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Lower level management.

This process of achieving goals is applicable from individuals to all big-small business and non-business organisations. Therefore, it is a universal process

This role involves the activities required for staffing and maintaining productive human resources.

Management model.

Informational roles.

Henry Hintzberg.

Primary functions of management are : 

1. Planning, 

2. Organising, 

3. Directing, 

4. Controlling, 

5. Coordination.

It refers to that group of executives which constitutes the highest level of management.

Role in which managers maintain cordial relationship with their subordinates, peers and external persons is known as interpersonal role.

These roles are the roles in which managers maintain interpersonal relations with their subordinates, peers and external persons in organisations.

(a) secondary functions

5 % time does middle level management spend on controlling

Middle level management.

Leading (55%).

Main elements of planning are objectives, policies, methods, techniques, rules, programme, strategy, standards, time, budget, etc. A plan can be long-term of it can be short term.

Planning is a sensitive process of developing and selecting the best working plans to achieve objectives. Planning is basically the selection of best alternative out of the available alternatives to complete a work and to change these alternatives according to the changing environment.

1. Establishing standards of performance for activities. 

2. Measuring the actual performance. 

3. Comparing the actual performance with the set standards. 

4. Finding out deviations between actual and set performance if any and analysing the deviations. 

5. Taking corrective steps to remove significant variations so that they should not occur again.

Primary function of management includes the implementation of planning, requires competent staff and continuous direction to be given to them to harmonise and unify individual and group efforts in coordination. 

This is known as Primary Function. 

It includes : 

1. Planning 

2. Organising 

3. Directing A 

4. Controlling 

5. Coordination.

1. To maintain high standard of efficiency and economy in employees. 

2. To build and maintain relations with the stakeholders. 

3. To act as trustee and to provide protection to organisational assets. 

4. To set up an organisational framework and to delegate and decentralise authority.

Roles means behaviour or set of behaviours and functions or set of functions of managers which is expected by organisation and society, and accordingly, a manager plays his role and works for the attainment for organisational goals. This is known as Managerial Role. 

Its types are as follows : 

1. Interpersonal rules 

2. Informational rules 

3. Decisional rules 

4. Explain informational rules and its types

 All managers maintain and develop information network by creating a network of interpersonal relations with others, through this network, they receive collect and disseminate various information facts and knowledge. Hence, they emerge as a nerve centre of information.

Types of informational roles are : 

1. The monitors role 

2. Dissemination role 

3. Spokesperson’s role

Every organisation consists of employees with different backgrounds, roles, functions, working efficiency and working styles which creates the possibility of individual and interpersonal conflicts. To bring harmony in their efforts and to bring unity in their actions, coordination is required. Management makes efforts for coordinating different activities in the organisation. Coordination is not regarded as a separate function of management. It is involved in each function of management.

1. Analysing the problem. 

2. Defining the problem. 

3. Developing alternative causes of actions/altemative situations to the problem. 

4. Evaluating and choosing the best course of action. 

5. Feedback and follow-up action.

Interpersonal roles are the roles in which managers maintain interpersonal relations with their subordinates, peers and external persons and organisations, by virtue of their formal authority and status in the organisation. 

Its types are as follows : 

(i) The Figurehead Role : 

Every manager plays such role as the head or chief of the organisation which is symbolic or social and ceremonial in nature. 

(ii) The Leader Role :

This role involves the activities required for staffing and maintaining productive human resources-motivating, encouraging, influencing, leading, integrating and developing the subordinates to achieve organisational goals. 

(iii) The Liasion Role : 

In this role, a manager develops and maintains a network of contacts and informers both outside and inside the organisation.

Top or executive management level refers to that group of executives which constitutes the highest level of management. The executives at this level represent the owners and are regarded as the centre of authority. 

