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(i) small intestine

(ii) Pancreatic juice 

(iii) Liver 

(iv) Large intestine

(v) HCl and Enzymes-Pepsin, mucus.

Salivary amylase is present in human saliva. It digests starch. Which of the organs perform the following functions in humans ?

(i)  Absorption of food

(ii) Absorption of water

Saliva moistens the ingested food with mucus, sterilises it with lysozyme and partially digests the starch part of food into sugar with the help of salivary amylase or Ptyalin. 

Translocation.

It is a wave of contraction behind the food and expansion in the region of contained food that occur's in the alimentary canal for pushing the food from anterior to posterior ends.

a. Platelets- Platelets are cell fragments formed in the bone marrow. They are also called thrombocytes. Platelets carry blood coagulation factors on their surfaces, hence have a major role in initiating blood clotting. They are also involved in maintaining homeostasis.

b. Haemoglobin- Haemoglobin is a special protein found in the red blood cells that imparts red colour to the blood. It picks up oxygen from lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin and delivers it to the tissues. It maintains blood pH to tolerable limits.

• Artery has thick walls whereas Veins has thin walls. 
• Arteries carries blood away from the heart but veins carry blood to the heart. 
• In arteries valves are absent and in veins they are present.
•  In arteries blood flows under pressure but in veins there will be no pressure.

Transport of food.

(a) Phloem.

(b) Xylem.

• These all are parasite. 
• They live on or inside another body to obtain food from the host.
• In obtaining food parasites always harm their host.

(a) Parasitic mode of nutrition. 

(b) 

(i) Proteins

(ii) Starch 

(iii) Proteins 

(iv) Fats. 

(c) Absorption of digested foods occurs mainly in the small intestine due to the presence of a large number of finger like projections called villi.

Xylem transports water and minerals in plants.

In the process of reproduction, there is division of chromosomes. Due to cell division, the gametes are formed. The union of gametes produce new offspring. In sexual reproduction, all these processes take place due to cell division. In asexual reproduction too there is cell division. Growth of new organism also occurs due to cell division.

The important life processes in living organisms are respiration, circulation, nutrition, excretion, sensation and response through nervous system.

The largest artery in the body is Aorta that pumps blood into the body. The largest vein in the body is Vena Cava (Inferior/Superior) that returns blood to the heart.

(i) Phloem (ii) Xylem.

Some bacteria and lower organisms do not live in the presence of oxygen. In order to survive, they have to perform anaerobic respiration. Sometimes, muscle cells and erythrocytes also perform anaerobic respiration when there is lack of enough oxygen.

The difference between the different ways of oxidation of glucose in organism are as follows:

The oxidation of nutrients that are absorbed in body is done because of oxygen supplied to cells by respiratory and circulatory system. This helps in liberation of energy. Thus respiration, circulation and nutrition are the life processes that are essential for production of energy required by body.

a. Phloem vessels transports soluble products of photosynthesis i.e., sucrose to plant’s growing and storage regions.

b. Xylem transports water and minerals in plants from roots up to the stem to the leaves.

Due to chromosomes, the DNA from parental cells enter into daughter cells. The hereditary, characters are transmitted to next generation by cell division.

Process of glycolysis was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jacob Pamas along with their colleagues. They performed experiments on muscles to understand glycolysis. Hence, in their honour, glycolysis is also edited Embden-MeyerhofParnas pathway or EMP pathway.

Glycolysis and fermentation are the two steps of anaerobic respiration.

Fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K.

Water soluble vitamins are B and C.

The main types of cell division are mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, the chromosome number remains the same. 2 daughter cells are obtained from one cell. In meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced to half. From one cell, four daughter cells are obtained.

• Due to starvation or hunger, there is less supply of nutrients and energy to the body. In such condition, the stored carbohydrates in the body also deplete.
• In such condition, fats and proteins present in the body are utilized.
• Fats or lipids are converted into fatty acids and proteins are broken down to amino acids.
• Fatty acids and amino acids both are converted to acetyl-coenzyme-A.
• Acetyl-coenzyme-A can undergo series of cyclic reactions and oxidised to liberate energy in the form of ATP molecules.

