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It refers to placing product in suitable packages for safe & easy, handling

It refers to the combination of all decisions relating to make products available to consumers.

Grading is the process of sorting out individual units of a product into well-defined classes that possess similar characteristics of size & quality.

According to C.L. Bolling, “advertising can be described as the art of creating a demand for article or a service.”

The packaging of tablets in a corrugated box is necessary for the purpose of storage, identification and transportation.

Banding is a distinctive processing of assigning as brand by whicha product can be identifies and remembered easily by the customer.

According to Richard Buskrik, “Personal selling consists of contacting prospective buyers of product personally.”

Product mix, price mix

The packaging of tablets in a corrugated box is necessary for the purpose of storage, identification and transportation.

It refers to short-term incentives, which are designed to encourage the buyers to make immediate purchase of a product or service.

There is oral conversation between the sales person and the buyer regarding the features of the product, i.e., price, colour, shape, design, method of use, etc.

Personality, Health Stamina and Tolerance.

i. Physical Attributes

ii. Social Attributes

To attract the. potential customers.

Physical Qualities.

Yes, we agree that 'Personal selling is a powerful tool for a business organisation.'

Importance to Businessmen: Personal selling is important for a businessmen because of the following reasons:

(i) Effective promotional tool: Personal selling is an effective promotional tool as it increases the possibility of sales by influencing the consumer about the qualities, features and merits of a product.

(ii) Consumer's attention: In personal selling, it is easy to achieve consumer's attention as there is a direct contact with the customers, which helps a sales person in successfully completing the sale.

(iii) Link with customers: In personal selling, sales person helps to link business with its customers by performing three different roles: persuasive role, service role and informative role.

Importance to the society: The benefits of personal selling to the society are as follows:

(i) Converts the latent demand: Personal selling helps in converting the latent demand into an effective demand. Effective demand raises the production, which results in more jobs, more incomes and more products and services. In this way, personal selling brings economic growth.

(ii) Career opportunities: Personal selling provides attractive opportunities for the career advancement and job satisfaction. It also provides security, respect and independence to the young generation.

(iii) Product standardisation: Personal selling encourages product standardisation and brings uniformity in consumption pattern in a diverse society.

In this concept the emphasis is placed on product availability and price. But more importance is not given to the quality of the product.

Suppliers of product, middlemen involved in sale distribution, consumers, etc.

Under this concept, not quality but ‘availability of product’ and ‘low price’ are given preference.

In this concept emphasis is put on quality of the product. But need and selection, etc. of the consumer is not given importance.

In this concept research is made on necessity of the consumers, their preferences, habits, desires, etc. then accordingly product manufacturing is done. In this concept all the activities are consumer oriented.

In this concept to attract consumers direct or indirect appeal is made J,o them. But on the necessity of the consumers enough attention is not given.

Consumers will favour products that offer the most in quality, performance and innovative features.

• Under marketing mix, the firm has to take several marketing decisions that fall under four categories namely,
  1. Product
  2. Price
  3. Place and
  4. Promotion.
• Together these four constituents of the marketing mix are also known as 4Ps.

The selling concept holds the idea that “consumers will not buy enough of the firm’s products unless it undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort”

Marketing concept believes in the philosophy that “Consumer is the king of the market.” “The aim of this concept is to provide effective and efficient product as compared to competitors.”

A tax proposed on foods or drinks judged to be unhealthy and whose consumption is believed to be linked to rising obesity levels is called fat tax.

Marketing concept gives priority only to the preferences of the consumers and ignores loss that might occur to the society. Social concepts says that the marketing management should be such that the society or the environment is least affected. 

Marketing is a social process by which people interact with others in order to persuade them to act in a particular way, say to purchase a product or service rather than forcing them to do so.

As it involves interaction of people.