They are responsible for taking crucial decisions. Its functions are as follows :

1. To bring long-term stability in the enterprise. 

2. To coordinate the activities of all the departments to achieve organisational goals. 

3. To act as trustee and to provide protection to organisational assets. 

4. To build and maintain relations with the stakeholders.

Planning, organising, staffing, directing and control.

Primary function means the basis for organisational goals attainment. These are a must for every organisation to ensure its survival and growth. Types of primary functions are :

1. Planning 

2. Organising 

3. Directing 

4. Controlling

 5. Coordination.

1. Planning:

Planning is deciding in advance what has to be done in future. It involves selection of objectives, policies, procedures and programmes for attaining organisational goals. 

2. Controlling: 

Controlling ensures the efficient performance of managerial functions. Controlling is the final function that every manager performs. Controlling is the process of, confirming the activities according to plans.

To perform the primary functions, sub-functions or subsidiary functions are performed, which are known as Secondary Functions. They may vary from organisation to organisation depending on their management, resources, etc. 

Types of secondary functions are : 

1. Decision-making 

2. Staffing . 

3. Innovation 

4. Communication . 

5. Representation

There are two types of management functions : 

1. Primary function, 

2. Secondary function.

It refers to those executives who are basically concerned with the personal observation and direction of Operative employees. They include managers,just above the workers or the operative employees. They are more concerned with directing and controlling functions, of management. Functions, of lower level of management are : 

1. To maintain-good .human relations in their units. 

2. IV coordinate‘between different operative units. 

3. To evaluate the performance of workers. 

4. To maintain loyalty and discipline in the entire organisation.

1. Decision-making 

2. Staffing 

3. Innovation 

4. Communication 

5. Representation

Planning, organising, commanding, coordination and controlling.

1. Management is a process of continuous and dynamic function. 

2. All the functions of management are done by managers. Therefore, it is a human process.

Management as decision making means that whatever a manager does, he does through making decisions. While planning, organising, coordinating, motivating or controlling, managers have to take decisions. Decision making is the process of selecting the best option among the other available options. So, a manager should be a good decision maker.

A Profession is a regulated vocation which requires a systemised body of knowledge and training for its practice and which is founded upon a code of conduct and commitment of service to society.

Features of profession are as follows :

1. There exists a specialised Body of Knowledge : 

Management has principles, concepts, theories and techniques. Management is widely taught in the universities and management exists as a discipline. Therefore, management is a profession. 

2. Restricted Entry Based on Formal Training : 

Entry to a profession is based on a formal education and training. So, for entering into a profession, you need to complete its education and training. 

3. Representative Association : 

For the development and regulation of any profession, the existence of a representative body is must. 

4. Ethical Code : 

All professions have a universally-accepted code of conduct for that profession which they have to follow. ;

Two features of profession are : 

1. There exists a specialised body of knowledge.

 2. Restricted entry, based on formal training.

In our present era, management is regarded as a profession. The management study falls in the category of professional course. As it shows some features of profession. As in ’ other professions, salary is fixed for manager. Principles, techniques, concept, theories are part of management and these are taught in universities where management exists as a discipline, for any profession also we need to get the professional degree from a university, but we can’t say that it is fully a profession because it does not fulfill all the requirements of profession. So it is clear that management is still not a full-fledged profession.

Management is an activity and every activity has some objectives to attain. Management also has some objectives which are known as Management Objectives.

Management objectives are categorised into four parts :

(i) Primary Objectives : The main objective of management is to satisfy the expectation off stakeholders, so that the organisation can achieve the goals for which it was established. 

1. To pay fair remuneration to all resources employed. 

2. To earn adequate profits in the organisation.

(ii) Social Objectives :

An organisation obtains the different resources (input) from the society and transforms them into goods and services (output) to be sold in the market to satisfy human needs and to earn profit. An organistion has an obligation to provide maximum social welfare. 

