Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

1.c. Transportation

2.b. Heart

3.c. Pulmonary vein

4.b. Pulmonary  artery

5.d. (i),(ii) and (iv)

Translocation is the movement of sucrose made by plants from phloem to root cells by means of mass flow. The organic substances like sucrose and other chemicals made by plants are called assimilates which are transported in sieve elements and work together with companion cells to accomplish translocation. 

Translocation is important for survival of the plant and it enables sucrose to be stored. It allows the organic molecules to be transported to regions of growth and development, to plant cells for metabolism etc.

Sugar is synthesized in leaves of plant by process of photosynthesis whereas the hormones are synthesized in all parts that are leaves, stem, root, flower, seeds.

Breathing in humans is divided into 2 steps 

(i) Inhalation:- diaphragm contracts and move downwards, rib cage moves outward with the help of intercostal muscles. Thus the size of thoracic cavity increases, its pressure gets reduced and air rushes in. 

(ii) Exhalation:- diaphragm gets relaxed and move outwards, rib cage moves inward with the help of intercostal muscles. Thus the size of thoracic cavity decreases, its pressure gets increased and air rushes out.

Both in respiration and transpiration stomata are active. The only difference is that in respiration stomata helps in exchange of gases, while in transpiration, it helps in evaporation of water.

Transpiration is a process in which plants release water vapor. A part of water that plants get is used to prepare their food and store in different parts of the plant. The remaining amount of water is released by plants in the form of water vapor in air. This process of releasing water vapor by plants into the air is called transpiration. 

Transpiration has the following roles in plants- it cools the plant, maintain water cycle, allows absorption of water and minerals from soil and its transport in plants, allows diffusion of carbon dioxide from air for photosynthesis.

(i) Xylem: Transport water and minerals in plants. 

(ii) Pulmonary artery: Transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to lungs.

(iii) Pulmonary veins: Transport oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart. 

(iv) Phloem: Transport synthesised food in the plants.

(i) Upward movement of sap or water from roots to leaves.

(ii) Regulates temperature.

(iii) Under optimal condition, leaf can transpire its own weight of water in less than an hour.

(iv) Phloem tissues helps in the transport of food.

(v) Food is transported in both upward and downward directions.

(vi) Transport of food in phloem required energy in the form of ATP.

Transport of materials in Xylem :

(i) Xylem tissues helps in the transport of water and minerals.

(ii) Water is transported upwards from roots to aerial parts of plants.

(iii) Transport in xylem requires physical forces such as transpiration pull.

Transport of materials in Phloem :

(i) Phloem tissues helps in the transport of food

(ii) Food is transported in both upward and downward directions

(iii) Transport of food in phloem requires energy in the form of ATP

Transport of materials in Xylem :

(i) Xylem tissues helps in the transport of water and minerals.

(ii) Water is transported upwards from roots to aerial parts of plants.

(iii) Transport in xylem requires physical forces such as transpiration pull.

Transport of materials in Phloem :

(i) Phloem tissues helps in the transport of food

(ii) Food is transported in both upward and downward directions

(iii) Transport of food in phloem requires energy in the form of ATP

(a) (1) Pyruvate (3 carbon molecules) 

(2) Energy 

(3) Presence of oxygen 

(4) In Mitochondria 

(5) Carbon dioxide 

(6) Water

(b) ATP 

(c) Lactic acid accumulation, in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic respiration)cause cramps.

Double circulation has two components- Pulmonary circulaiion and systemic circulation. 

Pulmonary circulation is a movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back from the lungs to the heart. Deoxygenated blood of the body enters the right auricle, passes into right ventricle which pumps it into a pulmonary arch, two separate pulmonary arteries the blood passes into the lungs. Now Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried block to the heart by : Pulmonary veins and enters into the left auricle of the heart Systemic Circulation is the circulation of blood between the heart and different parts of the body except lungs. Oxygenated blood received by left auricle passes into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps it into aorta for supply to different body parts including walls of the heart with the help of arteries.

(i) The color of the blood is red because of the presence of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is a pigment which is found in the red blood cells. Even the color of RBCs is because of the presence of haemoglobin in them. It is useful as four molecules of oxygen combine to one molecule of Haemoglobin and thus help in oxygen transport. 