The following are the tools of public relations:

i. News: News is a good and faithful source to convey information to the public. The officers of the public relation department time to time present such information which are worthy being covered in news. For example, news may be how the company is giving special facility to children in the context of Childrens’ Day.

ii. Events: In the form of events companies time to time organise press conferences and opening ceremonies of new office, factory premises and branches. This is a big image building media.

iii. Printed Material: To attract the public various types of printed material is sent to the relevant group of public printed material mainly includes Annual report, Articles etc. Generally, these are send to the shareholders.

iv. Speeches: Public relation department frequently creates occasions when the senior managers address the various groups of people regarding the progress of the company. The various groups of people include bankers, shareholders, employees and select customers.

v. Public Service Activities: Oftenly the companies attach themselves to some Public Service Activities. The objective to do this is to create a good image in the Public. For example; to take the responsibility or onus of maintaining any park, religious place or any other public place.

Meaning: Personal selling consists of contracting prospective buyers of product personally. Features: Main Features of personal selling are as under:

i. Personal Form: Under personal selling there establishes personal contact between buyers and salesman. In other words, both the parties face each other.

ii. Development of Relationship: Personal selling results in the development of personal relationship between the sales person and the possible buyer. Such a relationship has an important place in sales.

iii. Oral Conversation: There is oral conversation between the sales person and the buyer regarding the features of the product, i.e., price, colour, shape, design, method of use, etc.

iv. Quick solution of Queries: The prospective buyer can make inquiries regarding the product. Salesman answers these queries quickly and removes any doubts in the mind of the buyer.

(a) Marketing

(b) Features of marketing

(i) Need and wants

(ii) Creating market offering

(iii) Customer value

(iv) Exchange mechanism

(i) The important product related decision that was not taken into consideration by the company is Labelling. Labelling refers to the designing of the label to be put on the package to provide detailed information about the product, its contents, methods of use, and any information required by the law.

(ii) Two values violated by the company are as follows:

(a) Giving correct information to the users.

(b) Right to safety and right to be informed.

(c) Respect to the Act. passed by the Govt. to stop child labour.

(d) Legal provisions regarding safety warnings for the use of the hazardous product to be written on the package.

(e) Fulfillment of the social responsibility.

1. It is physical distribution.

2. 1. Transportation: Transportation is that activity through which products are moved from one place to another. By making the products reach a desirable place can increase the importance and value of those products. For example: Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir grow apples in large quantities and their demand is throughout the country. These apples are moved to their desired places by means of transportation. Many means of transportation are available, like—road, railway, air, water, pipeline etc. Transportation involves cost. While choosing the means of transportation, the following elements should be kept in consideration:

i. Cost

ii. Speed,

iii. Dependability,

iv. Frequency,

v. Power,

vi. Safety.

2. Inventory: By inventory we mean the stock of raw material, semi-finished goods and finished goods held in anticipation of sales or use. How much inventory should be kept for various items? This is an important decision in Physical Distribution. The main reason as to why this decision is important is that if the inventory is either more or less than required, both the situations have their advantages and limitations. Like:

i. Low Quantity of Stock: If the quantity of inventory is kept low, then less amount of money is blocked and as a result of this investment is small. On the other hand, with the slight increase in demand because of the scarcity of inventory the consumers will turn to the rival companies.

ii. Excessive Quantity of Stock: If the stock is available in excessive quantity, then any demand can be met. So the risk that consumers will desert drops to zero. On the other hand, investing more in inventory will block the money unnecessarily and investments will increase. In short, after analysing the pros and cons of both the situations the decision about the adequate quantity of stock should be taken.

3. Warehousing: Often it is noticed that it takes sometime between purchasing/manufacturing and selling. For this time period material has to be kept in stock. Under warehousing activity the following decisions regarding the inventory of material are taken:

i. Which is a better option? (To own or to rent a warehouse)

ii. Which is the right location for a warehouse? (Nearer the factory or nearer the market).

iii. Which decision is more appropriate? (To locate the warehouse at one place or at different places) - by taking warehousing facility at different places, the advantage of meeting the demand of material expeditiously is gained.Here the thing to be kept in mind is that warehousing requires investment. So after analysing its advantages and usefulness desirable decision should be taken.

