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EIGHT TIMES.

Eight times.

It DECREASES.

It decreases.

SIZE of CAM DEPENDS on BASE CIRCLE.

Size of cam depends on base circle.

Corliss VALVE reduces CONDENSATION, PROVIDES independent control on ADMISSION, cut off, RELEASE and compression, and reduces driving power requirements.

Corliss valve reduces condensation, provides independent control on admission, cut off, release and compression, and reduces driving power requirements.

It CONTROLS the piston POSITION for CUT off of steam, for release of steam and compression position for steam in cylinder.

It controls the piston position for cut off of steam, for release of steam and compression position for steam in cylinder.

1. Revolute pair—single degree of FREEDOM.
2. CYLINDRICAL pair—two degrees of freedom.
3. SCREW pair—one degree of freedom.
4. SPHERICAL pair—three degrees of freedom.

The direction of TANGENTIAL acceleration MAY be same or opposite to that of ANGULAR VELOCITY.

The direction of tangential acceleration may be same or opposite to that of angular velocity.

The function of a transducer element is to SENSE and convert the DESIRED input into a more convenient and PRACTICABLE FORM to be HANDLED by measurement system.

The function of a transducer element is to sense and convert the desired input into a more convenient and practicable form to be handled by measurement system.

SHM.

SHM.

A mechanism consists of links forming a CONSTRAINED kinematic chain. Its function is basically to TRANSMIT or modify motion. A machine is a mechanism but here we are concerned with forces to be transmitted and it is USED to modify mechanical work.

A mechanism consists of links forming a constrained kinematic chain. Its function is basically to transmit or modify motion. A machine is a mechanism but here we are concerned with forces to be transmitted and it is used to modify mechanical work.

A basic kinematic chain CONSISTS of four kinematic links and a compound kinematic chain is a CONSTRAINED chain of more than four links. A chain is constrained if no. of binary joints and half of NUMBER of higher pairs is equal to 3/2 of no. of links minus 2.

A basic kinematic chain consists of four kinematic links and a compound kinematic chain is a constrained chain of more than four links. A chain is constrained if no. of binary joints and half of number of higher pairs is equal to 3/2 of no. of links minus 2.

INVERSIONS are different mechanisms obtained by FIXING different LINKS in a KINEMATIC chain but keeping relative motions of links UNCHANGED with respect to one another. A kinematic chain with 'n' links can have 'n' inversions.

Inversions are different mechanisms obtained by fixing different links in a kinematic chain but keeping relative motions of links unchanged with respect to one another. A kinematic chain with 'n' links can have 'n' inversions.

In a kinematic pair, if the ELEMENTS have surface CONTACT when in MOTION, the pair is called lower pair and if elements have LINE or point contact the pair is called higher pair.

In a kinematic pair, if the elements have surface contact when in motion, the pair is called lower pair and if elements have line or point contact the pair is called higher pair.

At TURBINE ROTOR EXIT.

At turbine rotor exit.

HYDROSTATIC LUBRICATION.

Hydrostatic lubrication.

KAPLAN TURBINE.

Kaplan turbine.

AXIAL PUMP has maximum specific speed and reciprocating pump has MINIMUM.

Axial pump has maximum specific speed and reciprocating pump has minimum.

2.

2.

e.g. should be LOCATED below the METACENTRE.

e.g. should be located below the metacentre.

IRROTATIONAL FLOW.

Irrotational flow.

They are ORTHOGONAL EVERYWHERE in the FLOW FIELD.

They are orthogonal everywhere in the flow field.

STEADY FLOW.

Steady flow.

SQUARE of MEAN VELOCITY.

Square of mean velocity.

FROUDE NUMBER.

Froude number.

1. They are the LOGARITHMIC PLOTS USED to represent transfer functions
2. They are used in the calculation of GAIN margin and PHASE margin.

During the act of MEASUREMENT the measuring instrument TAKES energy from the signal source or measured MEDIUM and thus the signal source is altered. This EFFECT is called loading.

During the act of measurement the measuring instrument takes energy from the signal source or measured medium and thus the signal source is altered. This effect is called loading.

1. If a NUMBER of measurements are made on same true value, the degree of closeness of these measurements GIVES precision
2. It is a MEASURE of the degree of repeatability or reproducibility of the MEASURING system.

Momentum.

Momentum.

BODE PLOT is a LOGARITHMIC plot used to represent transfer functions. The Bode plot consists of two plots NAMELY.

1. The plot of magnitude in db (on linear scale) vs. FREQUENCY to (on log scale)
2. The plot of phase angle in degrees (on linear scale) vs. frequency co (on log scale)

Bode plot is a logarithmic plot used to represent transfer functions. The Bode plot consists of two plots namely.

REACTION TURBINE.

Reaction turbine.

To the LEFT of the LOAD LINE.

To the left of the load line.

JOURNAL BEARING.

Journal bearing.

In boundary lubrication CONDITION the ratio of THICKNESS of lubrication FILM to SURFACE roughness (CLA VALUE) is less than 1 and for fluid film lubrication condition this ratio is greater than 5 and less than 100.

In boundary lubrication condition the ratio of thickness of lubrication film to surface roughness (CLA value) is less than 1 and for fluid film lubrication condition this ratio is greater than 5 and less than 100.