(ii) Blood do not clot in our blood vessels because of the presence of a natural anti coagulant Heparin which is released by the basophils and the mast cells in our body. Hence, unclotted blood comes out from the site of injury even when platelets are present. 

(iii) There are three types of blood cells found in human beings. They are: red blood cells, white blood cells and the platelets. Different types of cells have different function. The type of blood cells which protect us from various kinds of infections in our body are the White Blood Cells or the Leucocytes. They are phagocytic in nature and hence, eat up the infection causing agent. 

(iv) Sumay must be very serious before doing anything. But at least he realized it before doing anything dangerous.

1- pulmonary artery 

2- vena cava 

3- aorta 

4- pulmonary vein

The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from left atrium and pumps to aorta. From aorta, the blood is sent to the body. Right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and pumps it to the lung through pulmonary artery. 

Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava and pumps it to right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lung through left and right pulmonary veins and pumps this blood to left ventricle through the bicuspid valve.

The answer is (c) (ii) and (iv)

• Oxygenated blood circulates through left part of the heart whereas deoxygenated blood circulates through right part of the heart. 
• Atrium receives blood and ventricle pumps the blood out of the heart.

The answer is (a) Valves in heart

Walls in the heart are responsible for only pumping of the blood and they are not responsible in blocking backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction.

Bicuspid valve is found between left auricle and left ventricle. It lets blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle and prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium from the ventricle. The tricuspid valve found between right ventricle and right atrium prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle to right atrium. The thick muscular walls of left ventricle allow blood to be pumped throughout the body. The thin walls of atria allow blood to be pumped to lungs (shorter distance).

The largest artery in the human body is the Aorta.

(a) Respiration.

(b) Photosynthesis

Root hair is epidermal cells of a root.

i. False. (Absence of genetic recombination is a drawback whereas fast process is advantage of asexual reproductive method.)

ii. True. (Prokaryotes show fission by both the methods, i.e. mitosis and amitosis.)

iii. False. (During unfavourable conditions multiple fission is performed by amoeba.)

iv. True. (Cyst is the tough capsule like structure which keeps the protists dormant inside it. This helps the organisms to tide over unfavourable conditions.)

v. False. (If the body of Sycon breaks up accidentally into many fragments, each fragment develops into new Sycon. Because the capacity to regenerate is very strong in poriferan Sycon, even a small piece of parent Sycon can give rise to entire new individual.)

The name of  tubes is Bronchi.

The answer is (d) (ii) and (iv)

• Statement (i) is wrong because ribs move outward and diaphragm is lowered during inhalation.
• Similarly Option (iii) is wrong because Hemoglobin has greater affinity for Oxygen than CO₂

Yeast, an anaerobic microorganism converts pyruvate to ethanol by fermentation which includes decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetaldehyde and further reduction to ethanol. Carbon dioxide is also produced along. Fermentation occurs in anaerobic environment i.e., conversion of complex compounds to simpler compounds in absence of oxygen.

In respiration, O₂ is taken in and CO₂ is released while in photosynthesis, CO₂ is used up and O₂ is released. Both photosynthesis and respiration occurs in plant during daytime. But the rate of photosynthesis is much more than rate of respiration. Thus there is no net release of CO₂.

The inhaled air travels from nostril to pharynx. From pharynx it enters into larynx. The epiglottis acts as a lid due to which air enters the trachea and not into the alimentary canal. The trachea thus provides a clear airway for air to enter into 2 large tubes called bronchi which leads to one of the lungs. The bronchi divide into bronchioles which further divide into alveoli. Gas exchange takes place here in alveoli.

The mechanism by which an organism obtains oxygen from the air and releases carbon dioxide is called breathing.Difference between breathing and respiration:- 

Breathing 

(i) Breathing is a simple process. 

(ii) Breathing involves taking in oxygen from the air and releasing carbon dioxide into the air. 

(iii) Breathing is a physical process. 

Respiration 

(i) Respiration is a complex process. 

(ii) Respiration includes breathing as well as the oxidation of food in the cells of the organism to release energy. 

(iii) Respiration is a bio-chemical process.

Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate in balloon like structures which are called alveoli. The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules are exchanged to and from the bloodstream by alveoli of lungs. Alveoli are tiny air sacs found in the lungs that allow rapid exchange of gases.