• ATP or Adenosine triphosphate is the ‘energy currency’ of the cell.
• Chemical composition of ATP is as follows: it is a triphosphate molecule having adenosine ribonucleoside. The nitrogenous compoundadenine, pentose sugar-ribose and three phosphate groups are present in ATP.
• In this energy-rich molecule the energy remains trapped in the bonds by which phosphate groups are attached to each other.
• ATP molecules are stored in the cells. As per the need, energy is derived by breaking the phosphate bond of ATP.
• During cellular respiration, the oxidation of glucose yields 38 molecules of ATP. Whenever required they are consumed to liberate energy.

A, B, C, D, E and K are main types of vitamins.

The leaf is boiled to remove its chlorophyll. The green colour of chlorophyll might hinder the reaction of starch with iodine.

• Some specific movements of the plants do not lead to the plant growth. Such movements are called growth-irrelevant movements. 
• In the plant called venus fly trap, there is a trap that appears and smells like flowers and deceives insects. When an insect visits the flower-like trap, the trap closes up and the trapped insect is digested by the plant. 
• Fibrils present on the leaves of the insectivorous plant Drosera, bend inward as soon as an insect lands on the leaves and surround the insects from all sides. 
• In Balsam, the ripened fruit dehisces (burstsopen) at the right time to disperse the seeds.

Movement or growth of any part of the plant in response to an external stimulus is called tropic movement or tropism.

The different types of tropic movements are:

• Phototropic movement : The shoot system of any plant responds to the light stimulus, i.e., it grows towards the source of light. The movement shown by plants towards the source of light is called phototropic movement.
• Gravitropic movement : The root system of plants responds to stimulus of gravity. This is called gravitropic movement.
• Hydrotropic movement : The root system of plants responds to the stimulus of water. This is called hydrotropic movement.
• Chemotropic movement : Movement shown by plants in response to specific chemicals is called chemotropic movement. For example, the growth of the pollen tube towards the ovule.

All the above-mentioned movements of plants are related with growth, hence are called growth relevant movement.

• The brain is the main controlling part of the nervous system and is safely located in the cranial cavity. 
• The brain is covered by protective layers called the Meninges. 
• Cavities present in various parts of the brain are called ventricles. The ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. 
• This fluid supplies nutrients to the brain and also protects it from shock.
• The brain of an adult human weighs about 1300 -1400 grams and consists of approximately 100 million neurons. 
• The left side of our brain controls the right side of our body and right side of our brain controls left side of the body. 
• In addition, the left side of the brain controls our speech and conversation, writing, logical thinking etc., whereas the right side controls artistic abilities.

Human brain is made up of following parts:

(a) Cerebrum:

• This is the largest part of the brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres. These hemispheres are joined with each other with the help of tough fibres and nerve tracts. 
• The cerebrum occupies two-thirds of the brain. Hence, it is also called as large brain.
• Its surface has deep, irregular ridges and grooves which are called convolutions, convolution increases the surface area of the cerebrum and therefore a large number of nerve cells can be accommodated.

(b) Cerebellum:

• This is the smaller part of the brain situated below the cerebrum at the back of the cranial cavity. 
• Its surface shows shallow grooves instead of deep convolutions.

(c) Medulla Oblongata:

• This is the hind-most part of the brain. 
• There are two triangular swollen structures called pyramids on the upper side of medulla oblongata.
• The medulla oblongata continues downwards the spinal cord.