4. Order Processing: Order Processing means the process which is followed to fulfil the material order of the customer. Different steps of an order processing are as follows:

i. Orders placed by consumers to salesperson.

ii. Transmission of order by salesperson to the company.

iii. Entry of order in the Company Office.

iv. Evaluating the reputation of the customer.

v. Checking inventory and preparing schedule.

vi. Shipment of material in accordance to the order.

vii. Receiving Payment.

Correct option is 

1 A) Branding

2 c) Descriptive label

SEC Socio-Economic Class, usage and lifestyle.

Product  mix.

It means that whatever product Nokia is planning to develop now, it will be according to the needs of the consumers. The four different handsets are Live, Connect, Achieve and Explore, being planned keeping the needs of four different types of users.

The points that can be highlighted in marketing campaigns for each segment can be 

• Latest-model 
• Reasonable price 
• Better performance
• Advanced technology 
• Consumer-friendly

Correct option is (a) Primary package

The societal marketing concept holds that the task of any organization is to identify the needs and wants of the target market and deliver the desired satisfaction in an effective and efficient manner so that the long term well-being of the consumers and the society is taken care of. In case any business activity encourages pollution, deforestation, storage of resources, population explosion, then its benefits cannot be justified. As marketing manager of a big hotel located at an important tourist destination, certain care needs to be taken regarding environment.

• Proper drainage facility 
• In-built plant for recycling the waste 
• Solar geysers to be used 
• Rainwater harvesting 
• Proper maintenance of greenery-lawns, parks, gardens 
• CNG based vehicles to be used to provide transport facilities to the guests.

The variables that are discussed in the question are as follows:

(i) Product: Product refers to anything of value that is offered to the market for sale. Product mix deals with all decisions related to product such as decisions related to features, quality, size and brand, packaging, labelling of the product. The concept of product also include the extended product or what is offered to the customers by way of after sale services, handling complaints, availability of spare parts etc. "Their products include chips, biscuits, sweets and squashes".

(ii) Price: Price is the amount of money, which the customers have to pay to the seller in lieu of the product or service provided. Price mix refers to important decision relating to the price charged for a product, service or idea like objectives of price setting, factors, discount policy, credit terms, etc.

"It charges a comparatively higher price than its competitors...".

                                           OR

"It offers regular discounts to its customers and easy credit terms to its retailers."

(iii) Place/Physical Distribution: Place or physical distribution mix includes activities that are involved in transferring the ownership to customers and to make the product available at the right place at the right time. It involves decision regarding modes of transportation, channels of distribution and inventory maintenance. "It has five of its own retail ships".

                                        OR

"It also sells its products through various grocery stores"

(iv) Promotion: This element deals with informing and persuading the customers regarding the products. Promotion mix refers to the decisions relating to persuading customers to buy the product. Advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and public relation are different tools of promotion.

"It regularly uses different communication tools to increase its sales."

Correct option is (c) Helps in promotion of the products

Product mix is combination of tangible and intangible attributes of

products Price mix is related to deciding about pricing of product.

Place mix refers to provide products to customers at the right time, at the right place at the right quantity.

Promotion mix refers to provide information to customers about product

Correct option is 

1 d) Public relations

2 d) Public relations department.

Place or placement refers to the decision as to where to place the product so that the product can be accessed by potential buyers.

To provide information regarding new product to the existing and the potential consumers, attract them and create demand for the product.

Following promotional measures can be used to improve the sales:

(a) Advertising

(b) Sales promotion

(c) Personal selling

(d) Publicity.

Factors which are affecting the choice of the promotional tools:

(a) Nature of the market

(b) Nature of the product

(c) Promotion's budget

(d) Objective of the promotion