(a) Anaerobic respiration in yeast. 

(b) Aerobic respiration in humans. 

(c) Anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue of animals.

(a) Lungs. 

(b) Alveoli. 

(c) Alveoli. 

(d) Anaerobic, aerobic. 

(e) Fish.

Yes, if someone holds his breath after expiration for about 30 sec there would still be occurring exchange of respiratory gases in the lungs during this period because after a normal expiration some amount of air remains in our lungs which we call as residual volume which is 1100-1200 ml. When we uphold our breath the exchange of this residual volume gases will continue in our lungs.

If a person holds his breath for 25 seconds after expiration, even then exchange of respiratory gases would occur in lungs. It is so because, even after we exhale, some amount of air remains in the lungs. This volume of air is called as residual volume which has a quantity of about 1200ml. So even if a person hasn't inhale the air for 25 seconds, then also this residual volume will continue gaseous exchange in lungs for some time. But if this period last some more longer, then this can be lethal.

Lenticels is areas in a woody stem.

Root hairs is involved in the exchange of respiratory gases.

(i) Respiratory system/lungs are affected.
(ii) (a) Factories should treat harmful wastes and filter it before releasing it in the environment.
(b) Less polluting fuels like CNG should be used in vehicles.
(c) Regular pollution check and proper service and maintenance should be done for private vehicles.
(iii) No regard for environment, disregard for health.

(i) A good, regular exercise keep diabetes under check.

(ii) Exercise is also crucial to those who are obese or overweight.

(iii) Weight training exercises increase uptake of calcium in the bones and help in preventing osteoporosis (Bone disease).

(iv) Regular exercise also reduces bad cholesterol in our body and helps in improving the function of the heart.

Associated Value: The learners will be motivated to take up sports activities more regularly to keep them healthy.

1.a. Yeast

2.b. Ethanol

3.a. Carbon dioxide gas

4.c. Fermentation

5.b. Anaerobic respiration

1.a. E

2.b. B

3.c. A

4.a. D

5.d. C

(i) Respiratory systemr{ungs will get affected.

(ii) (a) Factories should treat harmful waste & filter it before releasing it in the environment.

(b) Less polluting fuels like CNG should be used in vehicles.

(c) Regular pollution check and proper service and maintenance should be done for private vehicles.

Associated Value: The learners will start taking up more eco-friendly transit system like metro to travel besides advocating car pool among others.

(a) The pressures exerted by blood on the arterial walls sphygmomanometer

(b) 120/80 mm of Hg

(c) Love, caring, the presence of mind.atrefer and enjoy eating fruits and vegetables.

(ii) Ch

No, the answer is not correct. Sometimes during rigorous physical work or exercise the amount of oxygen declines in our muscle cells. At this time when the oxygen is less in amount, pyruvate breaks down in insufficient oxygen and form lactic acid instead of carbon dioxide and water.

Cramps are formed in the body of cricketers due to the sudden formation of lactic acid.

Water and carbon-dioxide are the two raw materials responsible for the release of oxygen during photosynthesis. Water is absorbed from soil through the roots and CO₂ diffuses from the air into the plant through stomata. These raw materials are then converted into energy-yielding glucose molecules.

Water is responsible for release of molecular oxygen in photosynthesis

In artificial kidneys, all tubes are semi-permeable and made of cellophane. These tubes are selectively permeable and allow only certain substances to pass through them. The semi-permeable nature allows only the nitrogenous waste products and water to pass through the tubes and does not allow the blood cells and proteins to pass through it.

The carbohydrates which are not used to produce energy cannot be stored in the body in the form of glucose. This glucose is therefore converted into complex compound called glycogen. Glycogen is stored in muscles and liver.

A terrestrial organism can obtain oxygen directly from the air and have slow breathing rate but aquatic organisms have to obtain oxygen for respiration which is dissolved in water. Since the amount of oxygen dissolved in water is fairly low as compared to the amount of oxygen in the air the rate of breathing in an aquatic organism is much faster.

The rate of breathing in aquatic animals is much faster than terrestrial animals because the amount of oxygen dissolved in water is low as compared to the amount of oxygen dissolved in air.