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Jayakanagar near Asansol in West bengal in 1942.

• Aluminium is the most widely used metal. 
• Its large ranges from manufacturing of small spoon to air craft’s. 
• It has special value in the manufacturing of transport equipment. Such as aircraft, railways, automobiles etc. 
• It is used in the paints.

The first cement plant was in Chennai.

The pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation(NTPC) for preserving the natural environment:

(i) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.

(ii) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.

(iii) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.

(iv) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.

(v) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.

Mumbai – Pune region.

There are three main reasons which are as follows:

(i) The cane produced has a higher sucrose content.

(ii) The cooler climate which ensures a longer crushing season.

(iii) The cooperatives are more successful in this state.

Mumbai is the leading cotton textile center of India. So it is known as “Manchester of India”.

 Bangalore has emerged as the electronic capital of India.

Agriculture gives boost to the industrial sector:

(i) Agriculture provides raw material to industries.

(ii) Agriculture provides market for industrial products.

(iii) Agriculture helps boost new industrial products.

(iv) The industries such as cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc., are based on agricultural raw materials.

Software technology parks are export oriented zones where software technology firms set up offices for development and export of computer software and professional services. In India, software technology parks are managed by the Software Technology Parks of India, a government agency. There are software technology parks across many cities of India. They also provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts.

The following are the significant impacts of the information technology industry in Indian economy:

• It has led to creation of large number of jobs.
• It has brought foreign exchange in the country and has become a large contributor to the total exports of the country.
• More than 30 percent of the workforce in this sector consists of women, which is an encouraging sign.

The waste water discharged by our industry pollutes fresh water. Hence, it is essential to save the stock of fresh water from being polluted. Some ways that can be followed in this direction are: 

(i) Water should be re-used and re-cycled to minimise the use of water. 

(ii) Hot water and effluents should be treated before releasing them in rivers and ponds. 

(iii) Rainwater harvesting should be encouraged to meet water requirements.

NTPC i.e. National Thermal Power Corporation is a major power providing corporations in India.

The three phases are: 

(i) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. 

(ii) Secondary treatment by biological process. 

(iii) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water.

Shifting of sugar industries to Southern states is because:

(i) Sugarcane that grows there has a higher sucrose content.

(ii) Favourable climate provides longer crushing period and growing season.

(iii) Cooperatives are successful in these states.

(iv) Modern mills have more crushing capacity.

Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. This can be proved with the help of the following three examples. 

(i) The agro-industries have enhanced agriculture by raising its productivity. 

(ii) They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products like irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, agricultural machines and tools etc. to the farmers. 

(iii) Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes efficient.

Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. Examples — the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coin industry in Kerala.

It is located in Maharashtra. It is the biggest Industrial agglomeration in India. It includes Mumbai Metropolis and its many suburbs namely Kurla, Ghatkopar, Vile Parle, Jogeswari, Andheri, Thane.

Advantages:

• Early initiative of the British and the local Parsi and Baniya merchants. 
• Mumbai port facilities. 
• A good Network of transport by road and rail and good communications. 
• Availability of Raw cotton. 
• Development of hydro-electric power in the Western Ghats. 
• Supply of cheap labour from the Konkan area. 
• Availability of banking and financial facilities.

A variety of industries are concentrated in this region. Cotton textile industry is well developed here. The other industries are woolen and skill textiles, synthetic fibres, chemicals, vanaspathi, soap, rubber, plastic, oil refining, sugar, cement, pharamaceuticals, cars, automobiles, bicycles etc.

To minimize the effects of pollution The hot waters and effluents could be treated before releasing it into the rivers.

This treatment could be done in 3 phases:

1. Primary treatment: By using mechanical means like screening, grinding, flocculation, and sedimentation. Here the solids are separated from the wastewater stream.

2. Secondary treatment: Using the biological process. The dissolved biological matter is progressively converted into a solid mass by using indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms.

3. Tertiary: The wastewater is recycled in the tertiary stage.

(a) Iron and steel industry

The major challenges of the sugar industry in India are given below: 

(i) The sugar industry is seasonal in nature. 

