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The road vehicles are manufactured mostly by private sector. India ranks fifth in the world in the production of commercial vehicles.

• Tata Engineering and Locomotive Co. Ltd Andhra Pradesh 
• Premier Automobiles and Mahendra & Mahendra in Mumbai 
• Ashojka Leyland Ltd in Chennai and 
• Hindustan Motors Ltd is at Kolkata.

1. 18th

2. 1853

3. Kulti

4. Jamshedpur

5. Mumbai

India ranks fifth in the production of commercial vehicles in the world.

A self-reliant industry is one that can process the product itself that is from collecting raw material to producing furnished goods.

The textile industry which is also an Agro-based Industry is the only self-reliant industry in the country. It is complete in the value chain, that is, it is itself engaged in the process ; from raw material to the production of the highest value-added products.

In India, the textile industry occupies 14% of the industrial production and contributes 4% towards GDP.

The industries are classified on the following basis:

1. On the basis of raw material used.

2. According to the utility of the product.

3. On the basis of the capital investment.

4. According to the ownership of the industries.

5. On the basis of the quantity of raw material used.

On the basis of capital investment: It is the type of industry that is classified according to the capital being invested in the industry.

A small-scale industry has a limit over investment. This limit keeps changing, but at present, the maximum investment allowed in the small-scale industry is 1 crore.

Manufacturing industries are pivotal in boosting the economy of a nation, rather could be said that industries form the backbone of the nation. These manufacturing industries produce products that are used by everyone including farmers, common people. The manufacturing industry is the sector that generates employment in secondary and tertiary sectors.

When industries are established in backward regions:

1. It removes poverty from that region.

2. It brings down regional disparity that was prevalent.

3. The backward region shapes and converts into a developed region.

4. The common public services like roads, schools, hospitals are built which prove useful to the people.

There are nearly 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in India.

The process in which man can change the natural resources into usable conditions according to his intellectual, cultural and economic capacity is called industry. Importance of Industries: In today’s time, the existence of nations largely depends on industries’. It is impossible for a nation to achieve economic development without developing its industries. The countries that have focused more on their industrial development have achieved high economic growth.

Countries like US, Russia, Japan, South Korea, etc. are prosperous and developed due to their high industrial development. On the other hand, countries, where the industries are either not developed or are less developed, are not able to utilize their natural resources properly and fully.

(i) Cotton textile industry contributes 14 percent of the total industrial production.

(ii) It provides employment to 35 million persons directly - the second largest after agriculture.

(iii) It earns foreign exchange of about 24.6 percent (4 Percent of GDP).

(i) In the 1950s, India and China produced almost the same quantity of steel. 

(ii) Today, China has become the largest producer of steel. 

(iii) In the year 2004, India was the largest exporter of steel.

Keeping the mill sector loomage low helps the poor weavers to earn and face the competition with the mass products. The powerloom and handloom will help to provide employment in the rural areas and reduce the migration of villagers to the cities.

In ancient times the handloom weaving method was used to produce cotton textiles. Even now it is used, but it needs to improved and more mechanized. The yarn is a raw material which is exported to other countries. These countries process it and produce high-quality clothes which gets them huge profits. This is most of the times imported by us which affects the economy negatively.

We need to develop the weaving industry so as to process this domestically and then export the finished product for larger gains.

Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. 

Passenger coaches are manufactured at Perambur, Bengaluru, Kapurthala and Kolkata.

Factors responsible for concentration of iron and steel industries in Chhota Nagpur Plateau:

(i) Low cost of iron-ore.

(ii) High grade raw material in proximity.

(iii) Cheap labour.

(iv) Vast growth potential in the home market.

(v) Good transport connectivity.

(vi) Availability of water resources

 (b) Germany.

(i) The introduction of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market.

(ii) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global developments. The two centres of automobile industry are Jamshedpur and Gurgaon.

The importance of IT sector is as follows:

(i) It has provided employment to over one million people.

(ii) This industry is said to be a major foreign exchange

(iii) It has helped in the growth of the service sector.

(iv) It provides employment to innumerable men and women.

(i) The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, papers, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipment required by the telecommunication industries. Bangalore is the electronic capital of India. Other centres are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. 

(ii) 18 Software Technology Parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts. 

(iii) This industry has played a significant role in generating employment. Upto 31 March 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number has been increasing fast year after year. 

(iv) This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector. 

(v) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of Information Technology industry in the country.