• Special types of cells which conduct impulses from one place to another in the body are called neurons. Nerve cells have the ability to generate and conduct electro-chemical impulses. 
• The cells that support the nerve cells and help in their functioning are called neuroglia. 
• All the information about our surroundings is collected by the ends or dendrites of the neuron. 
• The chemical process begins at those ends and electric impulses are generated which are conducted from the dendrites to the cell body, from the cell body to the axon and from the axon to its terminal.
• These impulses are then to be transferred from this nerve cell to the next. 
• Now the impulse that reaches the terminal of an axon, stimulates the nerve cell to secrete certain chemicals. 
• These chemicals pass through a minute space, called the synapse, between two adjacent neurons and generate the impulses in the dendrites of the next neuron. 
• In this way, impulses are conducted in the body and these impulses are finally conveyed by nerve cells to muscles cells or glands.

Red pigment present in our blood is haemoglobin. It supplies oxygen to all cells of our body Bloodlessness is caused by the deficiency of haemoglobin.

Herbivores have longer small intestine for digestion of cellulose while carnivores have a shorter small intestine due to early digestion of meat.

→Take a healthy leaf from the potted plant. 

→Remove a part of the peel from the lower surface of the leaf. You can do this by folding the leaf over and gently pulling the peel apart using forceps. Keeps the peel in a watch glass containing water. 

→Put a few drops of safranin stain in a watch glass

→After 2-3 minutes take out the peel and place it on a clean glass slide. 

→Put a drop of glycerin over the peel and place a clean covers lip gently over it with the help of a needle. 

→Remove the excess stain and glycerin with the help of blotting paper.

→Observe the slide under magnifications of the compound microscope.

The green dot-like structures in some cells observed by a student when a leaf peel is viewed under a microscope are chloroplasts. The green colour is due to the presence of green pigment, chlorophyll.

Most CO₂ reach the photosynthesising cells of green leaves through diffusion. Stomata (tiny pores) present of leaf surface and stem facilitates gaseous exchange between the plant cells and the surrounding. CO₂ move into the cells through these small pores.

Co-enzyme is a non-protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme. It is bound to the enzyme as a catalyst. This increases the rate of reaction. Co-enzymes always act along the enzymes. They cannot work independently. But the same molecule of coenzyme can be used again and again.

Many co-enzymes are vitamins or derived from vitamins. When vitamin intake is too low, then an organism also lacks the co-enzymes that catalyse reactions. Water-soluble vitamins, which include all B complex vitamins and vitamin C, lead to the production of co-enzymes. Two of the most important and widespread vitamin-derived coenzymes are Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) and co-enzyme A.

i. Amoeba : Fission : : Hydra : Budding

ii. Transverse binary fission : Paramoecium : : Longitudinal binary fission : Euglena

iii. Calyx : Sepals : : Corolla : Petals

iv. Accessory whorls : Calyx and corolla : : Essential whorls : Androecium and gynoeciuin

v. Bisexual flower : Hibiscus : : Unisexual flower : Papaya

vi. FSH : Development of qocyte : : LH : Ovulation

The xylem elements appear pinkish as the eosin solution is conducted upwards through the xylem. From this we infer that the xylem is responsible for the conduction of water and minerals in the plant.

• In some plants like elephant foot (Amorphophallus) or arum, waste materials are in the form of crystals of calcium oxalate. They are called raphides.
• As they are needle-shaped, they prickle and cause irritation of the skin leading to itching.
• This can be prevented by applying tartaric acid (tamarind) or citric acid (lemon) on the hands while cutting these vegetables as the acids dissolve the crystals of calcium oxalate.

False

Reptiles have 3 chambered heart, one receives deoxygenated blood, one receives blood, and the third one mixes these two and pumps it out.

Mammals have four chambered heart- right atrium, right ventricle, left auricle and left ventricle.

Fishes have 2 chambered heart- one atrium and one ventricle.

Transpiration

Correct option is: (d) 400

The four-chambered heart allows us to send our deoxygenated blood to the lungs and our clean blood to the rest of the body without mixing the two. The blood coming from the left side of the heart is oxygenated and ready to fuel the muscles. The blood coming to the right side of the heart is collected from all over the body is deoxygenated and carried towards the lungs for oxygenation.

Correct option is: (c) translocation