(ii) The methods of production are old and inefficient. 

(iii) Transport delay in reaching came to factories. 

(iv) There is a need to maximise the use of baggase.

Major challenges of sugar industry are:

(i) Seasonal nature of the industry.

(ii) Old and inefficient methods of production.

(iii) Transport delay in reaching, sugar factories and the need to maximise the use of bagasse.

(i) Availability of raw material: Mumbai and Ahmedabad are the regions where we see large production of cotton resulting in regular supply of raw material to the industry. 

 (ii) Moist climate:These regions are gifted with moist climate which provides favourable condition for the growth of cotton.

(iii) Availability of cheap labour: Maharashtra and Gujarat are densely populated states. Migrated people are also there in large numbers. As a result, there is no dearth of labour force in these two cities. 

(iv) Accessible port facilities: Mumbai is a major seaport in India. This forms the base of important export of cotton.

Though Industrialisation is part of globalization we cannot ignore the harmful effect of it upon the environment is possible.

The effects of Industrialisation:

1. The pollutions namely air, water, thermal and Noise pollution are all caused due to industries. Hence, this fact cannot be overlooked and must be worked upon.

2. The pollutions have degraded the atmosphere and have led to global warming.

3. The increasing temperature has led to the melting of glaciers and rising sea level.

4. The health hazards have started deteriorating human capital.

5. Contaminated water has produced many deathly viruses.

The effects could be reduced simultaneously by the Industries:

1. The industries could minimize water usage and could reuse the water by recycling.

2. Rainwater harvesting to store the rainwater.

3. Treating hot water effluents before discharging into water bodies.

4. Less drawing of groundwater.

5. Fitting smokestacks to factories with an electrostatic precipitator to reduce air pollution.

6. Using oil or gases instead of coal in factories.

The above methods could be brought into practice in order to save the atmosphere from depleting and the environment from degradation.

1. Jindal Vijaynagar Steel Ltd (J V S L) 

2. Essar Steel Ltd (E S L) 

3. Ispat Industries Ltd (I I L).

Three steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by industrial development in India are:

Every litre of wastewater discharged by our industry pollutes eight times the quantity of fresh water.

(i) Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.

(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.

(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

(iv) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smokestacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.

(v) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.

(vi) Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.

(vii) Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

In 1991 new Industrial Policy of India announced

Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. 

Examples — TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., etc.

• Abolition of industrial licensing 
• Free entry to foreign technology 
• Foreign investment policy 
• Open trade.

Challenges faced by sugar industry: 

• Old and inefficient methods of production. 

• Transport delays in Sugarcane reaching to the factories. As once cut the sugar in the cane begins to decrease and has to be transported to the factory within 48 hours.

• The industrial policy has been liberalized to attract private investor both domestic and multinations. 
• New sectors such as mining, telecommunication, highway construction and management are open to private companies.

In 1907 AD. Tata Iron and Steel Company was founded at Jamshedpur. This provided a new dimension to the industrial development in India.

Sugar mills should be located close to the sugar producing regions of the country due to the following reasons: 

• The raw-material used in sugar industry is bulky. 

• Sucrose contents reduce if there is a delay in haulage.

Sugar industry is agro-based Industry. India is the second largest producer of Sugar in the world. This industry is seasonal in nature, hence many works in cooperatives.

60% of sugar mills in India is concentrated in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

But this industry also faces challenges like the seasonal change. Sugarcane is an annual crop and methods used in the production are old and inefficient. If any stage goes wrong, it results in a huge loss to the farmer.

Significance : 

Computer software industry in India are :

• The Aptitude of Indians for mathematics. 
• Another reason may be the cost advantage of production in India. Global software firms are attracted to India’s large, skilled labour force. 
• It has the second largest number of English speaking scientific professionals in the world, after the U.S. 
• The Indian software industry focuses more on management information and decisions support systems, banking, insurance and financial applications, artificial intelligence etc.