In social objectives, these are included : 

1. Protect the interest of different sections of society. 

2. To uphold ethical behaviour and ethical practices. 

3. To cite examples of good business practices, etc.

Secondary Objectives : Secondary objectives are helpful in achieving primary objectives. Secondary objectives are related to the internal systems of the organisation to accomplish the work with desired efficiency. 

Objectives are :

1. To enhance quality in various resources. 

2. To use them at the right, time and at the right place. 

3. To establish coordination in their use.

1. To enhance quality in various resources. 

2. To use them at the right time and at the right place.

1. To pay fair remuneration to all the resources employed. 

2. To earn adequate profits in the organisation.

1. land, 

2. capital

Profession can be defined as an occupation which is backed by special knowledge and training and these skills are used to serve the society and its success is not measured only in terms of money earned.

Some features of Profession are : 

1. Purpose of Service:

For every profession and service, there exists a purpose. 

2. Blocked Access :

In any profession, you need to complete the required education and required training. So only that person, who completes these requirements can get entry.

3. Professional Council :

All professional degrees and trainings are certified by various councils, and all have to follow their rules and regulations.

4. Codes of Ethics : 

All professions need to follow certain rules and regulations which is compulsory for them.

In management, all these features are not completely present, so we can say that management is not a complete profession. It possesses certain features of profession. 

They are :

1. There exists a Specialised Body of Knowledge : 

There are principles, concepts and techniques of management. Management is taught in the universities and exists as a discipline. Therefore, it is a profession. 

2. Restricted Entry Based on Formal Training : 

Entry to a profession is based on a formal education and training. But entry to management profession is not restricted as there are no prescribed qualifications. So, management can’t be regarded as a profession. 

3. Ethical Code : 

There is no universally accepted code of conduct for management as it is present in other professions. So, management is not a complete profession.

Therefore, all these features reveal that management is still not fully a profession but management appears to be making progress in many areas. It is not a full-fledged profession, rather it is a developing profession.

Management is an art and a science of getting the work done through others minimising the costs, including all the activities from planning to controlling, to achieve the organisational objectives effectively and efficiently in an ever changing environment.

1. Management is a purposeful activity. Management has predetermined goals.

2. Management is the activity that takes place in formal groups or organisation.

3. Management is a challenging task. It uses unorganised resources to produce useful goods and services.

4. Management is a science having well-developed principles, theories, techniques, which are propounded by eminent authors, thinkers and managers on the basis of experience, continuous observation and experimentation and analysis.by using scientific methods.

5. Management is an integrating or coordinating force. Management is a process of integrating or coordinating the physical, financial and human resources for accomplishing organisational goals efficiently and effectively. 

6. Management is concerned with productivity. 

7. Management is an intangible force. Management can’t be seen or touched, but its existence can be felt in the form of good or bad. 

8. Management is an environment-oriented activity. All the organisations work in a dynamic environment which changes frequently and affects the business activities. 

9.  Manager is required to have leadership qualities to get the work done through others. A manager manages through leadership. 

10. Management is a universal activity. Management is performed in all kinds of organisations, irrespective of their nature, type, size and purpose. It is performed in all kinds of organisations engaged in business, politics, religion, etc.

Glueck said this.

(b) Mary Parker Follet

1. Dedicated towards professional knowledge and techniques. 

2. Application of modern management techniques.

Art can be’defined as systematic body of knowledge which requires skill, creativity and practice to get perfection.

Management possesses all the features of art as : 

1. In management also, there is systematic and organised body of knowledge which is applied into practice. 

2. Like other arts, management is also based on practical and personal skills.

1. Art is a way of achieving desired results. 

2. Art requires creative skills.

The main objectives of India’s development plans were: 

(a) Initiate rapid economic growth to raise the standard of living, reduce unemployment and poverty; 

(b) Become self-reliant and set up a strong industrial base with emphasis on heavy and basic industries; 

(c) Reduce inequalities of income and wealth; 

(d) Adopt a socialist pattern of development based on equality and prevent exploitation of man by man.