Correct answer is Bengaluru

Correct answer is Varanasi

Correct answer is Mumbai

(i) Agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.

(ii) Industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials.

(iii)Industries sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, etc., to the farmers.

(iv) Industries have made the production processes of agriculture very efficient.

Classification of Industries on the basis of ownership:

Even though there are various causes that are leading to the degradation of the environment but the increase in pollution cannot be ignored. Moreover, the development of the industries is responsible for the Air, Water, Land and Noise pollution. The different types of pollution which lead to the degradation of the environment are – 

• Air Pollution – Air is getting polluted due to the presence of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in high quantity. Chemical industries, paper factories, brick kilns, refineries, smelting plants, burning of fossil fuels in small and big factories discharge smoke without considering pollution norms. 
• Water Pollution – water gets polluted by the organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharge by the industries into the water. Dyes, detergents, acids, salts, heavy metals like lead, mercury, pesticides and fertilisers synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber are discharge into the water by chemical paper, pulp, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, and electroplating industries. Thermal pollution occurs when hot water is discharged into the water from factories and thermal plants before cooling. 
• Land Pollution – When wastes like glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts, and garbage are dumped into the soil, it makes it useless. Also, rains take these pollutants to the underground making groundwater contaminated. 
• Noise Pollution – Hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure, stress are the effects of noise pollution. It occurs due to the noise made by the machinery, industrial and construction activities, factory equipment, generators, saws, pneumatic, and electric drills. 

All this pollution affects the environment in various ways.

The major types of pollution are :

1. Air Pollution: It occurs when the atmosphere is filled with undesirable gases like Sulphur dioxide and Carbon Monoxide. The particles that settle down in the atmosphere are both solid and liquid-like dust, spays mist, smoke. Air pollution adversely affects health and the environment.

2. Water Pollution: When organic and inorganic waste from industries get discharged into the rivers. The industries that increase water pollution are paper, pulp, chemical. textiles and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, and electroplating industries.

3. Thermal pollution: This occurs when the hot water from the plants, factories are drained into rivers and water bodies before cooling down. This scenario has an ill effect upon the aquatic life.

4. Noise Pollution: The unwanted loud sound from vehicles, industrial and construction activities etc. creates noise pollution. This affects heart rate, blood pressure, stress, and psychological effects etc.

Correct answer is Ahmedabad

The most basic industry is the Iron and steel industry as all the industries are depended on this industry for their machinery. Steel is an important metal because it is used for manufacturing engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment, and a variety of consumer goods. India is considered as the largest exporter of steel, i.e., 2.25% in 2004 in the global steel trade. 

Public sector undertaking of India sells its steel through steel Authority of India Ltd or SAIL. This is the reason the Steel Authority of India said to be a public sector undertaking. 

The TISCO markets, also known as Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited sell their produce through Tata steel.

Human factors essential in deciding the location of an industry are − availability of cheap labour, availability of services such as consultants and financial advice, and resources for maintaining labour.

The manufactured products that we use in our daily life are electric bulbs, vegetable oil, petrol, glassware, cement, etc.

Examples of mineral based industries – iron and steel, cement, aluminium, petrochemicals.

The industry that gets its raw materials from agriculture is known as an agrobased industry. Examples — cotton, woollen.

The industry which gets its raw materials from agriculture is called an agro based industry.

Manufacturing is the process in which goods are produced after processing the various raw materials. The raw materials themselves may be manufactured products.

The most important agro-based industries of India are — cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil.

• Cotton textile industries 
• Sugar industries 
• Jute industries.

Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries.

It stands second after textiles in agrarian industries in India,

The Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.

Steel is used for manufacturing a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defense, medical, telephone, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.

It is made out of soft wood, bamboo, grass, molasses, etc.

Production and consumption of steel is regarded as the index of a country’s development.

This industry is the axis of modern industrial and the economic development. It is considered to be the base industry.

(i) Steel production is the backbone of any country's economy since it is the basic unit for the development of the nation.

(ii) Almost every industry depends on iron and steel for its manufacturing and production.

(iii) In today's era of globalisation, consumption of goods is increasing. Thus, it can be concluded that growth in production of steel is regarded as the index of country's development.

Low consumption of steel in India are because of the following reasons:

• High costs and limited availability of coking coal
• Low  productivity of labour
• Disrupted supply of electricity
• Poor infrastructure 

Coimbatore – in Tamilnadu.

Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO). It is located at Jameshedpur of Jharkhand in 1907.