TWO GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR flow systems subject only to FRICTION and INERTIA forces are dynamically similar if both have the same 'Reynolds' number.

Two geometrically similar flow systems subject only to friction and inertia forces are dynamically similar if both have the same 'Reynolds' number.

FLOW in which adjacent layers mix continuously, so that the flow PATTERN is UNSTEADY, full of eddies, and APPARENTLY without any MATHEMATICALLY expressible regularity.

Flow in which adjacent layers mix continuously, so that the flow pattern is unsteady, full of eddies, and apparently without any mathematically expressible regularity.

The ratio of change of momentum of a MASS of fluid is equal to the vector SUM of all EXTERNAL FORCES ACTING on it.

The ratio of change of momentum of a mass of fluid is equal to the vector sum of all external forces acting on it.

It is the FRICTIONLESS FLUID.

It is the frictionless fluid.

In anti-friction BEARINGS ROLLING components are introduced between the SLIDING SURFACES. In hydrostatic bearings lubricant is supplied at a high PRESSURE to a pocket in the bearing.

In anti-friction bearings rolling components are introduced between the sliding surfaces. In hydrostatic bearings lubricant is supplied at a high pressure to a pocket in the bearing.

0.5 X 12+ 15 = 21.

0.5 x 12+ 15 = 21.

The economic diameter of a penstock required to carry a discharge is the one at which ANNUAL costs due to the greater INVESTMENT do not exceed the annual VALUE of resulting INCREMENT ENERGY output.

The economic diameter of a penstock required to carry a discharge is the one at which annual costs due to the greater investment do not exceed the annual value of resulting increment energy output.

The three functions SERVED by a surge tank are

1. flow regulation - act as a reservoir for acceptance or delivery of water to MEET requirements of load CHANGES.
2. water-hammer RELIEF or PRESSURE regulation.
3. improvement in speed regulation.

The three functions served by a surge tank are

The economic diameter of a POWER tunnel is determined such that the total value of following two factors is least

1. annual loss of revenue on ACCOUNT of power head lost DUE to friction.
2. RECURRING annual expenditure.

The economic diameter of a power tunnel is determined such that the total value of following two factors is least

The approximate constant and continuous power which is assured at power station and would be available throughout the year is CALLED firm power.

In run-of-the river schemes which are generally designed for % availability of water, the firm power would be available for at least % of the YEARS during the LIFE of the SCHEME. However in some years discharge in the river may be more than % availability discharge and some extra power known as secondary power can be GENERATED.

The approximate constant and continuous power which is assured at power station and would be available throughout the year is called firm power.

In run-of-the river schemes which are generally designed for % availability of water, the firm power would be available for at least % of the years during the life of the scheme. However in some years discharge in the river may be more than % availability discharge and some extra power known as secondary power can be generated.

A SCHEME in which the discharge is varying and only that much water can be utilised for CONVERSION as AVAILABLE in the RIVER.

A scheme in which the discharge is varying and only that much water can be utilised for conversion as available in the river.

CULVERTS are built at the points of lowest valley to pass water ACROSS the EMBANKMENTS of highways or railroads.

Stilling basin is transitional energy dissipating structure to avoid the DAMAGING process by a highly accelerated spilled water.

Standpipe is used principally for alleviating the transient pressures in large pipeline system. It also works as a pressure relief valve for the upstream pipe during the turbine shut off.

Culverts are built at the points of lowest valley to pass water across the embankments of highways or railroads.

Stilling basin is transitional energy dissipating structure to avoid the damaging process by a highly accelerated spilled water.

Standpipe is used principally for alleviating the transient pressures in large pipeline system. It also works as a pressure relief valve for the upstream pipe during the turbine shut off.

SPILLWAY is an essential part of a large DAM and provides an efficient and safe means of releasing flood water that EXCEEDS the design capacity of the reservoir. SIPHON spillway is spillway designed to discharge water in a closed conduit under NEGATIVE pressure.

Spillway is an essential part of a large dam and provides an efficient and safe means of releasing flood water that exceeds the design capacity of the reservoir. Siphon spillway is spillway designed to discharge water in a closed conduit under negative pressure.

Any OBSTRUCTION of a streamflow over which WATER flows is weir. When the downstream water level RISES over the weir CREST, it is called submerged weir.

Any obstruction of a streamflow over which water flows is weir. When the downstream water level rises over the weir crest, it is called submerged weir.

Stability, accuracy and SPEED of response are the THREE requirements of CONTROL SYSTEM.

Stability, accuracy and speed of response are the three requirements of control system.

The PRESSURE CAUSED on the walls of a PIPE due to a fluid at rest inside the pipe or due to the flow of a fluid parallel to walls of the pipe is called static pressure. This static pressure is MEASURED by inserting a pressure measuring tube into the pipe carrying the fluid so that the tube is at RIGHT angle to the fluid flow path.

The pressure caused on the walls of a pipe due to a fluid at rest inside the pipe or due to the flow of a fluid parallel to walls of the pipe is called static pressure. This static pressure is measured by inserting a pressure measuring tube into the pipe carrying the fluid so that the tube is at right angle to the fluid flow path.

A PELTON wheel is BROKEN by a nozzle directing a JET on the back of the BUCKETS.

A pelton wheel is broken by a nozzle directing a jet on the back of the buckets.