar Pradesh (77.5). followed by Punjab (67.3), Bihar (49.1), West Bengal (36.1), Kerala (28.5), Gujarath (26.5) etc.

Surface water is 690 biHion cubic meters and ground water 433 BCM.

Uttar Pradesh has the highest irrigated land in India.

Utilization of land for different purpose is known as “Land use pattern”.

Uttar Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh. It accounts 29.8%.

• In-Situ rain water harvesting. 
• Ex-Situ rain water harvesting.

• Nature of rainfall 
• Nature of soil 
• Probability of drought 
• Need of irrigation in Dry Areas.

Land use is determined by many factors like 

• Relief features 
• Climate 
• Soil 
• Density of Population.

Total irrigated land is 139.9 million hectares.

Land capability is the ability of a Piece of land to provide sustainable support for specific land use.