Distribution : 

• The major software and hardware producing companies include M/s Altos, HCL, Infosystems, Wipro, Digital Equipment (India), Zenith Computers, Tata Honey well, Unicorp Industries, Eseda Industries, Infosys, BEL software, PSI Data are global software firms having manufacturing base in India. 
• Among the states of India Karnataka, particularly Bengaluru is the most important destination of Indian software industry so it is called Silicon Valley of India. 
• In addition to Bengaluru software industries are also, developing in many centres of Karnataka such as Mysore, Mangalore, Udupi, Hubli etc.

There are over 460 super mills in India. They are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.

In 1854 AD, cotton textile industry started in India. This was the first successful attempt of starting an industry in India.

Importance:

• The Iron and Steel industry is described as a basic Industry. 
• Iron and Steel supplied by this industry such as machineries, irrigation projects, ship building, power projects, construction of bridges, buildings, transport equipment, machine tools and so on. 
• The Production and Consumption of Iron and Steel is an index level of the economic develpoment of a country.

Distribution: 

There are nine major Iron and Steel industries in India.

• Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), Jamshedpur :- It was established in 1907. It was the first largest steel plant of the country. 
• Vishveswariah Iron and Steel Co. Ltd (VISL) Bhadravathi 11 was first established in 1923 by the princely state of Mysore located at Bhadravathi in Shimoga district of Karnataka. 
• India Iron and Steel Company Ltd (IISCO) Bunpur:- It was established in 1919 at Bumpur in West Bengal. It was the second largest integrated steel plant after Tata Iron and Steel Ltd. 
• Hindustan Steel Company Ltd, Rourkela :- It was completed with the German collaboration. The steel plant was commissioned in 1955.
• Bhilai Steel Plant :- It has the largest steel production plant of the public sector. It is located at Bilai near Raipur in Chhatisgarh. 
• Durgapur Steel Plant :- The steel plant in Durgapur in West Bengal was established with British collaboration and was commissioned in 1956. 
• Salem Steel Plant:- It is located at Salem in Tamil Nadu and the production was started from 1982. 
• Vishakapatnam Steel Plant :- Established by National Ispat Nigam Ltd in Andhra Pradesh. 
• New Steel Plants Some private sectors plants are. 
• Jindal Vijaynagar Steel Ltd (JVSL) This steel plant is located at Tomagal, Bellary district in Karnataka. 
• Essar Steel Ltd (ESL) It is situated at Hazira in Gujarat. 
• Ispat Industries Ltd (IIL) It is situated at Dovi, Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. 
• Neelachal Ispat Nigam Ltd (NINL)It is a new steel plant located at Dubai, Odisha. 
• Mini Steel Plants Presently, 199 lincensed electric ore furnace units with an installed capacity of 7.8 million tonnes have been commissioned and hence started commercial production.

The automobiles industry is tends to be located near Iron and Steel industry because steel is the basic raw materials used in the automobiles industry.

Sugar is obtained from sugarcane. It is necessary to extract the juice of sugarcane within 24 hours of reaping. If it is not done, the water level of the sugar can decreases. If the water level of sugarcane reduces, i.e., sugarcane dehydrates, it will give lesser sugar. Hence, the sugar factories are located near sugarcane growing centres.

(d) Varanasi: Tata Locomotive Works

India ranks fifth in the world in the production of iron and steel.

Iron ore, coal, limestone and manganese are used as raw materials for producing iron and steel.

SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited) manages all iron and steel factories except TATA Iron and Steel Company.

(c) Amini steel plant has been established near Bajva in Gujarat.

Gujrat is the leading producer of cotton in India. In early days the cotton textiles were mainly based in Maharashtra and Gujrat belt. This region provides ideal conditions in terms of sunlight, humidity, soil, etc.

When organic and inorganic waste from industries get discharged into the rivers, it results in water pollution. The industries that increase water pollution are paper, pulp, chemical, Textiles and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries. They discharge untreated wastes into a waterbody which eventually hampers the ecological balance of the region.

India is the fourth largest producer of crude steel. The steel plants are mainly concentrated in Jharkhand and West Bengal region.

Salem Steel Plant is in Tamil Nadu.

• Indian petrochemical corporation limited (IPCL) 
• Petrofils co-operative limited (PCL) 
• Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET).

India holds second position in the production of sugar.